CONTENT

UNITS HOURS

Chapter 1-Introduction to Human Settlements 6

Elements of Human settlements, nature, shell and network, their
function and linkage. Anatomy and classification of human
settlement, location , resource base, population size and
occupational structure.
Human settlement during ancient medieval and modern period.
India, Europe and other parts of the world.

Chapter 2 – Planning Concept 6

Role and contribution of the following towards contemporary
town planning thought- Geddesian Triad and out look tower by
Patric Geddes, city beautiful by Daniel Bumham, Garden city by
Ebenezer Howard, Neighbourhod by C.A.Perry, Radburn by Hanry
Wrightand Clearance stein, Ecastic by C.A. Doxiadis, City of three
million habitat, Radient city and chandigarh planning by Le
Corbusier and F.L.Wright Soria Y Mata, Kevin Lynch
CONTENT . . .
UNITS HOURS

Chapter 3-Land use panning – Classification and Analysis 9

Influence of socio economic factors in the development of human
settlement, growth and decay of human settlement.,
Classification of settlement based upon population, functions,
Location, municipal status. Town and its land use Graphical
representation, colour coding, characteristic of town, Scope and
purpose of perspective planning, regional plan, development
plan, local area plan, Special purpose plan, Annual plan report.
Chapter 4 – Introduction to Housing in town Planning 9
Contemporary problems of settlements, environmental impact of
unplanned growth, relevance, scope, and need of housing
problems and issues of housing in India and emerging priorities in
urban and rural housing. National housing polices and scheme
UNITS HOURS

Chapter 5 - Planning Techniques 8

Study and analysis of existing settlements, Data collection
techniques, type of surveys, data and map analytical techniques,
presentation data, projection techniques - Population
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
What is a Settlement ?
A settlement is a place where people live.

A settlement could be anything from a isolated farmhouse to a mega city

(settlement with over 10million people). It could be either temporary or
permanent.

Settlement Size – Refers to total population and number of dwellings

within a contagious built up area.

Larger settlements provide an opportunity for the greater self

containment and mix of uses offering access to a range of shops,
services, and employment within the built up area there by reducing the
need of inter urban travel.
Temporary Settlement – Includes things such as refuge camps, or the
settlements which have become permanent over time from being
temporary (eg-Rio de Jenerio).
Settlement Pattern
A Settlement pattern is the shape of the settlement. The shape of early
settlements was usually influenced by the surrounding landscape.

Linear Dispersed Nucleated

Ina a linear settlement The buildings are Here the building are
pattern, the buildings are scattered over a wide grouped around the
arranged in lines often area . Such settlement central core. The
follow the route or a patterns are often central core is
water body. Linear associated with generally of much
settlement tends to agricultural activities and importance and
develop because of are frequently could be a church,
convenience of proximity surrounded by farmlands market space etc.
with transport route.
Urban Population

Rural Population

1900 1960 2005 2050

We need to build cities for three billion people, and if that
goes wrong it will effect mankind to a great deal.
Not just the environmental impact, but the social wellbeing,
economic vitality, community and consecutiveness.
Getting it right will impact us and how we live.
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN

• Communication & Transportation

• Built-up area

• Open space (parks, playgrounds, recreational

unit)

• Public utility services (Electricity, Gas, Telephone,

Fire safety)

• Public amenities (post office, bank, police station,

solid waste disposal, petrol pump, court)
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN . . .
Circulation “Kevin Lynch” has identified various urban forms
with respect to their circulation network.
• Rectelinear form • Branch form

• Linear form • Ring form

• Star form • Sheet form • Radio Centric

According to “Kevin Lynch” the element of city consists of
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN . . .
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN . . .
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN . . .
ELEMENTS OF CITY PLAN . . .
ZONING
Zoning is defined as the creation by laws, zones such as
residential. commercial, industrial, Civic, Institutional and
recreational unit and the density of population.
Recreational
19%
Classification of Zoning
a) Residential zone(40-50%) Institutional
2%
b) Commercial zone(2-5%) Civic Zone
3% Residential
51%
c) Industrial zone(5-20%)
d) Civic zone(2-3%)
Industrial
e) Institutional zone(1-2%) 19%

f) Recreational zone(15-20%) Commercial

6%
Residential Commercial Industrial Civic Zone Institutional Recreational
ZONING . . .
Zoning of Heights
To control the volume of building the height zoning is required.
• Tall buildings impair the value of small neighbouring houses by
cutting off sunshine, air, breeze etc. and thus make the small
houses unsuitable for inhabitation. They should be arranged in
the layout of proper grouping with the smaller building.
 ZONING . . .
Zoning of Density
,

The density of population may be either gross or net density

• Gross density is the avg. density of population per unit land
use area.

• Net density is the avg. density of the housing including local

roads only
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS
• The term 'Landuse' is generally adopted to mean man's
activities which are directly related to land.
• In a modern city, a man lives on one piece of land, works on
another, shops at a third plays on still others and travels over
may others pieces of land in moving from one to the other. It
is a complex relationship, yet this intricate intera wearing of
land-uses gives value to land and is basic to the whole
economy and culture.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Classification of land use and colour codes for different uses
MAIN GROUP SUB GROUPS COLOUR
 VACANT : (Partly Partly built but unoccupied.
built but not
occupied)
 RESIDENTIAL  Single Family Shades
 Double Family of Yellow
 Multi Family
 Holidy homes and board houses of permanent
nature such as hostels,Dharmashala
 COMMERCIAL  Retail trade Shades
 wholesale trade of Blue
 Warehouse and storage
 Offics and bank restaurant hostels & boarding
homes excluding public assitance in situations
provding rsidential accomadation like tourist
homes, Dharmasla,etc.,
 Cinema and other places of public assembly run
on a commercial basis.
 Progessional establishments.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
 INDUSTRIAL  Service Industry Shades of
 Light Industry Violet /
 Extensive Industry Purple
 Heavy Industry
 Various Industry
 TRANSPORT AND  Railway yards, railway station and siding. Shades of
COMMUNICATION  Roads and Road transport depot parking Gray
areas.
 Dockyards, piers.
 Airport and Air stations
 Telegraph office, Telephone exchanges,
Broadcasting stations etc.
 PUBLIC UTILITIES  Water supply installation including treatment Shades of
plants.
 Drainage and sanitary installation including
disposal works
 Electric power plants high tension and low
tension transmission lines
 gas installations and gas works
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .

 PUBLIC &  Government Administration centres Shades of

SEMIPUBLIC  secretariat, district offices law courts, jails red
police stations, Government residences
 Medical and health institution.
 Education, culture institutions like theatres
opera
 Land belonging to defence

 OPEN SPACES  Cremation / burial ground Shades of

 Sport Grounds Stadium, playgrounds, parks Green
and other recreation uses Green belt.
 AGRICULTURAL LAND  Market Garden orchards. Dark
 Land under staple crops, graining land pasture Green
Forest land, marshy land, Cultivated Land,
Land under water.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .

Building use Land use

Thoroughly accurate and detailed picture of existing land use is

necessary to deal with any problems caused due to
development control problems.
Exhaustive study of the existing land use map is of utmost
importance- the study of existing map and the proposal maps
are totally based upon the land use survey.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .

PATTERN

• Towns and cities do not grow in a haphazard way but trend to

develop recognisable shapes and patterns.
• Each town is unique and will have developed its own
distinctive pattern, it will also show some characteristics shared
by other urban settlements.
• Land use models are theories which attempt to explain the
layout of urban areas. A model is used to simplify complex, real
world situations and make them easier to explain and
understand.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
CONCENTRIC ZONE OR BURGESS MODEL

• Social structures extend outward from one central business area.

• Population density decreases towards outward zones
• Shows correlation between socioeconomic status and the distance from
the central business district

• Also known as the Burgess Model, the Bull’s Eye Model, the Concentric
Ring Model, or the Concentric Circles Model.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Central Business District (CBD)

This is the centre of the city

The typical characteristics of a CBD include:
• a shopping centre – The Potteries Shopping Centre
• large shops e.g. department stores and high street brands such as
Marks and Spencer, Boots, Top Shop etc

• large banks
• large office blocks
• a town hall
• entertainment –
the Cultural Quarter with the theatres etc
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
All CBDs share these common factors:

• Built on the most expensive land – that’s where the

customers are
• Contain the tallest buildings because the land is so
expensive (the buildings maximise their use of vertical
space)
• Have the largest Sphere Of Influence (the area from where it
attracts it’s customers) – people come to shop and work.
• Contain no houses – the land is too expensive
• Often have an inner ring road around them.
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Inner City

• The inner city is the oldest part of the town and some areas
may still be awaiting redevelopment.
• This is the zone that surrounds the city centre and would
have been built up extensively in the 1800s as industries
such as coal mining, steel and brick works and pottery
factories grew rapidly during the industrial revolution.
• As cars had not been invented, the workers were housed
close to the factories in rapidly built, tightly packed together
terraced houses.
• In the 1970s and 1980s many of the factories and coal mines
started to close down as the products that they sold could
be obtained more cheaply from abroad.
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Who lives here?

• Mainly people with low incomes, immigrants from other

countries seeking to improve their standard of living,
students who rent property while at university, people on
unemployment for long periods of time, people with low
skills and cannot get higher-paid jobs and afford housing in
the suburbs.
• Sometimes wealthier property developers buy the terraced
houses cheaply and do them up to sell them for a profit.
• The houses have also been redeveloped. Many of the old
terraced houses have been knocked down and rebuilt.
• At Festival Heights, a range of affordable modern mews,
apartments, semi-detached and detached housing has been
built.
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Inner Suburbs

• The inner suburbs are an area of mainly semi-detached

housing.
• This zone of the city has developed as the city has spread
outwards and people have wanted a better quality of life.
• As wages increased in the 1920’s to the 1950s, people living
in the inner city wanted better housing
and to get away from the pollution
of the factories.
• Also many parts of the city centre
and inner city had been damaged
by bombing in the First and Second
World Wars.
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Inner Suburbs

• The land becomes cheaper the further away from the CBD
(Central Business District) so planning for new houses was/is
common.
• Estates of larger semi-detached houses were built as people
on higher wages wanted to move away from the inner city
into larger houses away from the city centre.
• Neighbourhood shopping centres were built to serve the
areas of private and council estates.
• The shops were clustered together and offered a range of
goods and services such as a post office, fish and chip shops,
betting shop, hair dressers, TV and video repairs
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Outer Suburbs

• The outer suburbs are an area of mainly detached housing.

This zone of the city has developed as the city has spread
outwards and people have wanted a better quality of life.
• The housing in this area of the city is large in size and have
large gardens and garages.
• These areas are ideal areas for families with young children
due to the size of the housing and safe roads on small
estates.
• The outer suburbs contain a mixture of
land uses including residential areas and
recreational facilities such as
golf courses. Access to open spaces and
parks is common.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY
• Does not work with more modern cities, or cities outside of the
United States
• Assumes an unchanging landscape
• Assumes flat land, without geographic features inhibiting growth.
• The model was produced in the 1920’s much has changed since
then.
• Decentralization of business areas
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
SECTOR OR HOYT’S MODEL
• developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt
states that a city develops in sectors,
not rings.
• certain areas are more attractive for
different activities because of an
environmental factor or by mere
chance.
• Hoyt modified the concentric zone
model to account for major
transportation routes according to this
model most major cities evolved around
the nexus of several important transport
facilities such as railroads, sea ports,
and trolley lines that emanated from
the city's centre.
• It is a model of the internal structure of cities.
• Social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or
wedges radiating out from the central business district
(CBD) and centred on major transportation lines
• low-income households to be near railroad lines, and
commercial establishments to be along business
thoroughfares.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY
• Applies well to Chicago.
• Low cost housing is near
industry and transportation
proving Hoyt’s model Theory
based on 20th century and
does not take into account
cars which make commerce
easier.
• With cars, people can live
anywhere and further from
the city and still travel to the
CBD using their car.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
• The model has four geographic
principles – Certain activities require
highly specialised facilities
• Accessible transportation for a
factory
• Large areas of open land for a
housing tract
• Certain activities cluster because
they profit from mutual association
• Certain activities repel each other
and will not be found in the same
area
• Certain activities could not make a
profit if they paid the high rent of
the most desirable locations
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a single CBD. Ports,
airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY
• Land is Flat, even Distribution of Resources and even
distribution of people in Residential areas.
• Each zone displays a significant degree of internal
heterogeneity
• No consideration of influence of physical relief and
government policy.
• Not applicable to oriental cities with different cultural,
economic and political backgrounds
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
Assumptions

• humans will always purchase goods from the closest place.

• unbounded isotropic (all flat), homogeneous, limitless
surface.
• evenly distributed population.
• all settlements are equidistant and exist in a triangular
lattice pattern.
• evenly distributed resources
 LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
BID-RENT THEORY
• Graphically shows what
various land users are
prepared and able to
pay for good access to
the CBD

Analysis
• It can be seen that
commerce (in particular
large department
stores/chain stores) is
willing to pay the
greatest rent to be
located in the CBD.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
• The CBD is very valuable for them because it is
traditionally the most accessible location for a large
population.
• This large population is essential for department stores,
which require a considerable turnover.
• As a result, they are willing and able to pay a very high
land rent value.
• They maximise the potential of their site by building many
storeys, resulting in skyscrapers in CBDs.
• Their willingness to pay declines rapidly.
• Industry is, however, willing to pay to be on the outskirts
of the CBD.
• There is more land available for their factories, but they
still have many of the benefits of the CBD, such as a
market place and good communications.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
• As you move further out, the land becomes less attractive
to industry and the household is able to purchase land.
• The further you go from the CBD, the cheaper the land.
• This is why inner city areas are very densely populated
(terraces, flats and high-rise buildings), whilst the suburbs
and rural areas are sparsely populated (semi and detached
houses with gardens).
• This bid-rent theory explains one pattern of urban land-
use that is also identified by Burgess' concentric ring
model.
• The pattern is never as simple in reality. Today, out-of-
town shopping centres and industrial sites have influenced
the pattern.
LAND USE PATTERN IN URBAN AREAS . . .
PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY
• Cannot explain exceptions eg residential areas within CBD
• Assumes mono-centric perception
• Land and property markets constrained by regulatory and
fiscal controls by intervention of special interest groups like
preservationists and tenants’ associations
• Lack of dynamic component
• Not all phenomenon can be explained by economics eg
environmental concerns, perceptions
Survey Techniques
“Survey before plan” - Sir Patrick Geddes.
Diagnosis before treatment is very much essential without which no
adequate planning scheme can be prepared for a town.
SURVEY TECHNIQUES. . .
A technique to collect data ( information)
• The collection, interpretation, arrangement, combination and
presentation of data in the most readily understood form of
all the information likely to influence the proposals to be
included in the development plan.
It is meant to collect the data and information based on the spot
observation – Primary survey.
• The survey data collected should be analysed and
represented in the form of maps, charts, tables and models.

objects of survey
• The people– their interests and occupations and how the
follow them
• The land and buildings and how they serve their interests.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES. . .
Necessity of survey
• To give the requisite information upon which the proposals are
based.
• To provide the members of local planning authority and
subsequently the ministry with information upon which the
merits of the proposals will be judged.
• To convince owners and intending developers about the rightness
of the proposals to which they are being asked to conform.
SURVEY TECHNIQUES. . .
The basic data to be collected include
• The present land use Population growth

• Traffic system Industrial position

• Economic base Origin, history and growth

SURVEY TECHNIQUES. . .
CLASSIFICATION
Surveys can be divided into 3 broad categories in relation with
• Physical factors – natural features ,topography, soil condition,
climate.

• Physical and economic factors – occupational, industries, trade

and commerce, financial condition of local administration.

• Social and economic factors- demography, housing, amenities-

health, recreation, education etc
 TYPES
1. Town or city survey/local- physical, social, economic survey
2. Regional surveys
3. National surveys
4. Civic surveys
Local survey –
• A town or a village is taken as the survey unit. Local survey is
concerned with the analysis of the present density distribution and
the existing developments, to decide about the changes required
when redevelopment is proposed and extra land required to reduce
the density of the area if required.
• It may deal with a town, a village, an area of sporadic development or
new town site. It is very important that the survey area should cover
not only existing development but also the surrounding land which
may be required for it’s future development.
Regional surveys–

A town or a village is taken as the survey unit. Local survey is

concerned with the analysis of the present density distribution and
the existing developments, to decide about the changes required
when redevelopment is proposed and extra land required to
reduce the density of the area if required.
It may deal with a town, a village, an area of sporadic development
or new town site. It is very important that the survey area should
cover not only existing development but also the surrounding land
which may be required for it’s future development.
Land use survey
• scope: survey should cover every part of the region in which non
agricultural land, buildings and various uses exist.
• Thoroughly accurate and detailed picture of existing land use is
necessary to deal with any problems caused due to development
control problems.
• Exhaustive study of the existing land use map is of utmost importance-
the study of existing map and the proposal maps are totally based
upon the land use survey.
• Survey methods on field
• Reconnaissance/preliminary survey- first impressions/at a glance or
aerial survey.
• Announcement in news papers/media/ publicity through govt or social
organisations.
• Selection of survey team/ printing of questionnaire – mounting of
ordinance sheets on map boards/color /notations
• Briefing about the procedure of the survey, coloring/notations to be
simplified version that are to be used in the final map. Written notes
and sketches should be freely used.
• Subject matter
• A complete use survey should denote the use of every building and
every parcel of land within the area. single notation for similar uses
grouped together for easy readability of the map.
• Entire area of the site should be coloured, not just the building.
colour code according to the uses.
DENSITY SURVEYS

• Density in relation to planning means, the number of objects, houses,

rooms, persons etc per unit of space.
• Detailed information about density is of vital importance for planning
purposes, as most of the proposals to reduce density/congestion
depend upon it.
• Residential/ non residential
• Residential- expressed in terms of houses/acre, habitable rooms/ acre
or persons/acre.
• Over all (town) density = population of the whole town/ total
area( land) of the town
• Gross NH density= population of the res area/ total land in the
res area
• Net res density = population of the res area/land included in
home plots, res roads, incidental open spaces
only
• Accommodation density= No of habitable rooms/ acre
• Population density = no of people / acre
• Occupancy rate = no of persons / habitable room
• ( Over utilisation / under utilisation)
• Carrying out the Accommodation density survey
• Obtain survey sheets of the whole of built up area with sheet no marked on
them
• Division of the predominant area into smaller blocks having similar size of
homes and even open spaces.
• To find no of habitable rooms in each block and it’s average.
• Carrying out the population density survey
• Usually a sample survey will be the quickest method of obtaining reasonably
accurate information.
• This information is obtained from a population density survey. This may change
in a quite short time because occupancy rate may vary from time to time.
• Population density/acre= estimated total population of each
area/ average
• Occupancy rate= population density/ acc density
• Presentation of res density surveys occ rates
1. Up to 20rms or persons / acre <0.5persons/habitable rm
2. 21-40 0.5-0.75
3. 41-60 0.76-1.00

Non residential density: to calculate NRD a method based upon the

floor space index is usually applied.
FSI- floor space of buildings on any particular site
FSI = total built up area/ site area
• Useful in central areas
The age and condition of the building
History of growth: this survey provides the planner with the general
background information rather tan specific pointers to the solution
of problems.
Informs the planner about the most popular area of the town for
development.
The method used is to colour or distinguish between major areas first
developed at different times of history.
Conditions of the buildings
Very important survey.
Best way is to assess the conditions is to select a number of significant
factors of bad conditions and by means of a base map to determine
the areas affected by many, few or no factor.
List of factors
1. Net density in excess of- habitable rms/ acre
2. Day lighting seriously inadequate
3. No of bathrooms- indoor sanitation
4. No pipes- water supply and main drainage
5. Dampness
6. Bad structural conditions
7. Proximity of detrimental uses.

Conditions of buildings: gradation of the buildings is done on its

future life.
1. Very good future life 50 years & above
2. Good 30- 49
3. Moderate 15-29
4. Bad 05- 14
5. Poor unfit for inhabitation hence to be pulled down.
Factors limiting development
• Steep slopes, poor drainage, poor soil stability, marshy land and dense
vegetation, water sheds, floods.
Catchment areas
• It is useful to know the catchment areas of influence of various public
services, since the formation of satisfactory NH boundaries can be based
on them.
• Shops, cinemas, temples etc should be used as factors to determine the
extent of catchment areas.
Relationship of place of work and home
• To identify the major flow of work force from homes to places of work
and provide for the same.
Traffic and parking survey
• Study of the widths of roads, traffic carrying capacity and volume carried,
increase in the veh types, ring roads, location of airports, Railways etc.
• To study the traffic volume and flow on major roads, analyse problems
like congestion, bottleneck, encroachment and suggest remedies – long
term and short term and the cost of road improvement etc. through
• Origin and destination survey ( through traffic )
• Remedies like bypass road or ring road.
• In case of heavy internal traffic ( O/D within the town )
• Improvement of internal road system, road widening, one way,
prohibition of on street parking prevention of hawkers on roadside.
• O/D survey and accident survey
Method
1. Direct interview 2. observation of registration numbers
3. By post cards 4. by attaching tags to vehicles
• Survey to be conducted by 2 people (min), survey should be conducted
on a normal day.
Parking survey
• Sample survey – conducted by means of verbal or written
questionnaire, on street parking, off street parking, metering of
parking areas.
Research and social survey
• Structure of communities, their social ranking, social homogeneity,
demography, literacy, study of migration, people’s needs and
aspirations, sex ratio, age group, birth and death rate, family size,
occupational structure are important.

Population - 1. growth trend for at least 40-50years

2. characteristic of present population
3. future growth (migration, ind )
4. demography
5. distribution of density in the town.
Housing- 1. condition 2. density of accommodation
3. ht of the building 4. materials used
Community facilities - 1 education 2. health 3. recreation etc
economic – 1. occupational structure 2. industries 3. trade and
commerce 4. financial condition of the local
authority 5. utility services
Conclusion – survey is a continuous process of very great social and
economic importance. They constitute a record value
to all land users, industrialists etc. the essence of
surveys is presentation in map or diagram forms.
Methods to collect data
• Mailing
• Interview of eminent people
• Door to door survey
• Telephone Interview
• News paper
• Aerial photography
• Remote sensing by satellite
• Online