Duhok poly technic university

Technical college of engineering

Petrochemical depatrment

COURSE: Mass transfer (practical)

Class: third 2017 - 2018

Lecturer :shwan
Teaching assistant: shamiran

Experiment No:7

Name of Experiment:
Washing-Decantation-Drying

Submitted by: Farhad Ramadhan hassan

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 Solid-Solid extraction (washing):
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation technique routinely
used in analytical laboratories for the extraction of analytes from a complex
matrix. This sample preparation technique enables the extraction, cleanup
and concentration of analytes prior to their quantification. Solid phase
extraction prevents most problems encountered with liquid-liquid extraction
and improves quantitative recovery yields. This technique is rapid (most
extraction in less than 30 min), easy to perform and can be automated. In
addition, low amount of solvents is handled and this technique is fully
adapted for the pre-treatment of complex matrices such as urine, blood, food
samples, water etc...
SPE uses the affinity of solutes dissolved or suspended in a liquid (known as
the mobile phase) for a solid through which the sample is passed (known as
the stationary phase) to separate a mixture into desired and undesired
components. The result is that either the desired analytes of interest or
undesired impurities in the sample are retained on the stationary phase. The
portion that passes through the stationary phase is collected or discarded,
depending on whether it contains the desired analytes or undesired
impurities. If the portion retained on the stationary phase includes the
desired analytes, they can then be removed from the stationary phase for
collection in an additional step, in which the stationary phase is rinsed with
an appropriate eluent.

The solid-Phase Extraction strategies are:

 Retaining the analyte and washing off impurities
 Concentrating the analyte and washing off impurities
 Retaining impurities and eluting the analyte

Procedure:
1. the cartridge is equilibrated or conditioned with a solvent to wet the
sorbent.
2. the loading solution containing the analyte is percolated through the
solid phase. Ideally, the analyte and some impurities are retained on
the sorbent.
3. The sorbent is then washed to remove impurities.
4. The analyte is collected during this elution step.
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 Figure-1 procedure of washing

Decantation:
is a process for the separation of mixtures, by removing a layer of liquid,
generally one from which a precipitate has settled. The purpose may be
either to produce a clean decant, or to remove undesired liquid from the
precipitate (or other layers). If the aim is to produce a clean solution, a small
amount of solution must generally be left in the container, and care must be
taken to prevent any precipitate from flowing with the solution out of the
container.

Preliminary processes:
A mixture of an insoluble solid in liquid is allowed to stand. If the solid is
more dense than the liquid it will settle at the bottom if kept undisturbed for
some time. This process is called sedimentation. A centrifuge may be useful
in decanting a solution. The centrifuge causes the precipitate to be forced to
the bottom of the container; if the force is high enough, the precipitate may
form a compact solid. Then the liquid can be more easily poured away, as
the precipitate will tend to remain in its compressed form. Similarly a
mixture of two immiscibleliquids can also be separated by decantation. For
example, the oil and water extracted from fish may be decanted to obtain
the oil. A mixture of kerosene and water can also be separated through
decantation.

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 Figure-2 decantation

Drying:
is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or
another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This
process is often used as a final production step before selling or packaging
products. To be considered "dried", the final product must be solid, in the
form of a continuous sheet (e.g., paper), long pieces (e.g., wood), particles
(e.g., cereal grains or corn flakes) or powder (e.g., sand, salt, washing
powder, milk powder). A source of heat and an agent to remove the vapor
produced by the process are often involved. In bioproducts like food, grains,
and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost
invariably water. Desiccation may be synonymouswith drying or considered
an extreme form of drying. In the most common case, a gas stream, e.g., air,
applies the heat by convection and carries away the vapor as humidity. Other
possibilities are vacuum drying, where heat is supplied
by conduction or radiation (or microwaves), while the vapor thus produced
is removed by the vacuum system. Another indirect technique

Figure-3 Unplanted drying bed