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The Advancement of Paleogene Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin in Gumay

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Conference Paper · September 2017

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The Advancement of Paleogene Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin
in Gumay Mounntains
Barianto D.H.1 Anggara F.,2 Husein S., 3 Pribadi T.A.4 dan Ahmad M. 5
1,2,3
Dept. Geological Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada
4,5
PT. Pertamina EP
Abstract
The Gumay Mountains of South Sumatra
Province on the eastern edge of Barisan Hills
exposes Paleogenic rocks formation. Regionally,
they are grouped as Kikim Formation
characterized by its dominance of volcanic
breccia and andesitic lava. In some places, could
be found Cawang Member, composed of quartz
sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone. Below
the surface, Cawang Member is oftentimes
referred as Lahat Formation or Lemat
Formation. Considering the importance of
Lahat/Lemat Formation in oil & gas exploration
in South Sumatra Basin, this paper would like to
present the latest findings on detailed
stratigraphic measurement composing the
formation on 14 track pathways, including the
distribution of the formation itself on surface.
This study proposes 4 rock units of Lahat
Formation, with the lowest one is placed at the
age of Eocene and unofficially proposed as
Lower Lahat Member. The other 3 rock units
aging Oligocene is unofficially proposed as
Upper Lahat Member. All the rocks unit of
Lahat Formation is deposited in sedimentation
environment of braided river up to the transtition
on terrestrial volcanic body.
Lower Lahat Formation is formed by Andesite-
Quartz Sandstone, composed of andesitic lava,
quartz sandstone, quartz conglomerate,
tuffaceous andesitic breccia, few claystone, and
limestone. Upper Lahat Member which is
unconformably deposited on the top of Lower
Lahat Member, built by three interfingering rock
units. Quartz sandstone – claystone unit is
composed of finning upward quartz sandstone –
quartz conglomerate with cross bedding
structure, tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous
claystone with dominant intercalation of brown
claystone, carbonaceous claystone, and lignite.
Sandstone – Volcanic breccia unit is composed
of tuffaceous sandstone, volcanic breccia,
andesitic lava, sandstone, andesitic
conglomerate, polymictic conglomerate, and
claystone. Sandstone – claystone unit is
composed of interbedding of calcareous
sandstone and calcareous claystone, calcareous
sandstone – tuffaceous sandstone with
intercalation of calcareous sandstone.
Introduction
The geology of South Sumatra Basin has been
an object in geological researches. This has led
to a large number of stratigraphic column since
Bemmelen (1949), De Coaster (1974), Gafoer et
al. (1992), Ginger and Fielding (2005), Ryacudu
(2005), etc.
Kikim Formation (De Coaster, Gafoer at al.,
Ryacudu) is Paleogene - Early Oligocene
volcanic rocks which Bemmelen called as old
andesite formation, Ginger and Fielding called it
as Lahat, meanwhile Kikim (Gafoer et al.) is
clastic – volcanic rock especially fluvial up to
deltaic deposits, which by others is referred as
Lemat to Talangakar (Figure.1)
This paper tries to give a view of unofficial
stratigraphy by carrying lithostratigraphy based
on field data in Gumay Mountains, including
Lahat Regency, Empat Lawang Regency, and
Pagar Alam Regency in South Sumatra
Province, Indonesia with a 1:50.000 scaled
geological map as the output. The main object of
this research is Paleogenic rocks. The outcrops
found due to the opening of Pendopo –
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Tebingtinggi road (roadcut), provides an access
in observing rock variations on the west side.
Data and Methods
Data were obtained from stratigraphic
measurement (measured section) on 14 tracks,
covering rivers around Gumay Mountains,
including rivers which become location type,
sucah as Kikim, Cawang, Sepingtiang, etc. The
measurements furthermore compiled into a
stratigraphic column to see stratigraphic
correlation of each rock unit.
Petrographic study was conducted to determine
the type and genesis of the rocks, be they
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.
In addition, petrographic obsevation was
performed to detect visible porosity and
alteration rate (in relation to absolute dating of
the rocks ages)
Paleontological observation was performed on
calcareous rocks by examining small foram
fossils, calcareous nannofossils, and spore-
pollen.
The results of this mapping are stratigraphic
measurement on 14 tracks with total thickness of
29 kilometres, 571 observation stations, various
geological structure measurements, and
sampling for petrographic, chemical,
petrophysical, and paleontological purposes.
Result and Discussion
Basement rocks are exposed in the middle part
of Gumay Mountains to the east with elliptical
distribution extending northwest – southeast.
The total area of the basement rocks is 360km2.
In general, basement rocks consist of pyroxenite,
andesitic lava, gabbroic intrusion, highly
compacted tuffaceous sandstone, and crystalline
limestone which are grouped into three mapped
units and one non mapped unit. The non mapped
unit of Clinopyroxenite remains separated,
because it provides information about rock
derived from the earth’s mantle. The other rocks
are volcanic rocks, in the form of lava,
pyroclasts, sediments, as well as limestone
attached to the edge of the volcano. The ages of
the rocks were not analyzed, instead a
comparison was performed between physical
characteristics and the distribution of the rock
formations mapped by Gafoer et al. (1992),
which aged around Cretaceous – Jurassic. In
general, these pre-tertiary rock units are:
Mesozoic clinopyroxenite unit (KJk), Mesozoic
limestone unit (KJb), Mesozoic sandstone unit
(KJp), and Mesozoic andesite (Kja).
Paleogenic rocks are well exposed in the
northern to western part of the Gumay
Mountains, distributed elliptically and attached
on the basement rocks. The area of the
Paleogenic rocks is 467,65 km2. In general, the
Paleogenic rocks consist of volcanic rocks, such
as lava, pyroclasts, and sediments from volcano
mixed with basement materials. The abundance
of quartz mineral in sandstone and conglomerate
suggests strong erossion of granite, which was
not found in the study area. The direction of
paleocurrent indicates that the source of
sediments (higher altitude) is in southeast. The
Paleogenic rocks are fomed in proximal – distal
zone of a volcano, braided and meandering river
deposits, up to channels in zone of transtition.
Foraminifera fossils are not present, so the age
of the rocks were determined through pollen,
which indicates age around Oligocene,
whereasthe above-mentioned rock is Late
Oligocene. The end of Paleogene shows an
indication of sea level rise so that calcareous
sandstone could form. But in general,
Paleogenic rocks in Gumay Mountains lie in the
height, so the chemical XRD analysis only
shows weak alteration. The Paleogenic rock
units from the oldest:
Lower Lahat Member, consists of andesite –
quartz sandstone unit (Pobva), composed of
andesitic lava, quartz sandstone, quartz
conglomerate, tuffaceous andesitic breccia, few
claystone, and interbedding of limestone. This
unit was deposited unconformably on the
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Mesozoic rocks. Foraminifera fossil and Kasai Formation, aged Pliocene – Pleistocene,
calcareous nannofossil are absent, except for overlapping other rocks. This unit indicates
pollen with wide range of age, from Palocene to continuous sea level rise, producing shallow
Oligocene. But, the age of this unit is predicted marine limestone until upper bathyal – abyssal
to be Paleocene – Eocene, which deposited in claystone. The age was determined from
proximal-distal zone of a terrestrial volcanic nannoplankton and foraminifera fossils, that
environment. indicate the age of Early-Mid Miocene.
Whereas, the young thalus deposit compared
Upper Lahat Member was deposited with Pliocene – Pleistocene Kasai Formation.
unconformably on Lower Lahat Member,
consists of three interfingering units. Quartz Quarternary rocks are well exposed in the
sandstone – claystone (Pobkl), composed of eastern, southern, and western side overlapping
finning upward quartz sandstone – quartz the older rocks in the middle og Gumay
conglomerate with cross bedding structure, Mountains. In general, the rocks consist of
tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous claystone with volcanic materials from Pasemah Volcano in the
dominant intercalation of brown claystone, east, Dempo Volcano in the south, and
carbonaceous claystone, and lignite. Bukitbalai Volcano.
Foraminifera fossil and calcareous nannofossil
are absent, except for pollen of Eocene to
Oligocene. The age og this unit is predicted to
be Lower Oligocene – Upper Oligocene,
deposited in fluvial to upper deltaic
environment
Sandstone – volcanic breccia unit (Popby)
consists of tuffaceous sandstone, volcanic
breccia, andesitic lava, sandstone, andesitic
conglomerate, polymictic conglomerate, and
claystone. Fossil is absent.
Sandstone – Claystone unit (Pobl) consists of
interbedding calcareous sandstone and
calcareous siltstone, carbonaceous siltstone –
tuffaceous siltstone with intercalation of
calcareous sandstone. Foraminifera fossils and
calcareous nannofossils are present in calcareous
sandstone and indicate Late Oligocene. This unit
was deposited in deltaic to shallow marine
environment.
The overview of depositional environments
could be seen in Figure.2 Stratigraphic
correlation Paleogenic-Neogenic rocks in a
several major rivers in northern Gumay
Mountains could be seen in Figure.3.

Neogenic rocks are well exposed in the northern

to eastern side of the Gumay Mountains,
elliptically distributed and attached with
Paleogenic rocks, except for thalus deposit of
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Figure. 1. Compiled stratigraphic column from various sources. (Husein et al., 2016).

Figure.2. Depositional environment of Lahat Formation in Gumay Mountains

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Figure.3. Stratigraphic correlation based on lithofacies from several rivers in northern Gumay
Mountains.
Conclusion
Stratigraphy in Gumay Mountains is strongly
influenced by volcanic rocks and the basement
rocks. In the time when Lahat Formation was
formed, Gumay Mountains was an archipelago
of volcanoes that overlapping with basement
rocks and forming height.
References
De Coster, G.L., 1974, The Geology of the
Central and South Sumatera Basin,
Proceedings IPA 3rd Annual Conv, 77- 110.
Gafoer, S., Amin T.C. and Pardede, R., 1992,
Geological Map of the Bengkulu
Quadrangale (0912) Sumatera, Geological
Research and Development Center, Bandung.
View publication stats
Ginger , D., and K. Fielding, 2005, The
Petroleum System and Future Potential of the
South Sumatera Basin, Proceedings IPA 30th
Annual Conv. 67-89.
Ryacudu, R., 2005, Studi Endapan Syn Rift
Paleogen di Cekungan Sumatera Selatan,
Doctoral Thesis, ITB, Bandung.
Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1949, The Geology of
Indonesia, The Hague, Government Printing
Office and Martinus Nijhof.
Acknowledement
Gratitude to PT Pertamina EP for the funding &
cooperation in this research and to Aya Shika
Bangun for the help to make this paper
complete.