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Unit Operations (Ench3Uo) MR E M Obwaka 5. Drying
Unit Operations (Ench3Uo) MR E M Obwaka 5. Drying
Unit Operations (Ench3Uo) MR E M Obwaka 5. Drying
Mr E M Obwaka
5. DRYING
5.1 Introduction
Now dried table salt contains about 0.5 % water, dried coal about
CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS
-1-
Dryers can be classified in several ways. The two most useful
wet material
are thus:
energy;
-2-
Fig. 5.1: Classification of dryers based on method of HT [Perry]
-3-
SOLIDS HANDLING IN DRYERS
all the drying cycle. In adiabatic dryers, the solids are exposed to
-4-
2. Gas is blown through a bed of coarse granular solids that
-5-
Fig. 5.3: A spray dryer with parallel flow [McCabe]
-6-
The principle of “one theory fits all” does not apply to dryers due
- drying time
-7-
Fig. 5.4: Temperature patterns in dryers: (a) batch dryer; (b)
see Fig. 5.4a, the temperature of wet solids rises rather quickly
wet solids gradually rises as a zone of dry solids forms near the
-8-
way from the inlet to the outlet of the dryer. In steady-state
The solids inlet and gas outlet are on the left. The solids are
remain constant. Hot gas enters the dryer at T hb, usually with low
humidity.
(v) Heat the air or other added gas to its final temperature.
of heat for item (ii) is very often much more than that required
q= s cps(Tsb-Tsa)
m + s XacpL(Tv
m – Tsa) + s (Xa
m – Xb) + s XbcpL(Tsb
m –
Tv) + s (Xa
m – Xb)cpv(Tva – Tv) (5.1)
- 10 -
where
solid
solid
Tv = vaporisation temperature
= heat of vaporisation
cps, cpL, cpv = specific heats of solid, liquid and vapour respectively.
- 11 -
cooling of the gas. For a continuous adiabatic dryer, the heat
balance gives:
q= gc
m
sb (Thb – Tha) (5.2)
where m
g = mass flow rate of the dry gas
air.
X = XT – X* (5.3)
- 12 -
XT = total moisture content
kg H 2 O
Xwet = kg wet solid
kg H 2 O
= kg dry solid kg H O
2
kg H 2 O / kg dry solid
= kg dry solid / kg dry solid kg H O / kg dry solid
2
X
=1 X
X wet
It can similarly be shown that X = 1 X
wet
- 13 -
Crystalline – its particles contain no interior liquid
RATES OF DRYING
and the graph will be linear in this period. The graph will then
- 15 -
During the constant-rate period, the interface temperature, T i,
conduction. During this period, the drying rate per unit area, R c,
M v k y ( yi y ) A
v
m
(1 y ) L
(5.4)
h y (T Ti ) A
or v
m
i
(5.5)
where m
v = rate of evaporation
A = drying area
hy = heat-transfer coefficient
T = temperature of gas
Ti = temperature at interface
approximated as follows:
h y De
Nu = = 0.037 Re0.8Pr0.33 (5.6)
k
equation is:
hy = 24.2G0.37 (5.7)
- 17 -
m
v h y (T Ti )
Rc = = i
(5.8)
A
Fig. 5.7: Drying rate curves for a porous ceramic plate [McCabe]
- 18 -
The critical moisture content, Xc, varies with thickness of
Nonporous solids
equation below:
k y ( y Ai y A )
NA (5.9)
(1 y A ) L
boundary, kgmol/m2.s.
Porous solids
- 19 -
In a porous material, diffusion of internal moisture to the top
drying curve presented in Fig. 5.7 would apply. The distinct break
Drying rate curves derived from experimental work are often the
By definition,
dmv m s dX
R=- =- (5.10)
Adt A dt
- 20 -
t X1
ms dX
dt
t 0
=- A R
(5.11)
X2
ms
tc = AR (X1 – X2) (5.12)
c
Scenario 1: Curve
R - 21 -
B
A
XD
ms dX
tF =- A
XB
R
(5.13)
XB
ms dX
= A
XD
R
(5.14)
versus X for the given limits and determining the area under the
curve.
- 22 -
Reference here is made to Fig. 5.7.
R = mX + b
X1
ms dX
Given t = - A
X2
R
X1
ms dX
tf1 = - A X2
mX b
Where tf1 = the time for drying in the first falling-rate period.
ms mX 1 b
tf1 = mA ln mX b
2
R1 R2
m= X X
1 2
- 23 -
This further implies that:
m s ( X 1 X 2 ) R1
tf1 = A( R1 R2 )
ln
R2
XC and XD.
XC
ms dX
tf2 = A
XD
R
Where tf2 = the time for drying in the second falling-rate period.
R B
A
C - 24 -
D
m X R
tF = AR ln R
s c c
c 2
REFERENCES
- 25 -