100 years of education

Each level has its own form of organization and is subject to

the legislation in force. Kindergarten is optional between 3 and
6 years. The preparatory class, which became mandatory in
2012, generally begins at the age of 6; schooling is mandatory
until the tenth grade (usually corresponding to the age of 16 or
17). Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13
classes. Ever since the 1989 Romanian Revolution, the
Romanian education system has been in a continuous process
of reorganization that has been both praised and criticized.
In addition to the formal schooling system, to which the private
equivalent system has recently been added, there is also a
semi-legal and informal system of meditation. Meditations are
often used in leisure time as a preparation for the various
examinations, which are notoriously difficult. Meditations are
widespread, and they can be considered as part of the
education system. Meditations existed and even thrived during
the communist regime.
In 2004, about 4.4 million of the population was enrolled in
school. Of these, 650,000 in the kindergarten, 3,11 million (14%
of the population) in primary and secondary education and
650,000 (3% of the population) at tertiary level (universities). In
2009, there were 3.3 million pupils in Romania, compared to
4.8 million in 1990. In 1990, the number of pre-university
teachers was nearly 260,000, in 2001 it exceeded 275,000, and
in 2007 it was lower than 250,000.
In August 2010, there were 4,700 general schools in Romania.

General presentation
Basic organization
The Romanian educational system is divided into two levels:
1. Pre-university education, Pre-university education is structured in 5 cycles:
1.1 Preschool (or Kindergarten) education - is conducted over three years and
consists of three groups: Small Group, Middle Group and Large Group.
1.2 Primary education (primary school) - grades 0 (preparatory) -IV
1.3 Secondary education (Gymnasium) - grades V-VIII
1.4.1 High school (high school) - four or five classes (grades IX-XII / XIII)
1.4.2 Vocational education, which can continue or replace the High School in
preparing students for careers based on manual or practical activities.
1.5 Post-secondary education can last between 2 and 5 years.
2. Higher education (higher education) has been reorganized to conform to the
principles of the Bologna process, which aims at building the European Higher
Education Area. It has the following four components:
2.1 Bachelor studies (Graduate) 3-4 years, for most disciplines 3 years (since
2005)
2.2 Master studies 1-2 years for most 2 years (from 2008)
2.3 Doctoral studies have a duration of at least 3 years (PhD student) (since
2006).
2.4 Lifelong learning (postgraduate courses, continuous training).

Primary school is compulsory, comprising the preparatory class (generally

children aged 6 years) and then grades I-IV, known as "primary education",
while from the age of eleven to the fourteen years is known as "gymnasium
education". Most elementary schools are part of the public school system.
Primary elementary education has a market share of 0.5%, according to the
Ministry of Education, Research and Innovation.
Education in Romania is mandatory until the end of the 10th grade (or until the
age of 18). The education system is identical at national level and highly
centralized.
Scoring conventions
For the first four years, there is a system called qualifiers. They are Very Good (FB) -
Excellent, Good (B) - Good, Satisfactory (S) -satisfactory, in fact, the (barely) pass and
Insufficient (I) - failed. Students who do not get good grades throughout the year
have to take a summer exam with a set of teachers, and if the situation is not better,
the student will repeat the whole year. "Qualifiers" are used throughout the year, in
an assessment system throughout the year, in tests, in school activities, at home or
in projects. On average, for a topic (which will go into the catalog) is calculated by
the teacher, taking into account the progress of the student and by a value of 1-4 for
each grade (for example, if a student has FB, FB, B, B in mathematics, then in the
catalog will be (4 +4 +3 +3) / 4 = 3,5, therefore, B - considering that student
performance has come down in time, a B , B, FB, FB will also be 3.5, but will be
marked as FB because it has improved its performance over time). There is no
average calculated for the whole year, but only for the semester. Most of the students
will only have B and FB grades, the S and I qualifiers are rarely used and only in
special circumstances.

For classes 5-12, a scoring system ranging from 1 to 10 is used, 10 is the best score,
1 is the worst note, and 5 is the minimum score. The evaluation system is also used
with individual grades for each test, oral exam, project, homework, or classroom
exercises being entered in the catalog. Some subjects undergo a partial examination
at the end of the semester (Thesis). This requirement is regulated by the Ministry as
binding on certain matters and can not be changed. The thesis is worth 25% of the
final average and for grades 5 to 8 it is applied to Romanian and mathematics and
only in the eighth grade to Geography or History and to a school with bilingual
teaching in a minority language. The notes are given on the basis of strict ministerial
guidelines, which matter in the high school distribution. At the end of each semester,
the average score is calculated following a four-step procedure: First, the arithmetic
mean of the grades is calculated. If there is a Thesis, this average, with an accuracy
of 0.01, is multiplied by 3, is combined with the thesis (rounded to the nearest
whole) and divided by 4. This average (with or without Thesis) is then rounded to the
nearest whole (9.5 is thus 10) and this is the pupil's average per semester. The next
step is to calculate the student's annual average. This is done by adding the averages
over the two semesters of the student and divided by 2. This average is not rounded.
The final step is to add all students' annual environments and share this amount in
the total number of subjects. This is called "general average". It is neither weighted
nor rounded. If a student has an annual average of less than five subjects, the
student must have an examination of the subject matter that he did not succeed in a
school board in August. If he does not pass this exam, he must repeat the whole year
(repetition). If the annual average is less than 5 to three or more subjects, the
student is no longer entitled to the Corgenum exam and must repeat the year.
A very important role for life's success
has education. Through education as a
social phenomenon we understand the
transmission of life experience from one
generation to another, the knowledge of
good manners and the behavior in society
according to these skills. The importance
of education can be seen also in the fact
that any government, from any state as
it is poor , has a ministry or a department
of education to which it allocates a
percentage of the budget. Children and
young people's education is a delicate
mission to which both school and family
have to make sustained efforts; in other
words, education is formed in a less
formal environment such as family, and
then continues in an institutionalized
environment such as school and church.
Education refers both to the acquisition
of theoretical knowledge and to a
certain ethical behavior accepted by
society.