INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 14.

467-474 ( 1996)

FUTURE MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS VIA

SATELLITE
B. G . EVANS A N D R. TAFAZOLLI
Centre for Satellite Engineering Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 5 X H , U.K.

SUMMARY
We are now moving into an era when conventional speech service will expand to full multimedia
service offerings. This paper looks at ways in which satellite systems could provide such services in
both the mobile as well as the fixed bands and the integration and inter-operability of such systems.
Provision of multimedia services by ATM to integrate with an ATM core network is taken as the
basis of the future network.
Some of the constraints and difficulties of provision of ATM over satellite are discussed as well as
some potential solutions for the ATM wireless protocols and network architectures which potentially
could provide such services. Finally, some suggestions of how new orbit constellations could help meet
these requirements are given. 0 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

KEY WORDS: ATM over satellite; wireless ATM; integration; M E 0

1. INTRODUCTION early experimental results in Europe and the U.S.A.,

Satellite communications for the past 5 years have
been dominated by mobile and personal applications,
and we have seen major changes with the use of
low earth orbit (LEO) and medium earth orbit
(MEO) orbits to join the geostationary earth orbit
(CEO) in the first generation of satellite personal
communications networks. As mobile systems move
into their third generation we are witnessing the
integration of cellular and satellite into universal
mobile telecommunication system (UMTS/
FPLMTS), but are still being dominated by speech
communications with the promise of multimedia to
come-but can this be delivered in frequency bands
(L,S) with much constrained spectrum and satellite
systems technology? What do we mean by multime-
dia for mobile and personal communications and
where are the markets? This paper addresses these
topics and shows that only a restricted class of
multimedia is possible for mobile systems, and pro-
vides some pointers to future market application
areas.
The world of multimedia communications is very
much driven by the backbone superhighway concept,
which it is assumed will largely be provided by
fibre optic cables. In many parts of the world,
however, this is impossible, uneconomic or will take
too long to establish. It thus proposed that satellites
do have a niche role in extending or bringing into
being superhighways (GIIs) in the short-term- It is
very likely that asynchronous transfer mode ( ATM)
will form the transmission standard for future super-
highways and this technique has largely been stan-
dardized by terrestrial operators without recourse to
satellite operations. Can satellites thus provide the
quality of service expected from ATM? We have
and the beginnings of some commercial offerings
for fixed point-to-point links which are promising,
although some problems still need to be addressed.
The interesting question is whether satellites can
help extend the ATM bubble outwards from the
backbone network to the users. There are appli-
cations for lower rate access to the superhighway
from VSATs which need special networking con-
siderations. There is the whole question of mobility
and whether ATM quality can be provided and
maintained, and for what classes of services and
with what mobility constraints.
We clearly have two perspectives (Figure I ) on
the situation of future radio multimedia delivery. On
the one hand we have the UMTSFPLMTS approach
which is moving to provide integrated access to
services currently available in different systems
(cellular and cordless) and to incorporate an infra-
structure which will allow both satellite and terres-
trial components. The aim is to provide global roam-
ing and add some high performance services to the
speech services currently available. With the first
generation UMTS coverage mobility is likely to be:
Home/office - pic0 cell 2 2 Mb/s
Local area - micro cell 2 385 kb/s
Regional cellular - macro cell 2 1 4 4 kb/s
Global satellite - mega cell 5 64 kb/s
The UMTS specturm will be limited as follows:
0 1920-1980 MHz Terrestrial--6Qt60 MHz
21 10-2170 MHz
0 1980-2010 MHz Satellite-30+30 MHz
2 170-2200 MHz
and even with estimated extensions the total spec-
trum will not be much in excess of 200MHz which

CCC 0737-2884/96/060467-08 Received October I996

0 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
468 B. C. E V A N S A N D R. TAFAZOLLI
will limit the multimedia services to around 2 Mb/s
and the mobility to pic0 cells. It cannot thus be
envisaged that satellite multimedia much above
64 kb/s (MPEG4) can be conceived from the
UMTUFPLMTS systems. However, UMTS provides
a valid standardized platform for interfaces and a
secure path for mobile migration towards a global
environment.
The second perspective is the use of satellites in
the context of the B-ISDN which comes from the
fixed network ideas based upon ATM delivery or a
‘Superhighway’. Standards introduced in these areas
emanate from the ‘ATM Forum’ and the ITU and
have been led by terrestrial considerations. Only
now is the ATM Forum beginning to consider radio
access and the problem of extending the ATM bub-
ble to include the radio channel. Satellites have
increased delays and channels which produce more
errors than terrestrial. Note also that MPEG stan-
dards for the source coding and organization of
multimedia services assume a perfect channel. It is
thus by no means clear that satellites can provide
the quality of service (QoS) defined for ATM on
terrestrial channels or the degree of mobility that
will be achievable. From the preceding discussion
on spectrum availability it is clear that for full
multimedia services via satellite one is forced to
move out of L/S band and towards the new Ka-
band allocations. Hence the recent Ka-band satellite
filings. So we see a new positioning of satellite
multimedia coming from the two areas as shown
in Figure 2.
2. MULTIMEDIA SERVICES AND
APPLICATIONS
2.1. The market for satellite multimedia services
Fibre-based systems will always be able to deliver
multimedia services more cheaply than satellite
systems-where it is economical to deploy the infra-
structure, the same can be said of terrestrial wireless
mobile services. Areas which do not have a high
enough traffic density, or favourable terrain, to jus-
tify the installation of fibre or terrestrial mobile
trans receivers, will be more economically served
by satellite systems. Maritime and aeronautical users
can also be served more easily by satellite systems,
although for most multimedia applications these may
be viewed as very small niche markets. The major
question is whether or not a large enough market
for these services exists outside the coverage of the
terrestrial infrastructure.
2.2. Current proposed satellite multimedia systems
Currently there have been many filings made to
the ITU in which satellites have been proposed for
the delivery of Ka band multimedia services to fixed
systems and VSAT type systems. These systems are
predominantly American and involve the deployment
of geostationary satellites to cover the North Amer-
ican continent and to deliver direct-to-home (DTH)
video and data services. The North American market
is ideally suited to this type of service as its urban
centres are separated by large distances, total popu-
lation density is low with a high percentage in non-
urban environments, and satellite dish penetration is
relatively high. In addition to these physical charac-
teristics the GDP is high enough for service oper-
ators to expect a high take-up of leisure services
(video-on-demand, computer games retrieval) for
which the geostationary satellite is an ideal delivery
system (non-delay critical, asymmetric links). Other
countries which have similar physical characteristics
(not including satellite dish penetration) may not
have the spending power with which to justify this
regionally based type of system, although as can be
seen with economic growth in China and south-east
Asia this may not always be the case.
For business and computing applications, services
may have different characteristics and QoS require-
ments. Services such as video conferencing and
high-speed computing are more delay critical and
thus are restricted in the way they can can be
delivered, in terms of satellite altitude. Users of
business and computing services may require a sys-
tem which can cope with both nomadic behaviour,
and would be flexible enough to respond to rapid
changes in physical office location. In short, a user
does not have to worry about service coverage if
he subscribes to a global system, and only a satellite
network can provide a truly global service. One
system has been proposed which attempts to emulate
the terrestrial internet by establishing a large net-
work of satellites as switching nodes within a sky-
based computer network. In some quarters the large
number of satellites proposed for this system is
regarded as prohibitive but the concept is one that
is suited for solving the problem of nomadic com-
puting and communications.
2.3. Technical aspects of satellite service provision
For all satellite systems, major concerns are the
satellites’ ability to deliver services with the required
QoS. Satellites are power limited (or sometimes
interference limited), and it is also desirable that
user terminals are made as small and as cheaply as
possible, whether they be fixed, transportable or
mobile terminals. Bit error rate (BER), cell dropping
rate and propagation delay become very important
as measures of the QoS. In non-geostationary sys-
tems the dynamics of the satellites (elevation, path
length, inter-satellite interference) will introduce a
new level of channel variation, and smaller, more
personal user terminals will be less able to cope
with increasing link margins. Any multimedia satel-
lite system must address these problems, and firstly
should estimate the requirements for the provision
of multimedia services to the relevant terminal types.
Satellite systems bring the benefits of point-to-
 FUTURE MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS 469

FlXED PERSPECI'IVE

Technology

1988 2005
MOBILE PERSPECTIVE
Figure 1 . The two satellite multimedia bubbles can either develop in parallel and be cemented via the core fixed ATM network or they
can be integrated into one system that supports a range of mobility

OR

Figure 2. Interconnection of satellite multimedia systems

point and point-to-multipoint service provision, rapid
deployment and universal access which cannot be
provided by other means.
Services can be subdivided into constant bit rate
(CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR). ATM provides
real advantages for the latter in being able to accom-
modate the bandwidth on-demand features within
the cell structure. Within the ATM definition QoS
is defined as a combination of BER, cell loss ratio
(CLR j cell delay tolerance (CDT).
The ATM Forum defines the QoS metrics between
ATM layers with no recourse to the physical layer
(see Figure 3). However QoS parameters over satel-
lite are inextricably linked to the physical layer
performance, and studies have shown that the fol-
lowing is a reasonable reflection of the ATM Forum
requirements over a fixed satellite system.
Table I illustrates typical QoS parameters for
multimedia services delivered through an ATM-
based satellite system.
From the various trials within RACE 11, EUTEL-
SAT and INTELSAT indicators are that the CLR
may be the critical parameter that determines the
link budget. On the satellite link the major differ-
ences are thus:
(i) The CLRIBER conditions will need advanced
channel coding to overcome the bursty error
conditions on the channel.
(ii) Availability conditions will need careful con-
sideration as the satellite links, in general,
will not have the ability to re-route within
short periods.
(iii) Long propagation delays will result in inef-
470 B. G. EVANS A N D R. TAFAZOLLI

Figure 3. Layered model of satellite.ATM

Table I.

Applications CLR CDT CDT BW BW BL BL

min max min max min max
(s) (s) (kb/s)(kbls) (kb) (kb)

Interlan 10-12 10-2 0.1 103 105 0.1 1

On-line transactions I 0-9 1 3 64 104 0.1 0.3
Electronic mail I 0-9 1 10 20 103 0.05 5
PC file transfer I 0-9 10 100 20
64 1 103
Group-4 facsimile 10-8 4 10 64
64 256 640
Data broadcasting 10-12 TBD TBD 9.6 64 nla n/a
Video conferencing I 0-9 I50 ms 350ms 128 104 1.6 40
Video telephony I 0-9 I50 ms 5 0 m s 64 2 2 10
Voice predictive coding I o-6 10 ms 150ms 16 n/a 2 3
Video mail 10-10 1 ms 5 m s 128 2 8 125
Multimedia conferencing I 0-9 TBD TBD TBD TBDTBD TBD

BL, Burst length; CDT, cell delay tolerance; BW, bandwidth; CLR, cell loss ratio.

ficient use of the satellite resource due to 0 Fixed MDR 52-100Mb/s

large numbers of retransmissions in adverse
conditions. Management of BOD is a prob-
lem. 3. ATM OVER SATELLITES

The ATM Forum has also developed specifi-
cations which enable the use of multimedia services
over ATM adaptation layers in conjunction with
MPEG. For MPEG2 systems over satellite with CBR
these are already in existence but for VBR only
limited trials have been performed. MPEG2 is seen
as the higher quality fixed service applications,
whereas the newer and less well defined MPEG4 at
around 64 kb/s will form the basis of the mobile
multimedia specification. It is important to realize
that the MPEG/ATM VBR type services are still
very experimental and are not well validated. Satel-
lites need to provide variable bit and bandwidth on
demand services with data rates ramping from kb/s
to Mbls. Seamless integration of satellite and terres-
trial systems is essential in order to provide global
coverage and broadband access to the core network.
Study might indicate a range of user terminals as
follows:
0 Mobile laptop I 6 4 kb/s
0 Transportable LDR I 1 28 kb/s
0 Transportable MDR I 2 Mb/s
0 Fixed LDR I 2 M b / s
ATM was designed for transmission over channels
with very good error characteristics. For this reason
the protocols used in fixed B-ISDN networks were
simplified having less overhead and better through-
put. The broadband ISDN extension to mobile users
via satellite links can cause problems mainly due to
the poor performance of the radio link and the extra
signalling needed to support the dynamic network
resource allocation (in a more general scenario as
shown in Figure4, a satellite B-ISDN network can
be dynamically reconfigured due to the move of the
satellite nodes in addition to that of the mobile
users).
3.1. Advantages of using satellites for user access
to the B-ISDN services
0 ATM satellite links can offer bandwidth on
demand;
0 Allow higher flexibility concerning topology,
reconfiguration and network expansion;
0 Satellites offer broadcast and multipoint to
multipoint capabilities;
 FUTURE MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
m-
Figure 4. Fixed/mobile ATM connections via satellite
0 Satellites can be attractive in rural and remote
local loops.
Advantages of using end-to-end ATM transmission
over satellites for the user access to the B-ISDN ser-
vices
0 Same applications and protocols for call and
bearer control can be used with the fixed net-
work;
0 Less interworking functionality.
3.2. Disadvantages of using end-to-end ATM
transmission over satellites for user access to the
B-ISDN services
Delay jitter especially affects the voice/ multi-
media traffic;
Long transmission delays affect the throughput
of data protocols due to window sizelack con-
straints;
During the transmission wireless links may vary
between good or very bad resulting in bursty
errors;
Retransmission of corrupted data could be
problematic due to:
0 the alteration of the strict sequence data
transmission;
0 protocol time-outs that are more likely to
be exceeded;
In systems with very large bandwidth x delay
product interface equipment will require very
large buffers to hold the transmitted frames;
FEC can correct single bit errors and can detect
multiple bit errors. If more than 1 bit error
471
LEO/MEO/GEO Satellite Constellation
exists in an ATM header the entire cell is lost.
The affected QoS parameter in that case is
CLR, otherwise, an undetected error leads to
the degradation of the cell mininsertion rate
(CMR).
0 At the ATM layer only the header is protected
such that errors in the information field are not
detected at this layer. In some AAL layers
some error detection mechanism exists. The
ATM QoS parameters that describe payload
errors are the CER and the severely errored
cell ratio (SECR).
Media transmission considerations
0 Radio link constraints
0 BER performance issues
0 Bit transmission and channel coding
Network considerations
0 Dynamic network configuration
0 Call admission control for mobile users
0 Satellite constellation
0 ATM user mobility
0 Handover
3.3. Protocol considerations and solutions
The operation of ATM via satellite can cause
serious problems to the existing protocols at differ-
ent layers of the B-ISDN protocol stack. The intro-
duction of an ATM-link enhancement technique
(ALE) developed by COMSAT,' gives a great
improvement of the ATM cell loss rate on a satellite
link. The ALE is inserted between the switch and
472 B. G. EVANS AND R. TAFAZOLLI

the satellite modem and incorporates a selective Management Plane

interleaving which does not impose any additional Control Plane
overheads. 7 /- User
The performance of AAL protocols on an ATM
satellite link depends on their error
correction/detection capability. For example AAL 1
(for user data with constant source bit rate and
employs a 3-bit redundancy check CRC and a parity
check on the SAR header) would most probably
cause a synchronization error at the destination when
Figure 5 . Modified B-ISDN wireless protocol reference model
undetected errors occur. The solution to this problem
is again to interleave the first byte of the AAL 1
payload.I
SDUs from the higher layer into packets that can
AAL 3/4 (user data with a variable source bit
be different in length from the standard ATM cell.
rate and a 10-bit CRC at the SAR level) is parti-
The length of the packets that are sent to the
cularly strong. The probability of undetected errors
underlying wireless packet transfer layer (similar to
can be greatly reduced if full-byte interleaving is
the ATM layer), can be optimized according to the
performed on the ATM cell payload that distributes
specific radio access technique needs.
the burst error into two AAL payloads.
The physical layer is responsible for the trans-
Finally, AAL 5 offers services similar to AAL 314
mission bit rates, modulation, logical-to-physical
but employs a 32-bit CRC which is a much stronger
channel mapping, and channel coding. In addition,
code for error detection. A length-check field is also
the physical layer is responsible for signal strength
present and undetected errors would rarely occur on
measurements, RF channel selection and power con-
a general FEC-coded satellite channel.
trol.
The SSCOP protocol that was originally designed
In another proposal for a personal communication
to provide error-free transmission of the signalling
network (PCN)4 a hierarchical ATM switching net-
messages can operate quite well in satellite net-
work is used for interconnection of PCN microcells,
works. SSCOP uses a very efficient selective retrans-
each of which is serviced by high speed shared
mission mechanism, a large enough (24-bit) modulus
access radio links based on ATM-compatible cell
sequence numbering mechanism for the data units,
relay principles.
a rate-based flow control mechanism and provides
network delay insensitivity. Because the use of the 0 In the presented approach, the protocol layering
current data link and transport layer protocols e.g. is harmonized with the ATM protocol stack
HDLC, TCP over satellite links results in inef- and new wireless, channel specific, physical
ficiencies, it is expected that SSCOP might be used medium access control and data link layers are
for applications with high-speed data transfer. added below the ATM layer (Figure 6). The
regular ATM network layer and control services
such as call set-up, VCI/VPI addressing, cell
3.4. Future wireless ATM protocol architectures
prioritization, and flow control indication will
Some proposals for the future wireless B-ISDN continue to be used for mobile services. Modi-
services, have already been presented in the fications to the existing signalling protocols
for the broadband wireless terrestrial are needed to support specific mobility related
networks. The general ideal behind those proposals function MAC layer considerations: a MAC
is to keep the same platform in the wireless protocol
architecture as is for the fixed networks, and to add
the necessary functionality to provide mobility and
improve the wireless link characteristics. The satel-
lite link characteristics and the related problems are
7 1
not addressed on those proposals. However, they
provide a reference point for a future satellite mobile
protocol architecture.
I ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
I
A modified B-ISDN protocol reference model that
is presented for future wireless networks uses a
packet transfer layer instead of the standard ATM
layer and on top of it the wireless adaptation layer
(Figure 5 ) . The wireless AAL layer depends on the
service and the radio access technique.' In this layer,
several different protocols might be fitted, each one
related to a particular service and radio access
scheme (TDMA, CDMA, PRMA etc.). As in the I Physical Layer
I
standard AAL layer, the wireless AAL converts the Figure 6. Wireless ATM protocol stack for PCN
 FUTURE MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS 473

layer design approach is needed for the wireless
multimedia applications. The two basic candi-
dates for media access control CDMA, TDMA
may co-exist in future wireless ATM networks.
Data link layer considerations: this layer is
needed to provide an adequate error recovery
mechanism from the wireless medium specific
problems (high bit error rates at the physical
layer) and from the delays or blocking at the
MAC layer. 'The ATM header could be com-
pressed into an abbreviated network layer
header and then add a wireless medium-specific
data link header. The reduced VCI should be
acceptable for the mobile limited addressing
requirements for a single wireless channel, and
can be expanded to standard ATM form at the
base station interfa~e'.~
4. SOME POSSIBLE APPROACHES
To deliver high bit rate ATM services to mobile
terminals via satellite will require low delays, low
terminal power requirements and high minimum
elevation angles to maximize the probability. of a
good channel. Use of GEO stationary satellites
means lower elevation angles and large delays in
high latitude regions. These problems can be solved
by the use of satellites at much lower altitudes such
as ME0 and LEO orbit heights. Satellites at these
lower altitudes have much smaller delays and lower
terminal power requirements than satellites in a GEO
orbit. By using MEO/LEO satellites and selecting
an appropriate inclination angle these orbits can
offer much higher minimum elevation angles over
high latitude regions.
4.1. Trade-ofls
To provide global coverage using ME0 and LEO
satellites with a high minimum elevation angle will
require a large number of satellites. For example
consider the two S-PCN LEO satellite constellation
proposals. First, Globalstar consists of 48 satellites
at a minimum elevation angle of lo", between f 7 0
latitude. Second, Indium with 66 satellites offers a
minimum elevation angle of 9.8" over the entire
surface of the earth. With both of these systems the
minimum elevation angle of the highest satellite
changes depending on the latitude position of the
mobile terminal. It is clear that the minimum elev-
4.2. ATM complications
ATM is a connection-orientated protocol; after
call establishment it is assumed the data path will
remain fixed for the duration of the call. Problems
will arise due to the dynamically changing satellite
channel between the mobile terminal and the fixed
earth station (FES). For example, due to the
dynamic motion of a MEO/LEO satellite, the chan-
nel to the ATM switch may be lost. Other problems,
such as varying delay and handover need to
addressed as these features are inherent in a dynamic
satellite constellation.
4.3. Possible solutions
As described above delivering high bit rate ser-
vices via MEOLEO satellites will require a large
number of satellites. With a MEOLEO satellite
constellation a large number of FES are required
due to the lower orbit altitude. This increase in the
number of satellites and FES could lead to a system
that is not economically viable. To reduce the num-
ber of FES, inter-satellite links could be used. The
use of on-board ATM switches together with ISLs
opens up the possibility of flexible routing and a
possible means of achieving the availability, BER
and delay requirements in a similar way to that used
in terrestrial networks. The satellite constellation
described below addresses each of the issues raised
above. The constellation is an optimized ME0 orbit,
offering lower delays and lower power requirements
than GEO satellites. The GEO satellite constellation
also requires fewer FES and offers higher elevation
angles than a LEO constellation with a similar
numbers of satellites.
Shown in Figure 7 are the mean and minimum
elevation angle statistics of the two highest satellites
over a range of latitudes. It is quite clear that
these high elevation angles will lead to a very low
probability of shadowing and therefore offer a very
high availability of service.
90, . , . , . , . ,
I
-
._
,4oL
-.
__:

ation angle in a future satellite-based ATM system

will have to be much higher than the proposed
530
w

20
-
-
-
- Highest Sot.
0. .0
Meon
Highest Sot. Minimum
Second Highest Sat. Meon
'_

minimum elevation angle of S-PCN constellation .... Second Highest Sot. Minimum

proposals, therefore requiring a larger number of

satellites. To calculate the number of satellites lo
01
t . ' I
required for an ATM constellation will require a 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lotitude (degrees)
definition of the service area and quality of service
to be delivered. Figure 7. Elevation angle statistics of MEO-32 constellation
474 B. G. EVANS A N D R. TAFAZOLLI

100 BOD Bandwidth on demand

90 CDMA Code division multiple access
80
CER Cell error ratio
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
70
E
FEC Forward error correction
t 60 FPLMTS Future public land mobile telecommuni-
cation systems
- 50
GDP Gross domestic product
? 40
a GI1 Global information infrastructure
30 HDLC High-level data link control
20 HEC Header error control
ITU International Telecommunications Union
10
LDR Low data rate
0 MAC Medium access control
Latitude (degrees) MDR Medium data rate
Figure 8. Diversity performance of M E 0 32 constellation
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
PRMA Packet reservation multiple access
SAR Segmentation and reassembly
As shown in Figure 8, should shadowing occur SDU Service data unit
the constellation offers dual and triple satellite visi- S-PCN Satellite personal communication network
bility (at a minimum elevation angle of 32”) over SSCOP Service specific connection orientated
a large range of latitudes, therefore minimizing the protocol
probability of complete loss of contact with the TCP Transmission control protocol
network. The final decision as to what type of VCI Virtual channel identifier
satellite constellation is suitable to carry ATM traffic VPI Virtual path identifier
will have to consider the issues raised above, and VSAT Very small aperture terminal
others such as the constellation capacity and satellite
payload complexity. REFERENCES
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such as a low number of required satellites, high and N. Mathews, ‘Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) oper-
elevation angle statistics, very good satellite diver- ation via satellite: issues, challenges and resolutions’, Inter-
sity, and possible use of ISLs that make it suitable national Journal of Satellite Communications, 12. 2 1 1-222
( 1994).
for an ATM based satellite network, that can deliver 2. L. G. Cuthbert, J. C. Sapanel, ‘ATM the broadband telecom-
a high quality of service. munications solution’, IEE, London, 1990.
3. Y. Li and S. Andersen, ‘Multimedia traffic management
principles for guaranteed wireless network performance’,
APPENDIX: KEY FOR ACRONYMS Third Annual International Conference on Universal Personal
Communications, 1994.
4. D. Raychaudhuri and N. D. Wilson, ‘ATM-based transport
AAL ATM adaptation layer architecture for multiservices wireless personal communi-
B-ISDN Broadband integrated services digital net- cation networks’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Com-
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