WHO Model List Adult PDF

WHO Model List
of
Essential Medicines

18th list
(April 2013)

Status of this document
This is a reprint of the text on the WHO Medicines web site
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html

The published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The
responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health
Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.

18th edition
Essential Medicines
WHO Model List (April 2013)
Explanatory Notes
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health‐care system, listing the most
efficacious, safe and cost‐effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the
basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost‐effective
treatment.

The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic
or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt
medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost‐
effectiveness in a variety of settings.

The square box symbol () is primarily intended to indicate similar clinical performance within a
pharmacological class. The listed medicine should be the example of the class for which there is the best
evidence for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for
marketing; in other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there
is no difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally
available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. Not all square boxes are
applicable to medicine selection for children — see the second EMLc for details.

Therapeutic equivalence is only indicated on the basis of reviews of efficacy and safety and when consistent
with WHO clinical guidelines. National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their
final selection, which would depend on local availability and price.

The a symbol indicates that there is an age or weight restriction on use of the medicine; details for each
medicine can be found in Table 1.

Where the [c] symbol is placed next to the complementary list it signifies that the medicine(s) require(s)
specialist diagnostic or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training for
their use in children.

Where the [c] symbol is placed next to an individual medicine or strength of medicine it signifies that there
is a specific indication for restricting its use to children.

The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical quality. It
is the responsibility of the relevant national or regional drug regulatory authority to ensure that each
product is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that when relevant, different
products are interchangeable.

For recommendations and advice concerning all aspects of the quality assurance of medicines see the WHO
Medicines web site http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_assurance/en/index.html.

Medicines and dosage forms are listed in alphabetical order within each section and there is no implication
of preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted for information
on appropriate dosage forms.

The main terms used for dosage forms in the Essential Medicines List can be found in Annex 1.

Definitions of many of these terms and pharmaceutical quality requirements applicable to the different
categories are published in the current edition of The International Pharmacopoeia
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmacopoeia/en/index.html.

Essential Medicines 18th edition
WHO Model List
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
1.1.1 Inhalational medicines
halothane Inhalation.
isoflurane Inhalation.
nitrous oxide Inhalation.
oxygen Inhalation (medicinal gas).
1.1.2 Injectable medicines
ketamine Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10‐ml vial.
Injection: 10 mg/ml; 20 mg/ml.

propofol* * Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local
availability and cost.
1.2 Local anaesthetics
Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.
 bupivacaine Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 4‐ml
ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in
 lidocaine
2‐ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.
Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride).
Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride or sulfate) + epinephrine
1:200 000 in vial.
Complementary List
Injection: 30 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.
ephedrine (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent
hypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 1 mg/ml.
 midazolam Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml [c].
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 5

WHO Model List
2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.
acetylsalicylic acid
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg.
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml.
ibuprofen a Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg.
a Not in children less than 3 months.
Suppository: 100 mg.
paracetamol* Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg.
* Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of
proven benefit to that effect.
2.2 Opioid analgesics
codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate).
Granules (slow‐release; to mix with water): 20 mg to 200 mg
(morphine sulfate).
Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine
sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Oral liquid: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine
morphine* sulfate)/5 ml.
Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine sulfate).
Tablet (slow release): 10 mg to 200 mg (morphine
hydrochloride or morphine sulfate).
*Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone.
2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care
amitriptyline Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 75 mg.
Injection: 50 mg/ml.
cyclizine [c]
Tablet: 50 mg.
Injection: 4 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule (as disodium phosphate
salt).
dexamethasone
Tablet: 2 mg [c]; 4 mg.
Injection: 5 mg/ml.
diazepam
Rectal solution: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg.
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg.

WHO Model List
Capsule: 100 mg.
docusate sodium
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine a
a >8 years.
Injection: 5 mg in 1‐ml ampoule.

haloperidol Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2mg; 5 mg.
hyoscine butylbromide Injection: 20 mg/ml.
Injection: 400 micrograms/ml; 600 micrograms/ml.
hyoscine hydrobromide [c]
Transdermal patches: 1 mg/72 hours.
lactulose [c] Oral liquid: 3.1‐3.7 g/5 ml.
loperamide Solid oral dosage form: 2 mg.
metoclopramide Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg (hydrochloride)
Injection: 1 mg/ml; 5 mg/ml.
midazolam Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml [c].
Solid oral dosage form: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
Injection: 2‐mg base/ml in 2‐ml ampoule (as hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 ml.
ondansetron [c] a
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base.
a >1 month.
senna Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 ml.
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS
dexamethasone
salt).
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1‐ml

epinephrine (adrenaline)
ampoule.
hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.
Oral liquid: 1 mg/ml.
Tablet: 10 mg.
 loratadine *
* There maybe a role for sedating antihistamines for limited
indications (EMLc).
Oral liquid: 5 mg/ml [c].
 prednisolone

WHO Model List
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
4.1 Non-specific
charcoal, activated Powder.
4.2 Specific
Injection: 200 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
acetylcysteine
Oral liquid: 10% [c]; 20% [c].
atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
methylthioninium chloride
(methylene blue)
naloxone Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.
penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
potassium ferric hexacyano‐ferrate(II)
Powder for oral administration.
‐2H20 (Prussian blue)
sodium nitrite Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
sodium thiosulfate Injection: 250 mg/ml in 50‐ml ampoule.
Complementary List
deferoxamine Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.
dimercaprol Injection in oil: 50 mg/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 5 mg/ml (sulfate) in 20‐ml ampoule or 1 g/ml (base) in
fomepizole
1.5‐ml ampoule.
sodium calcium edetate Injection: 200 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
succimer Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg.
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
carbamazepine Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg.
Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
diazepam Gel or rectal solution: 5 mg/ml in 0.5 ml; 2‐ml; 4‐ml tubes.
Parenteral formulation: 2 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule; 4 mg/ml in
 lorazepam
1‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 500 mg/ml in 2‐ml ampoule; 500 mg/ml in
10‐ml ampoule.
magnesium sulfate*
* For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for
other convulsant disorders.

WHO Model List
Injection: 200 mg/ml (sodium).
phenobarbital Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 ml.
Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5‐ml vial (sodium salt).
Oral liquid: 25 mg to 30 mg/5 ml.*
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium salt).
phenytoin
Tablet (chewable): 50 mg.
* The presence of both 25 mg/5 ml and 30 mg/5 ml strengths on
the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and
dispensing and should be avoided.
valproic acid (sodium valproate) Tablet (crushable): 100 mg.
Tablet (enteric‐coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate).
Complementary List
Capsule: 250 mg.
ethosuximide
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.
levamisole Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
mebendazole Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg.
niclosamide Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.
praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg.
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as embonate or pamoate)/ml.

pyrantel
Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate or pamoate).
6.1.2 Antifilarials
albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.
diethylcarbamazine Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate).
ivermectin Tablet (scored): 3 mg.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines
praziquantel Tablet: 600 mg.
triclabendazole Tablet: 250 mg.


WHO Model List
Complementary List
Capsule: 250 mg.
oxamniquine* Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml.
* Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as trihydrate)/5 ml; 250 mg (as
amoxicillin trihydrate)/5 ml [c].
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as trihydrate).
Oral liquid: 125 mg amoxicillin + 31.25 mg clavulanic acid/5 ml

amoxicillin + clavulanic acid AND 250 mg amoxicillin + 62.5 mg clavulanic acid/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt).
ampicillin Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial.
Powder for injection: 900 mg benzylpenicillin (= 1.2 million

benzathine benzylpenicillin IU) in 5‐ml vial [c]; 1.44 g benzylpenicillin (= 2.4 million IU) in
5‐ml vial.
Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g
benzylpenicillin
(= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial.
Powder for reconstitution with water: 125 mg/5 ml;
cefalexin [c] 250 mg/5 ml (anhydrous).
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as monohydrate).
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial.
 cefazolin* a * For surgical prophylaxis.
a >1 month.
Capsule: 400 mg (as trihydrate).

cefixime* * Only listed for single‐dose treatment of uncomplicated ano‐
genital gonorrhoea.
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial.
* Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with
ceftriaxone* a
hyperbilirubinemia.
a >41 weeks corrected gestational age.
Capsule: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt).
 cloxacillin Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as sodium salt)/5 ml.
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as potassium salt)/5 ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tablet: 250 mg (as potassium salt).

WHO Model List
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in
vial.
procaine benzylpenicillin* * Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first‐line
treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high
neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in
cases where hospital care is not achievable.
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 250 mg per vial (as sodium salt).
cefotaxime* [c] * 3rd generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized
neonates.
ceftazidime Powder for injection: 250 mg or 1 g (as pentahydrate) in vial.
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as monohydrate) + 250 mg (as
sodium salt); 500 mg (as monohydrate) + 500 mg (as sodium salt) in
vial.
imipenem* + cilastatin* * Only listed for the treatment of life‐threatening hospital‐based
infection due to suspected or proven multidrug‐resistant infection.
Meropenem is indicated for the treatment of meningitis and is
licensed for use in children over the age of 3 months.
6.2.2 Other antibacterials
Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous).
azithromycin*
* Only listed for single‐dose treatment of genital Chlamydia
trachomatis and of trachoma.
Capsule: 250 mg.
Oily suspension for injection*: 0.5 g (as sodium succinate)/ml
in 2‐ml ampoule.
chloramphenicol * Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in
children older than 2 years.
Oral liquid: 150 mg (as palmitate)/5 ml.
Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial.
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml (anhydrous) [c].

Solution for IV infusion: 2 mg/ml (as hyclate) [c].
 ciprofloxacin*
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
* Square box applies to adults only.
Solid oral dosage form: 500 mg.
clarithromycin* * For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. Pylori
in adults.

WHO Model List
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 ml [c]; 50 mg/5 ml (anhydrous) [c].
doxycycline a Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 100 mg (as hyclate).
a Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when
no alternative exists.
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as lactobionate) in vial.
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml (as stearate or estolate or
 erythromycin ethyl succinate).
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as stearate or estolate or ethyl
succinate).
 gentamicin Injection: 10 mg; 40 mg (as sulfate)/ml in 2‐ml vial.
Injection: 500 mg in 100‐ml vial.
Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.
 metronidazole
Suppository: 500 mg; 1 g.
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 ml [c].

nitrofurantoin
Tablet: 100 mg.
spectinomycin Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial.
Injection:
80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule;
80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml.
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg;
800 mg + 160 mg.

trimethoprim a Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg.
a >6 months.
Complementary List
Capsule: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
clindamycin Injection: 150 mg (as phosphate)/ml.
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml (as palmitate) [c].
vancomycin Powder for injection: 250 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination
therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour coded blister packs (MDT blister
packs) containing standard two medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three medicine (multibacillary
leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be
supplied free of charge through WHO.

WHO Model List
clofazimine Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg.
dapsone Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg.
rifampicin Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed‐dose combinations and the development of
appropriate new fixed‐dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non‐refrigerated products
and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality.
ethambutol
Tablet: 100 mg to 400 mg (hydrochloride).
ethambutol + isoniazid Tablet: 400 mg + 150 mg.
ethambutol + isoniazid +
Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg + 150 mg.
pyrazinamide + rifampicin
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 150 mg.
isoniazid Tablet: 100 mg to 300 mg.
Tablet (scored): 50 mg.
Tablet:
75 mg + 400 mg + 150 mg.
isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin
150 mg + 500 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use three times
weekly).
Tablet:
75 mg + 150 mg; 150 mg + 300 mg.
isoniazid + rifampicin
60 mg + 60 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly).
150 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly).
Tablet: 400 mg.
pyrazinamide
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg.
Capsule: 150 mg.
rifabutin* * For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease
inhibitors.
rifampicin
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg.
streptomycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
Complementary List
Reserve second‐line drugs for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) should
be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control.
amikacin Powder for injection: 100 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.

WHO Model List
capreomycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
cycloserine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
ethionamide*
*Prothionamide may be an alternative.
kanamycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg; 750 mg.

levofloxacin* * Ofloxacin and moxifloxacin may be alternatives based on
availability and programme considerations.
Granules: 4 g in sachet.
p‐aminosalicylic acid
Tablet: 500 mg.
streptomycin [c] Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
6.3 Antifungal medicines
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial (as sodium deoxycholate or

amphotericin B
liposomal complex).
Vaginal cream: 1%; 10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginal tablet: 100 mg; 500 mg.
Capsule: 50 mg.
 fluconazole Injection: 2 mg/ml in vial.
Capsule: 250 mg.
flucytosine
Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 ml.
griseofulvin
Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg.
Lozenge: 100 000 IU.
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml [c]; 100 000 IU/ml [c].
nystatin
Pessary: 100 000 IU.
Tablet: 100 000 IU; 500 000 IU.
Complementary List
potassium iodide Saturated solution.
6.4 Antiviral medicines
6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines
 aciclovir Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
Tablet: 200 mg.

WHO Model List
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following three classes of
antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of
mother‐to‐child transmission and post‐exposure prophylaxis). WHO emphasizes the importance of
using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. WHO recommends and
endorses the use of fixed‐dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed‐dose
combinations, including modified dosage forms, non‐refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms
of assured pharmaceutical quality.
Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of
tablets, provided adequate quality products are available.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Oral liquid: 100 mg (as sulfate)/5 ml.

abacavir (ABC)
Tablet: 300 mg (as sulfate).
Buffered powder for oral liquid: 100 mg; 167 mg; 250 mg
packets.
Capsule (unbuffered enteric‐coated): 125 mg; 200 mg; 250 mg;
didanosine (ddI)
400 mg.
Tablet (buffered chewable, dispersible): 25 mg; 50 mg;
100 mg; 150 mg; 200 mg.
Capsule: 200 mg.
Oral liquid: 10 mg/ml.
emtricitabine (FTC)* a * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge
of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials
of antiretrovirals.
a >3 months.

lamivudine (3TC)
Tablet: 150 mg.
Capsule: 15 mg; 20 mg; 30 mg.
stavudine (d4T)
Powder for oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml.
Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – equivalent to
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
Capsule: 100 mg; 250 mg.
zidovudine (ZDV or AZT)
Solution for IV infusion injection: 10 mg/ml in 20‐ml vial.
Tablet: 300 mg.


WHO Model List
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg.
efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) a
Tablet: 600 mg.
a >3 years or >10 kg weight.
nevirapine (NVP)
Tablet: 200 mg.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after
consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is
recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its
own right. All other protease inhibitors should be used in boosted forms (e.g. with ritonavir).
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 150 mg; 300 mg (as sulfate).
atazanavir a
a >25 kg.
indinavir (IDV) Solid oral dosage form: 400 mg (as sulfate).
Capsule: 133.3 mg + 33.3 mg.
lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r) Oral liquid: 400 mg + 100 mg/5 ml.
Tablet (heat stable): 100 mg + 25 mg; 200 mg + 50 mg.
ritonavir Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg.
Tablet (heat stable): 25 mg; 100 mg.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 500 mg (as mesilate).
saquinavir (SQV) a
a >25 kg.
FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
Tablet: 600 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg (disoproxil fumarate
equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
efavirenz + emtricitabine* + tenofovir * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge
of antiretrovirals.
Tablet: 200 mg + 300 mg (disoproxil fumarate equivalent to

245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
emtricitabine* + tenofovir * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge
of antiretrovirals.

WHO Model List
Tablet: 150 mg + 200 mg + 30 mg.
Tablet (dispersible):
lamivudine + nevirapine + stavudine
30 mg + 50 mg + 6 mg [c];
60 mg + 100 mg + 12 mg [c].

Tablet: 30 mg + 50 mg + 60 mg [c];
lamivudine + nevirapine + zidovudine
150 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg.
lamivudine + zidovudine Tablet: 30 mg + 60 mg [c]; 150 mg + 300 mg.
6.4.3 Other antivirals
Capsule: 30 mg; 45 mg; 75 mg (as phosphate).
Oral powder: 12 mg/ml.
oseltamivir*
* Potentially severe or complicated illness due to confirmed or
suspected influenza virus infection in accordance with WHO
Treatment Guidelines.
Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg and 1 g in
10‐ml phosphate buffer solution.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg.
ribavirin*
* For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers and in
combination with pegylated interferons for the treatment of
hepatitis C.
Complementary List
Vial or prefilled syringe:
pegylated interferon alpha (2a or 180 micrograms (peginterferon alfa‐2a);
2b)* 80 micrograms; 100 micrograms (peginterferon alfa‐2b).
* To be used in combination with ribavirin.
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines
6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate).
diloxanide a
a >25 kg.
Injection: 500 mg in 100‐ml vial.
 metronidazole Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial (as sodium deoxycholate or

amphotericin B
liposomal complex).
miltefosine Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 50 mg.
paromomycin Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin
base (as the sulfate).
sodium stibogluconate or meglumine Injection: 100 mg/ml, 1 vial = 30 ml or 30%, equivalent to
antimoniate approximately 8.1% antimony (pentavalent) in 5‐ml ampoule.

WHO Model List
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines
6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list
currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. WHO recognizes that not all of
the FDCs in the WHO Treatment Guidelines exist, and encourages their development and rigorous
testing. WHO also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations.
Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride).

amodiaquine*
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
Oily injection: 80 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.
artemether*
* For use in the management of severe malaria.
Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 20 mg + 120 mg [c].
artemether + lumefantrine*
* Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in
children below 5 kg.
Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic
acid with a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate
solution.
For use in the management of severe malaria.
Rectal dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 200 mg capsules (for pre‐
artesunate* referral treatment of severe malaria only; patients should be
taken to an appropriate health facility for follow‐up care) [c].
Tablet: 50 mg.
* To be used in combination with either amodiaquine,
mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
Tablet: 25 mg + 67.5 mg; 50 mg + 135 mg;
100 mg + 270 mg.
artesunate + amodiaquine*
* Other combinations that deliver the target doses required
such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg
artesunate can be alternatives.
artesunate + mefloquine Tablet: 25 mg + 55 mg; 100 mg + 220 mg.
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml.
chloroquine* Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
* For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection.
Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate).
doxycycline* Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate).
* For use only in combination with quinine.
mefloquine*
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.

WHO Model List
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate).
primaquine* * Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and P.ovale
infections, given for 14 days.
Injection: 300 mg quinine hydrochloride/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
Tablet: 300 mg (quinine sulfate) or 300 mg (quinine bisulfate).
quinine*
* For use only in the management of severe malaria, and
should be used in combination with doxycycline.
Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg.
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine*
* Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml.
chloroquine* Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
* For use only in central American regions, for use for P.vivax.
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate).
doxycycline a
a >8 years.
mefloquine a
a >5 kg or >3 months.
proguanil*
* For use only in combination with chloroquine.
6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine Tablet: 25 mg.
sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg.
Injection:
80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule;
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg [c].
Complementary List
pentamidine Tablet: 200 mg; 300 mg (as isethionate).
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines
6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
Powder for injection: 200 mg (as isetionate) in vial.
pentamidine* * To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
infection.

WHO Model List
Powder for injection: 1 g in vial.
suramin sodium* * To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
Injection: 200 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 100‐ml bottle.
eflornithine* * To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
infection.
Injection: 3.6% solution, 5‐ml ampoule (180 mg of active
melarsoprol
compound).
Tablet: 120 mg.
nifurtimox* * Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the
treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
Complementary List [c]
Injection: 3.6% solution in 5‐ml ampoule (180 mg of active
melarsoprol
compound).
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis
Tablet: 12.5 mg [c];100 mg.

benznidazole
nifurtimox Tablet: 30 mg; 120 mg; 250 mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylic acid Tablet: 300 mg to 500 mg.
ibuprofen [c] Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.

paracetamol
7.2 For prophylaxis
 propranolol Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES

This section will be reviewed and updated shortly. In view of this, no changes were made to this section
during the 19th Expert Committee.

8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
azathioprine
Capsule: 25 mg.
ciclosporin Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule for organ
transplantation.

WHO Model List
8.2 Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines
Complementary List
allopurinol [c] Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg.
asparaginase Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial.
bleomycin Powder for injection: 15 mg (as sulfate) in vial.
calcium folinate
Tablet: 15 mg.
 carboplatin Injection: 50 mg/5 ml; 150 mg/15 ml; 450 mg/45 ml; 600 mg/60 ml.
chlorambucil Tablet: 2 mg.
Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial.
cyclophosphamide
Tablet: 25 mg.
cytarabine Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
dacarbazine Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
dactinomycin Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial.
daunorubicin Powder for injection: 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
docetaxel Injection: 20 mg/ml; 40 mg/ml.
doxorubicin Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
Capsule: 100 mg.
etoposide
fluorouracil Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 250 mg; 300 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg;
hydroxycarbamide
1 g.
ifosfamide Powder for injection: 1 g vial; 2 g vial.
mercaptopurine Tablet: 50 mg.
Injection: 100 mg/ml in 4‐ml and 10‐ml ampoules.
mesna
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
methotrexate
Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt).
paclitaxel Powder for injection: 6 mg/ml.
procarbazine Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride).
thioguanine [c] Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg.
vinblastine Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial.
vincristine Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial.

WHO Model List
8.3 Hormones and antihormones
Complementary List
Injection: 4 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule (as disodium phosphate salt).
dexamethasone
hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.
Injection: 40 mg/ml (as sodium succinate) in 1‐ml single dose vial
and
methylprednisolone [c]
5‐ml multidose vials; 80 mg/ml (as sodium succinate) in 1‐ml single
dose vial.
 prednisolone
tamoxifen Tablet: 10 mg; 20 mg (as citrate).
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection: 5 mg (lactate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
 biperiden
Tablet: 2 mg (hydrochloride).
Tablet: 100 mg + 10 mg; 100 mg + 25 mg;

levodopa +  carbidopa
250 mg + 25 mg.
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD
10.1 Antianaemia medicines
Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/ml.
ferrous salt
Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron.
Tablet equivalent to 60 mg iron + 400 micrograms folic acid
ferrous salt + folic acid
(nutritional supplement for use during pregnancy).
folic acid Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg.
Injection: 1 mg (as acetate, hydrochloride or as sulfate) in 1‐ml

hydroxocobalamin
ampoule.
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation
Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml; 20 000 IU/ml in
heparin sodium
1‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 1 mg/ml [c]; 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.

phytomenadione
Tablet: 10 mg.
protamine sulfate Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
tranexamic acid Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
 warfarin Tablet: 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).
heparin sodium Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.

WHO Model List
protamine sulfate Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
 warfarin Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).
10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.
deferoxamine* * Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and
availability.
hydroxycarbamide Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 500 mg; 1 g.
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES (under construction, the section

will be updated in the EM list that will be published together with the full report of the Expert
Committee meeting)
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
12.1 Antianginal medicines

 bisoprolol*
*  includes metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives.
glyceryl trinitrate Tablet (sublingual): 500 micrograms.
 isosorbide dinitrate Tablet (sublingual): 5 mg.
verapamil Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

 bisoprolol*
Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml.
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
Injection: 100 micrograms/ml (as acid tartrate or
hydrochloride) in 10‐ml ampoule.
lidocaine Injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 2.5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
verapamil
Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
Complementary List
Injection: 50 mg/ml in 3‐ml ampoule (hydrochloride).
amiodarone
Tablet (HCI): 100 mg; 200 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
 amlodipine Tablet: 5 mg (as maleate, mesylate or besylate).
 bisoprolol*

WHO Model List
 enalapril Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate).
Powder for injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride) in ampoule.
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride).
* Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of
hydralazine*
severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the
treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in
view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety
of other medicines.
 hydrochlorothiazide
Solid oral dosage form: 12.5 mg; 25 mg.
Tablet: 250 mg.
* Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of
methyldopa* pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment
of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the
availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other
medicines.
Complementary List
sodium nitroprusside Powder for infusion: 50 mg in ampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure
 bisoprolol*
* includes metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives.
Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml.
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
 enalapril Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate).
 furosemide Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 40 mg.
 hydrochlorothiazide
spironolactone Tablet: 25 mg.
Complementary List
dopamine Injection: 40 mg/ml (hydrochloride) in 5‐ml vial.
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines
acetylsalicylic acid Tablet: 100 mg.
Complementary List

WHO Model List
streptokinase Powder for injection: 1.5 million IU in vial.
12.6 Lipid-lowering agents
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
 simvastatin*
* For use in high‐risk patients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)
13.1 Antifungal medicines
 miconazole Cream or ointment: 2% (nitrate).
selenium sulfide Detergent‐based suspension: 2%.
sodium thiosulfate Solution: 15%.
terbinafine Cream: 1% or Ointment: 1% terbinafine hydrochloride.
13.2 Anti-infective medicines
Cream (as mupirocin calcium): 2%.
mupirocin
Ointment: 2%.
potassium permanganate Aqueous solution: 1:10 000.
Cream: 1%.
silver sulfadiazine a
a >2 months.
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
Cream or ointment: 0.1% (as valerate).
 betamethasone a
a Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates.
 calamine Lotion.
 hydrocortisone Cream or ointment: 1% (acetate).
13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
benzoyl peroxide Cream or lotion: 5%.
coal tar Solution: 5%.
fluorouracil Ointment: 5%.
 podophyllum resin Solution: 10% to 25%.
salicylic acid Solution: 5%.
urea Cream or ointment: 5%; 10%.
13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides
Lotion: 25%.
 benzyl benzoate a
a >2 years.
Cream: 5%.
permethrin
Lotion: 1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

WHO Model List
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt).
 tropicamide Eye drops: 0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media
Injection: 140 mg to 420 mg iodine (as sodium or meglumine
 amidotrizoate
salt)/ml in 20‐ml ampoule.
barium sulfate Aqueous suspension.
Injection: 140 mg to 350 mg iodine/ml in 5‐ml; 10‐ml; 20‐ml
 iohexol
ampoules.
Complementary List
barium sulfate [c] Aqueous suspension.
 meglumine iotroxate Solution: 5 g to 8 g iodine in 100 ml to 250 ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
15.1 Antiseptics
 chlorhexidine Solution: 5% (digluconate).
 ethanol Solution: 70% (denatured).
 polyvidone iodine Solution: 10% (equivalent to 1% available iodine).
15.2 Disinfectants
 chlorine base compound Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution.
 chloroxylenol Solution: 4.8%.
glutaral Solution: 2%.
16. DIURETICS
amiloride Tablet: 5 mg (hydrochloride).
 furosemide Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 10 mg [c]; 20 mg [c]; 40 mg.
 hydrochlorothiazide Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg.
mannitol Injectable solution: 10%; 20%.
spironolactone Tablet: 25 mg.
 hydrochlorothiazide Tablet (scored): 25 mg.
mannitol Injectable solution: 10%; 20%.
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml; 25 mg/5 ml.
spironolactone
Tablet: 25 mg.
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES

WHO Model List
Age‐appropriate formulations and doses including lipase, protease
 pancreatic enzymes
and amylase.
17.1 Antiulcer medicines
Powder for oral liquid: 20 mg; 40 mg sachets.
 omeprazole
Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
Injection: 25 mg/ml (as hydrochloride) in 2‐ml ampoule.
 ranitidine Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml (as hydrochloride).
17.2 Antiemetic medicines

salt).
dexamethasone
Oral liquid: 0.5 mg/5 ml; 2 mg/5 ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1.5 mg; 4 mg.
metoclopramide a
a Not in neonates.
Injection: 2 mg base/ml in 2‐ml ampoule (as hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 ml.
ondansetron a Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base; Eq 24 mg
base.
a >1 month.
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines
Retention enema.
 sulfasalazine Suppository: 500 mg.
Tablet: 500 mg.
Complementary List
Retention enema.
 hydrocortisone Suppository: 25 mg (acetate).
(the  only applies to hydrocortisone retention enema).
17.4 Laxatives
 senna Tablet: 7.5 mg (sennosides) (or traditional dosage forms).


WHO Model List
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea
17.5.1 Oral rehydration
Powder for dilution in 200 ml; 500 ml; 1 L.

glucose: 75 mEq
sodium: 75 mEq or mmol/L
chloride: 65 mEq or mmol/L
potassium: 20 mEq or mmol/L
citrate: 10 mmol/L
osmolarity: 245 mOsm/L
oral rehydration salts glucose: 13.5 g/L
sodium chloride: 2.6 g/L
potassium chloride: 1.5 g/L
trisodium citrate dihydrate+: 2.9 g/L
+ trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium
hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/L. However, as
the stability of this latter formulation is very poor under
tropical conditions, it is only recommended when
manufactured for immediate use.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children
zinc sulfate* * In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct
to oral rehydration salts.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
fludrocortisone Tablet: 100 micrograms (acetate).
hydrocortisone Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg.
18.2 Androgens
Complementary List
testosterone Injection: 200 mg (enanthate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
 ethinylestradiol +  levonorgestrel Tablet: 30 micrograms + 150 micrograms.
 ethinylestradiol +  norethisterone Tablet: 35 micrograms + 1 mg.
levonorgestrel Tablet: 30 micrograms; 750 micrograms (pack of two); 1.5 mg.
18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives
estradiol cypionate +
Injection: 5 mg + 25 mg.
medroxyprogesterone acetate
medroxyprogesterone acetate Depot injection: 150 mg/ml in 1‐ml vial.
norethisterone enantate Oily solution: 200 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.

WHO Model List
18.3.3 Intrauterine devices
copper‐containing device
18.3.4 Barrier methods
condoms
diaphragms
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives
Two‐rod levonorgestrel‐releasing implant, each rod containing
levonorgestrel‐releasing implant
75 mg of levonorgestrel (150 mg total).
18.4 Estrogens
18.5 Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes
Oral solid dosage form (controlled release tablets): 30 mg;
 gliclazide* 60 mg; 80 mg.
* Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years.
glucagon Injection: 1 mg/ml.
insulin injection (soluble) Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial.
Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial (as
intermediate‐acting insulin
compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin).
metformin Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).
metformin Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).
18.6 Ovulation inducers
Complementary List
clomifene Tablet: 50 mg (citrate).
18.7 Progestogens
 medroxyprogesterone acetate Tablet: 5 mg.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
Tablet: 25 micrograms [c]; 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms

levothyroxine
(sodium salt).
potassium iodide Tablet: 60 mg.
 propylthiouracil Tablet: 50 mg.
Lugolʹs solution Oral liquid: about 130 mg total iodine/ml.
potassium iodide Tablet: 60 mg.
propylthiouracil Tablet: 50 mg.

WHO Model List
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
All tuberculins should comply with the WHO Requirements for Tuberculins.
tuberculin, purified protein derivative
Injection.
(PPD)
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO Requirements.
anti‐D immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 250 micrograms in single‐dose vial.
antirabies immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 150 IU/ml in vial.
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 500 IU in vial.
Injection.
antivenom immunoglobulin*
* Exact type to be defined locally.
diphtheria antitoxin Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial.
19.3 Vaccines
Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration
of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the
vaccines for which there is either a recommendation from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on
Immunization (SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a
WHO position paper (http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html).
This site will be updated as new position papers are published and contains the most recent information
and recommendations.
All vaccines should comply with the WHO Requirements for Biological Substances.
WHO noted the need for vaccines used in children to be polyvalent.
BCG vaccine
cholera vaccine
diphtheria vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
hepatitis A vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine
influenza vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
measles vaccine
meningococcal meningitis vaccine
mumps vaccine
pertussis vaccine
pneumococcal vaccine

WHO Model List
poliomyelitis vaccine
rabies vaccine
rotavirus vaccine
rubella vaccine
tetanus vaccine
typhoid vaccine
varicella vaccine
yellow fever vaccine
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE

INHIBITORS
 atracurium Injection: 10 mg/ml (besylate).
Injection: 500 micrograms in 1‐ml ampoule; 2.5 mg
neostigmine (metilsulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Tablet: 15 mg (bromide).
Injection: 50 mg (chloride)/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
suxamethonium
Powder for injection (chloride), in vial.
 vecuronium [c] Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
Complementary List
pyridostigmine
Tablet: 60 mg (bromide).
 vecuronium Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir Ointment: 3% W/W.
azithromycin Solution (eye drops): 1.5%.
 gentamicin Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate).
 ofloxacin Solution (eye drops): 0.3%.
 tetracycline Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
 prednisolone Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride).
 tetracaine a
a Not in preterm neonates.


WHO Model List
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines
acetazolamide Tablet: 250 mg.
latanoprost Solution (eye drops): latanoprost 50 micrograms/ml.
 pilocarpine Solution (eye drops): 2%; 4% (hydrochloride or nitrate).
 timolol Solution (eye drops): 0.25%; 0.5% (as hydrogen maleate).
21.5 Mydriatics
Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% (sulfate).
* [c] Or homatropine (hydrobromide) or cyclopentolate
atropine* a
(hydrochloride).
a >3 months.
Complementary List
epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride).
21.6 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Complementary List
bevacizumab Injection: 25 mg/ml.
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS
22.1 Oxytocics
Injection: 200 micrograms (hydrogen maleate) in 1‐ml
 ergometrine
ampoule.
Tablet: 200 micrograms.*
* For management of incomplete abortion and miscarriage, and
for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage where oxytocin is
not available or cannot be safely used.
misoprostol
Vaginal tablet: 25 micrograms.*
* Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate
facilities are available.
oxytocin Injection: 10 IU in 1‐ml.
Complementary List
mifepristone* – misoprostol*
Where permitted under national Tablet 200 mg – tablet 200 micrograms.
law and where culturally
* Requires close medical supervision.
acceptable.

22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
nifedipine Immediate‐release capsule: 10 mg.


WHO Model List
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
Complementary List
intraperitoneal dialysis solution
Parenteral solution.
(of appropriate composition)
24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS

24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders
 chlorpromazine Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
 fluphenazine Injection: 25 mg (decanoate or enantate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
 haloperidol
Tablet: 2 mg; 5 mg.
risperidone Solid oral dosage form: 0.25 mg to 6 mg.
Complementary List
chlorpromazine [c] Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (hydrochloride).
haloperidol [c] Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg.
clozapine Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg to 200 mg.
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders
24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders

 amitriptyline Tablet: 25 mg; 75 mg (hydrochloride).
fluoxetine Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine a
a >8 years.
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders

carbamazepine Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
lithium carbonate Solid oral dosage form: 300 mg.
valproic acid (sodium valproate) Tablet (enteric‐coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate).
24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders

 diazepam Tablet (scored): 2 mg; 5 mg.

WHO Model List
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders
clomipramine Capsule: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Chewing gum: 2 mg; 4 mg (as polacrilex).
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) Transdermal patch: 5 mg to 30 mg/16 hrs;
7 mg to 21 mg/24 hrs.
Complementary List
Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/ml; 10 mg/ml (hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml (hydrochloride).
 methadone*
* The square box is added to include buprenorphine. The medicines
should only be used within an established support programme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Inhalation (aerosol): 50 micrograms (dipropionate) per dose;
 beclometasone
100 micrograms (dipropionate) per dose (as CFC free forms).
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms per dose;
 budesonide [c]
200 micrograms per dose.
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in
1‐ml ampoule.
ipratropium bromide Inhalation (aerosol): 20 micrograms/metered dose.
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per dose.
Injection: 50 micrograms (as sulfate)/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
 salbutamol Metered dose inhaler (aerosol): 100 micrograms
(as sulfate) per dose.
Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg
(as sulfate)/ml.
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE
DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oral rehydration salts See section 17.5.1.
potassium chloride Powder for solution.
26.2 Parenteral
Injectable solution: 5% (isotonic); 10% (hypertonic);
glucose
50% (hypertonic).

WHO Model List
Injectable solution: 4% glucose, 0.18% sodium chloride
(equivalent to Na+ 30 mmol/L, Cl‐ 30 mmol/L).
glucose with sodium chloride Injectable solution: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride
(equivalent to 150 mmol/L Na+ and 150 mmol/L Cl‐);
5% glucose, 0.45% sodium chloride (equivalent to 75 mmol/L
Na+ and 75 mmol/L Cl‐) [c].
Solution: 11.2% in 20‐ml ampoule (equivalent to

K+ 1.5 mmol/ml, Cl‐ 1.5 mmol/ml).
potassium chloride Solution for dilution: 7.5% (equivalent to K 1 mmol/ml and
Cl 1 mmol/ml) [c]; 15% (equivalent to K 2 mmol/ml and
Cl 2 mmol/ml) [c].
Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to
sodium chloride
Na+ 154 mmol/L, Cl‐ 154 mmol/L).
Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to
Na+ 167 mmol/L, HCO3‐ 167 mmol/L).
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Solution: 8.4% in 10‐ml ampoule (equivalent to
Na+ 1000 mmol/L, HCO3‐1000 mmol/L).
 sodium lactate, compound solution Injectable solution.
26.3 Miscellaneous
water for injection 2‐ml; 5‐ml; 10‐ml ampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ascorbic acid Tablet: 50 mg.
calcium Tablet: 500 mg (elemental).
Oral liquid: 400 IU/ml.
cholecalciferol* [c] Solid oral dosage form: 400 IU; 1000 IU.
* Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
Oral liquid: 250 micrograms/ml (10 000 IU/ml).
 ergocalciferol
Solid oral dosage form: 1.25 mg (50 000 IU).
Capsule: 200 mg.
iodine Iodized oil: 1 ml (480 mg iodine); 0.5 ml (240 mg iodine) in
ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 ml (308 mg iodine) in
dispenser bottle.
 nicotinamide Tablet: 50 mg.
pyridoxine Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride).

WHO Model List
Capsule: 50 000 IU; 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate).
Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU (as palmitate)/ml in multidose
dispenser.
retinol
Tablet (sugar‐coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate).
Water‐miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in
2‐ml ampoule.
riboflavin Tablet: 5 mg.
sodium fluoride In any appropriate topical formulation.
thiamine Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride).
Complementary List
calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES IN CHILDREN [c]

acetic acid Topical: 2%, in alcohol.
 budesonide Nasal spray: 100 micrograms per dose.
 ciprofloxacin Topical: 0.3% drops (as hydrochloride).
Nasal spray: 0.05%.
 xylometazoline a
a Not in children less than 3 months.
29. SPECIFIC MEDICINES FOR NEONATAL CARE

29.1 Medicines administered to the neonate [c]
Injection: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml).

caffeine citrate
Oral liquid: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml).
Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4%
chlorhexidine
chlorhexidine (for umbilical cord care).
Complementary List
 ibuprofen Solution for injection: 5 mg/ml.
Solution for injection:
 prostaglandin E Prostaglandin E 1: 0.5 mg/ml in alcohol.
Prostaglandin E 2: 1 mg/ml.
surfactant Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/ml or 80 mg/ml.
29.2 Medicines administered to the mother
Injection: 4 mg/ml dexamethasone phosphate
dexamethasone
(as disodium salt).
30. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS

30.1 Medicines used to treat gout
allopurinol Tablet: 100 mg.


WHO Model List
30.2 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)
chloroquine Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
Complementary List
azathioprine Tablet: 50 mg.
hydroxychloroquine [c] Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg (as sulfate).
methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt).
penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
sulfasalazine Tablet: 500 mg.
30.3 Juvenile joint diseases [c]
Complementary List
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.
acetylsalicylic acid*
(acute or chronic use)
* For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease.


WHO Model List
Table 1: Medicines with age or weight restrictions

atazanavir >25 kg
atropine >3 months
benzyl benzoate >2 years
betamethasone topical preparations Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates
cefazolin >1 month
ceftriaxone >41 weeks corrected gestational age
diloxanide >25 kg
doxycycline >8 years (except for serious infections e.g. cholera)
efavirenz >3 years or >10 kg
emtricitabine >3 months
fluoxetine >8 years
ibuprofen >3 months (except IV form for patent ductus arteriosus)
mefloquine >5 kg or >3 months
metoclopramide Not in neonates
ondansetron >1 month
saquinavir >25 kg
silver sulfadiazine >2 months
tetracaine Not in preterm neonates
trimethoprim >6 months
xylometazoline >3 months


WHO Model List
Annex 1: Explanation of dosage forms

A. Principal dosage forms used in EML - Oral administration

Term Definition

Refers to tablets or capsules or other solid dosage forms such as ʹmeltsʹ
that are immediate‐release preparations. It implies that there is no
difference in clinical efficacy or safety between the available dosage
forms, and countries should therefore choose the form(s) to be listed
Solid oral dosage form depending on quality and availability.

The term ʹsolid oral dosage formʹ is never intended to allow any type of
modified‐release tablet.

Refers to:

 uncoated or coated (film‐coated or sugar‐coated) tablets that are
intended to be swallowed whole;
 unscored and scored*;
 tablets that are intended to be chewed before being swallowed;
Tablets  tablets that are intended to be dispersed or dissolved in water or
another suitable liquid before being swallowed;
 tablets that are intended to be crushed before being swallowed.

The term ʹtabletʹ without qualification is never intended to allow any
type of modified‐release tablet.

Refers to a specific type of tablet:
chewable ‐ tablets that are intended to be chewed before being
swallowed;
dispersible ‐ tablets that are intended to be dispersed in water or
another suitable liquid before being swallowed;
soluble ‐ tablets that are intended to be dissolved in water or another
suitable liquid before being swallowed;
crushable ‐ tablets that are intended to be crushed before being
swallowed;
scored ‐ tablets bearing a break mark or marks where sub‐division is
Tablets (qualified)
intended in order to provide doses of less than one tablet;
sublingual ‐ tablets that are intended to be placed beneath the tongue.

The term ʹtabletʹ is always qualified with an additional term (in
parentheses) in entries where one of the following types of tablet is
intended: gastro‐resistant (such tablets may sometimes be described as
enteric‐coated or as delayed‐release), prolonged‐release or another
modified‐release form.

* Scored tablets may be divided for ease of swallowing, provided dose is a whole number of tablets.
WHO Model List

Term Definition

Refers to hard or soft capsules.

Capsules The term ʹcapsuleʹ without qualification is never intended to allow any
type of modified‐release capsule.

The term ʹcapsuleʹ with qualification refers to gastro‐resistant (such
capsules may sometimes be described as enteric‐coated or as delayed‐
Capsules (qualified)
release), prolonged‐release or another modified‐release form.

Preparations that are issued to patient as granules to be swallowed
without further preparation, to be chewed, or to be taken in or with
water or another suitable liquid.
Granules
The term ʹgranulesʹ without further qualification is never intended to
allow any type of modified‐release granules.

Preparations that are issued to patient as powder (usually as single‐
Oral powder dose) to be taken in or with water or another suitable liquid.

Liquid preparations intended to be swallowed i.e. oral solutions,
suspensions, emulsions and oral drops, including those constituted from
powders or granules, but not those preparations intended for oromucosal
administration e.g. gargles and mouthwashes.

Oral liquids presented as powders or granules may offer benefits in the
Oral liquid
form of better stability and lower transport costs. If more than one type
of oral liquid is available on the same market (e.g. solution, suspension,
granules for reconstitution), they may be interchanged and in such cases
should be bioequivalent. It is preferable that oral liquids do not contain
sugar and that solutions for children do not contain alcohol.

B. Principal dosage forms used in EMLc - Parenteral administration

Term Definition
Injection Refers to solutions, suspensions and emulsions including those
constituted from powders or concentrated solutions.
Injection (qualified) Route of administration is indicated in parentheses where relevant.
Injection (oily) The term injection is qualified by (oily) in relevant entries.
Intravenous infusion Refers to solutions and emulsions including those constituted from
powders or concentrated solutions.


WHO Model List
C. Other dosage forms

Mode of Term to be used
administration
To the eye Eye drops, eye ointments.
Topical For liquids: lotions, paints.
For semi‐solids: cream, ointment.
Rectal Suppositories, gel or solution.
Vaginal Pessaries or vaginal tablets.
Inhalation Powder for inhalation, pressurized inhalation, nebulizer.


WHO Model List
Index
abacavir (ABC) .......................................................... 15 caffeine citrate ........................................................... 37
acetazolamide ............................................................ 33 calamine ..................................................................... 26
acetic acid ................................................................... 37 calcium ....................................................................... 36
acetylcysteine .............................................................. 8 calcium folinate ........................................................... 21
acetylsalicylic acid .................................... 6, 20, 25, 38 calcium gluconate ................................................. 8, 37
aciclovir ................................................................ 14, 32 capreomycin ................................................................ 14
albendazole .................................................................. 9 carbamazepine ...................................................... 8, 34
allopurinol ............................................................. 21, 37 carboplatin ................................................................... 21
amidotrizoate ............................................................ 26 cefalexin ..................................................................... 10
amikacin ....................................................................... 13 cefazolin ..................................................................... 10
amiloride .................................................................... 27 cefixime ...................................................................... 10
amiodarone .................................................................. 24 cefotaxime .................................................................... 11
amitriptyline .......................................................... 6, 34 ceftazidime ................................................................... 11
amlodipine ................................................................. 24 ceftriaxone ................................................................. 10
amodiaquine .............................................................. 18 charcoal, activated ...................................................... 8
amoxicillin ................................................................. 10 chlorambucil ................................................................ 21
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid................................... 10 chloramphenicol ....................................................... 11
amphotericin B .................................................... 14, 17 chlorhexidine ...................................................... 27, 37
ampicillin ................................................................... 10 chlorine base compound ......................................... 27
anti‐D immunoglobulin (human) .......................... 31 chloroquine .................................................... 18, 19, 38
antirabies immunoglobulin (human) .................... 31 chloroxylenol ............................................................. 27
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) ................. 31 chlorpromazine ......................................................... 34
antivenom immunoglobulin ................................... 31 cholecalciferol ........................................................... 36
artemether .................................................................. 18 cholera vaccine .......................................................... 31
artemether + lumefantrine ...................................... 18 ciclosporin ................................................................... 20
artesunate ................................................................... 18 ciprofloxacin ........................................................ 11, 37
artesunate + amodiaquine ....................................... 18 clarithromycin ........................................................... 11
artesunate + mefloquine .......................................... 18 clindamycin ................................................................. 12
ascorbic acid .............................................................. 36 clofazimine ................................................................ 13
asparaginase ................................................................ 21 clomifene ...................................................................... 30
atazanavir ................................................................... 16 clomipramine ............................................................ 35
atracurium ................................................................. 32 clotrimazole ............................................................... 14
atropine .............................................................. 5, 8, 33 cloxacillin ................................................................... 10
azathioprine ........................................................... 20, 38 clozapine ...................................................................... 34
azithromycin ....................................................... 11, 32 coagulation factor IX................................................... 23
barium sulfate ..................................................... 26, 27 coagulation factor VIII ................................................ 23
BCG vaccine ............................................................... 31 coal tar ........................................................................ 26
beclometasone ........................................................... 35 codeine ......................................................................... 6
benzathine benzylpenicillin .................................... 10 condoms ..................................................................... 30
benznidazole ............................................................. 20 copper‐containing device ........................................ 30
benzoyl peroxide ...................................................... 26 cyclizine ....................................................................... 6
benzyl benzoate ........................................................ 26 cyclophosphamide ........................................................ 21
benzylpenicillin ......................................................... 10 cycloserine ................................................................... 14
betamethasone .......................................................... 26 cytarabine .................................................................... 21
bevacizumab ................................................................ 33 dacarbazine .................................................................. 21
biperiden .................................................................... 22 dactinomycin ............................................................... 21
bisoprolol ............................................................. 24, 25 dapsone ...................................................................... 13
bleomycin ..................................................................... 21 daunorubicin ............................................................... 21
budesonide .......................................................... 35, 37 deferoxamine............................................................ 8, 23
bupivacaine ................................................................. 5 dexamethasone ..................................... 6, 7, 22, 28, 37

WHO Model List
dextran 70 ................................................................... 23 gentamicin ........................................................... 12, 32
diaphragms ................................................................ 30 gliclazide .................................................................... 30
diazepam ............................................................ 6, 8, 34 glucagon ..................................................................... 30
didanosine (ddI) ....................................................... 15 glucose ........................................................................ 35
diethylcarbamazine .................................................... 9 glucose with sodium chloride ................................ 36
digoxin .................................................................. 24, 25 glutaral ....................................................................... 27
diloxanide .................................................................. 17 glyceryl trinitrate ...................................................... 24
dimercaprol .................................................................... 8 griseofulvin ............................................................... 14
diphtheria antitoxin ................................................. 31 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ................... 31
diphtheria vaccine .................................................... 31 haloperidol ............................................................ 7, 34
docetaxel ...................................................................... 21 halothane ..................................................................... 5
docusate sodium ......................................................... 7 heparin sodium ......................................................... 22
dopamine ...................................................................... 25 hepatitis A vaccine ................................................... 31
doxorubicin .................................................................. 21 hepatitis B vaccine .................................................... 31
doxycycline .................................................... 12, 18, 19 human normal immunoglobulin................................. 23
efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) ............................................ 16 hydralazine ................................................................ 24
efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir .................... 16 hydrochlorothiazide .................................... 24, 25, 27
eflornithine ................................................................ 20 hydrocortisone .................................... 7, 22, 26, 28, 29
emtricitabine (FTC) .................................................. 15 hydroxocobalamin ................................................... 22
emtricitabine + tenofovir ......................................... 16 hydroxycarbamide ................................................. 21, 23
enalapril ............................................................... 24, 25 hydroxychloroquine..................................................... 38
ephedrine ........................................................................ 5 hyoscine butylbromide .............................................. 7
epinephrine (adrenaline) ......................... 7, 24, 33, 35 hyoscine hydrobromide ............................................ 7
ergocalciferol ............................................................. 36 ibuprofen ......................................................... 6, 20, 37
ergometrine ............................................................... 33 ifosfamide ..................................................................... 21
erythromycin ............................................................. 12 imipenem + cilastatin .................................................. 11
estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone indinavir (IDV) ......................................................... 16
acetate ..................................................................... 29 influenza vaccine ...................................................... 31
ethambutol ................................................................. 13 insulin injection (soluble) ........................................ 30
ethambutol + isoniazid ............................................ 13 intermediate‐acting insulin .................................... 30
ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + intraperitoneal dialysis solution ................................. 34
rifampicin ............................................................... 13 iodine .......................................................................... 36
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin ..................... 13 iohexol ........................................................................ 26
ethanol ........................................................................ 27 ipratropium bromide ............................................... 35
ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel ........................... 29 isoflurane ..................................................................... 5
ethinylestradiol + norethisterone ........................... 29 isoniazid ..................................................................... 13
ethionamide .................................................................. 14 isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin ................. 13
ethosuximide .................................................................. 9 isoniazid + rifampicin .............................................. 13
etoposide ....................................................................... 21 isosorbide dinitrate .................................................. 24
ferrous salt ................................................................. 22 ivermectin .................................................................... 9
ferrous salt + folic acid ............................................. 22 Japanese encephalitis vaccine ................................ 31
fluconazole ................................................................. 14 kanamycin ................................................................... 14
flucytosine .................................................................. 14 ketamine ....................................................................... 5
fludrocortisone .......................................................... 29 lactulose ....................................................................... 7
fluorescein .................................................................. 26 lamivudine (3TC) ..................................................... 15
fluorouracil ............................................................ 21, 26 lamivudine + nevirapine + stavudine ................... 17
fluoxetine ............................................................... 7, 34 lamivudine + nevirapine + zidovudine ................ 17
fluphenazine .............................................................. 34 lamivudine + zidovudine ........................................ 17
folic acid ..................................................................... 22 latanoprost ................................................................. 33
fomepizole ...................................................................... 8 levamisole .................................................................... 9
fresh frozen plasma .................................................. 23 levodopa + carbidopa .............................................. 22
furosemide ........................................................... 25, 27 levofloxacin .................................................................. 14

WHO Model List
levonorgestrel ............................................................ 29 omeprazole ................................................................ 27
levonorgestrel‐releasing implant ........................... 30 ondansetron ........................................................... 7, 28
levothyroxine ............................................................ 30 oral rehydration salts ......................................... 29, 35
lidocaine ................................................................. 5, 24 oseltamivir ................................................................. 17
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) ...................... 5 oxamniquine ................................................................ 10
lithium carbonate ...................................................... 34 oxygen .......................................................................... 5
loperamide ................................................................... 7 oxytocin ...................................................................... 33
lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r) ................................... 16 paclitaxel ...................................................................... 21
loratadine ..................................................................... 7 p‐aminosalicylic acid ................................................... 14
lorazepam .................................................................... 8 pancreatic enzymes ..................................................... 27
Lugolʹs solution ........................................................... 30 paracetamol ........................................................... 6, 20
magnesium sulfate ..................................................... 8 paromomycin ............................................................ 17
mannitol ..................................................................... 27 pegylated interferon alpha (2a or 2b) .......................... 17
measles vaccine ......................................................... 31 penicillamine ......................................................... 8, 38
mebendazole ............................................................... 9 pentamidine ................................................................. 19
medroxyprogesterone acetate .......................... 29, 30 permethrin ................................................................. 26
mefloquine ........................................................... 18, 19 pertussis vaccine ....................................................... 31
meglumine antimoniate .......................................... 17 phenobarbital .............................................................. 9
meglumine iotroxate .................................................... 27 phenoxymethylpenicillin ........................................ 10
melarsoprol ................................................................ 20 phenytoin ..................................................................... 9
meningococcal meningitis vaccine ........................ 31 phytomenadione ...................................................... 22
mercaptopurine ............................................................ 21 pilocarpine ................................................................. 33
mesna ........................................................................... 21 platelet concentrates ................................................ 23
metformin .................................................................. 30 pneumococcal vaccine ............................................. 31
methadone .................................................................... 35 podophyllum resin ................................................... 26
methotrexate .......................................................... 21, 38 poliomyelitis vaccine ............................................... 32
methyldopa ................................................................ 25 polyvidone iodine .................................................... 27
methylprednisolone ..................................................... 22 potassium chloride ............................................. 35, 36
methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) ....... 8 potassium ferric hexacyano‐ferrate(II) ‐2H20
metoclopramide ........................................................ 28 (Prussian blue) ........................................................ 8
metronidazole ..................................................... 12, 17 potassium iodide .................................................... 14, 30
miconazole ................................................................. 25 potassium permanganate ........................................ 26
midazolam ............................................................... 5, 7 praziquantel ................................................................ 9
mifepristone ................................................................. 33 prednisolone.................................................... 7, 22, 32
miltefosine ................................................................. 17 primaquine ................................................................ 19
misoprostol ................................................................ 33 procaine benzylpenicillin ........................................ 11
morphine .................................................................. 5, 6 procarbazine ................................................................ 21
mumps vaccine ......................................................... 31 proguanil ................................................................... 19
mupirocin ................................................................... 26 propofol........................................................................ 5
naloxone ....................................................................... 8 propranolol ................................................................ 20
neostigmine ............................................................... 32 propylthiouracil ........................................................ 30
nevirapine (NVP) ...................................................... 16 prostaglandin E ........................................................... 37
niclosamide .................................................................. 9 protamine sulfate ............................................... 22, 23
nicotinamide .............................................................. 36 pyrantel ........................................................................ 9
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) ..................... 35 pyrazinamide ............................................................ 13
nifedipine ................................................................... 33 pyridostigmine ............................................................ 32
nifurtimox .................................................................. 20 pyridoxine ................................................................. 36
nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 12 pyrimethamine ......................................................... 19
nitrous oxide ................................................................ 5 quinine ....................................................................... 19
norethisterone enantate ........................................... 29 rabies vaccine ............................................................ 32
nystatin ....................................................................... 14 ranitidine.................................................................... 28
ofloxacin ..................................................................... 32 red blood cells ........................................................... 23

WHO Model List
retinol .......................................................................... 37 suramin sodium ........................................................ 20
ribavirin ...................................................................... 17 surfactant .................................................................... 37
riboflavin .................................................................... 37 suxamethonium ........................................................ 32
rifabutin ...................................................................... 13 tamoxifen ..................................................................... 22
rifampicin ................................................................... 13 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ................................ 15
risperidone ................................................................. 34 terbinafine .................................................................. 26
ritonavir ...................................................................... 16 testosterone .................................................................. 29
rotavirus vaccine ....................................................... 32 tetanus vaccine .......................................................... 32
rubella vaccine .......................................................... 32 tetracaine .................................................................... 32
salbutamol ................................................................. 35 tetracycline ................................................................ 32
salicylic acid ............................................................... 26 thiamine ..................................................................... 37
saquinavir (SQV) ...................................................... 16 thioguanine .................................................................. 21
selenium sulfide ........................................................ 25 timolol ........................................................................ 33
senna ....................................................................... 7, 28 tranexamic acid ......................................................... 22
silver sulfadiazine ..................................................... 26 triclabendazole ............................................................ 9
simvastatin ................................................................. 25 trimethoprim ............................................................. 12
sodium calcium edetate ................................................. 8 tropicamide ............................................................... 26
sodium chloride ........................................................ 36 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) ..... 31
sodium fluoride ........................................................ 37 typhoid vaccine ........................................................ 32
sodium hydrogen carbonate ................................... 36 urea ............................................................................. 26
sodium lactate ........................................................... 36 valproic acid (sodium valproate) ...................... 9, 34
sodium nitrite .............................................................. 8 vancomycin ................................................................. 12
sodium nitroprusside ................................................... 25 varicella vaccine ....................................................... 32
sodium stibogluconate............................................. 17 vecuronium ............................................................... 32
sodium thiosulfate ................................................ 8, 25 verapamil ................................................................... 24
spectinomycin ........................................................... 12 vinblastine ................................................................... 21
spironolactone ..................................................... 25, 27 vincristine.................................................................... 21
stavudine (d4T) ......................................................... 15 warfarin ................................................................ 22, 23
streptokinase ................................................................ 25 water for injection .................................................... 36
streptomycin ........................................................ 13, 14 whole blood ............................................................... 23
succimer ......................................................................... 8 xylometazoline .......................................................... 37
sulfadiazine ............................................................... 19 yellow fever vaccine ................................................ 32
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine................................. 19 zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) ...................................... 15
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim ................... 12, 19 zinc sulfate ................................................................. 29
sulfasalazine ........................................................ 28, 38


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1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen

1.1.1 Inhalational medicines

oxygen Inhalation (medicinal gas).

1.1.2 Injectable medicines

ketamine Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10‐ml vial.

Injection: 10 mg/ml; 20 mg/ml.

1.2 Local anaesthetics

1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.

morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 5

Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml.

2.2 Opioid analgesics

codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate).

2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 6

Injection: 5 mg in 1‐ml ampoule.

Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1‐ml

hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 7

atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.

calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.

naloxone Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.

penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.

sodium nitrite Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.

sodium thiosulfate Injection: 250 mg/ml in 50‐ml ampoule.

deferoxamine Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.

sodium calcium edetate Injection: 200 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.

diazepam Gel or rectal solution: 5 mg/ml in 0.5 ml; 2‐ml; 4‐ml tubes.

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 8

6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics

albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.

levamisole Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride).

mebendazole Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg.

niclosamide Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.

praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg.

Oral liquid: 50 mg (as embonate or pamoate)/ml.

albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.

diethylcarbamazine Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate).

ivermectin Tablet (scored): 3 mg.

6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines

praziquantel Tablet: 600 mg.

triclabendazole Tablet: 250 mg.

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 9

6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines

Oral liquid: 125 mg amoxicillin + 31.25 mg clavulanic acid/5 ml

ampicillin Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial.

Powder for injection: 900 mg benzylpenicillin (= 1.2 million

Capsule: 400 mg (as trihydrate).

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 10

6.2.2 Other antibacterials

Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous).

Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml (anhydrous) [c].

EML 18 (April 2013) page - 11

 gentamicin Injection: 10 mg; 40 mg (as sulfate)/ml in 2‐ml vial.

Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 ml [c].

spectinomycin Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial.

Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml [c].