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Paper Assignment Tuberculosis: Arranged By: Group 10
Paper Assignment Tuberculosis: Arranged By: Group 10
TUBERCULOSIS
Arranged By :
Group 10
A. Backgraund
The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is reported to have increased dramatically
in the last decade all over the world, including in Indonesia, this disease usually occurs in
many countries developing which has a lower middle socioeconomic level. Tuberculosis
(TB) is an infectious disease that causes death with a top / death rate high, the incidence
of diagnosis and therapy is quite long. Indosesia, TB is the main cause of death and the
highest morbidity rate after ispa. Number of TB patients from year to year in Indonesia is
increasing. At this time one patient appears every minute new tuberculosis and every two
minutes there is a new patient with infectious tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Microbacterium
Tuberculose bacteria. This bacterium is a very strong bacilli bacteria that requires a long
time to treat it. This bacterium infects the lung organs more frequently than other parts of
the human body.
Tuberculosis TB is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. The World
Health Organization WHO estimates that one third of the world's population has been
infected with Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Tuberculosis is still one of the major health
problems in the world of TB incidence, reportedly increasing dramatically in the last
decade throughout the world. Likewise in Indonesia Tuberculosis, is a health problem
both in terms of mortality rates, rates of illness, morbidity and diagnosis and treatment.
Micobacterium tuberculosis (TB) has infected a third of the world's population, according
to WHO around 8 million of the world's population is attacked by TB with the deaths of 3
million people per year (WHO, 1993). In the country the development of this death
constitutes 25% of disease deaths that can actually be prevented. It is estimated that 95%
of TB patients are in developing countries. With the emergence of epidemic HIV / AIDS
in the world, the number of TB patients will increase. Women's deaths due to TB are
more than deaths due to pregnancy, childbirth and childbirth (WHO). WHO launched a
global emergency for TB disease in 1993 because it is estimated that TB can attack
anyone (old, young, male, female, poor, or child) and anywhere. Every year, Indonesia
increases with a quarter of a million new cases of tuberculosis and around 140,000 deaths
occur each year caused by tuberculosis. In fact, Indonesia is the third largest country with
TB problems in the world. Surveying TB prevalence in six provinces in 1983-1993 shows
that TB prevalence in Indonesia ranging from 0.2 ± 0.65%. Whereas according to the
Global TB Control Report issued by WHO in 2004, the incidence of TB in 2002 reached
555,000 cases (256 cases / 100,000 inhabitants), and 46% of them were estimated to be
new cases.
C. Writing purpose
1. To find out the meaning of tuberculosis
2. To find out the etiology of tuberculosis
3. To find out the symptoms for people with tuberculosis
4. To find out the Classification of Diseases and the Type of Patients with tuberculosis
5. To find out the spread Tuberculosis
6. To find out the treat and prevent Tuberculosis
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB): an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB mainly attacks the lungs as a place of primary infection.
In addition, TB can also be obtained attacks the skin, lymph glands, bones and brain
membranes.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Microbacterium
Tuberculose bacteria. This bacterium is a very strong bacilli bacteria that requires a long
time to treat it. This bacterium infects the lung organs more frequently than other parts of
the human body.
B. Etiology of tuberculosis
The cause is microorganism bacteria, namely: mycobacterium tuberculosis
with size 1-4 UM length and 1.3-0.6 thick UM including positive and resistant aerobgram
bacteria groups acidic acid or basil. These germs are rod-shaped, have special properties
that are resistant against acid in coloring (acid resistant bacilli). TB germs die quickly
with sun cyanars directly but survives several hours in a dark and soft place. In the
network this germ body can be dominant for several years. Germs can be spread from
sufferers Positive smear TB to people who are nearby, especially close contact with TB is
a very infectious disease. A TB disease can transmit the disease to 10 people around him.
According to WHO estimates, 1/3 of the population is currently infected mycrobacterium
tuberculosis.
2. Special Symptoms
a. Depending on which body organs are affected, if there is a blockage in part of the
bronchi (the channel leading to the lungs) due to suppression of enlarged lymph
glands, it will cause a "wheezing" sound, weakened breath sounds accompanied
by tightness.
b. There is liquid in the cavity pleura (lung wrapper), can be accompanied by
complaints of chest pain.
c. When it comes to bone, symptoms will occur such as a bone infection which can
one day form a channel and empties into the skin above it, the pus will emit fluid.
d. In children it can affect the brain (the lining of the brain) and is referred to as
meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), symptoms are high fever,
decreased consciousness and convulsions
Type of Sufferer
The type of patient is found based on a history of previous treatment. There are several
types sufferers, namely:
a. New case
Are: Patients who have never been treated with OAT or have swallowed OAT less
than one month (30 daily doses).
b. Relapse (Relapse)
Are: tuberculosis sufferers who have previously received treatment tuberculosis and
has been declared cured / complete treatment, then returns to treatment with
positive smear sputum results.
c. Transfer (Transfer In)
Are: patients who are receiving treatment in another district and later moved to
medical treatment in this district. The transfer sufferers must carry a letter reference
(TB form 09).
d. Cases of treatment after failure (treatment after default / drop out).
Is: Suffering returning to treatment with the results of sputum smear after drop out
of treatment for two months or more.
e. Failed
Is: - AFB suffering that still remains positive or returns to be positive at
end of 5th month or more.
- Suffering of positive X-ray smear that became AFB at the end of the second
month of treatment.
f. Other
All other sufferers who do not meet the above requirements. Included in this group
is a chronic case (is a patient who is still smear after completing repeat treatment
with category two.)
E. Spread Tuberculosis
Basically TB transmission is not as easy as imagined. Not everyone who
breathes air containing TB bacteria can get sick right away. Bacteria in the air can last for
hours before finally being inhaled. When inhaled, the body that has a strong immune
system will immediately kill the incoming bacteria. People who are at high risk of
contracting TB are those who often meet or dwell in the same place as sufferers, such as
family, work colleagues, or classmates.
When inhaled and the immune system does not succeed in getting rid of
bacteria, the bacteria will stay in the lungs. In most cases, inhaled bacteria will stay in the
lungs without causing disease or infecting other people. Bacteria remain in the body
while waiting for the right time to infect, which is when the immune system is low.
TB is usually transmitted through air contaminated with bacteria.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is released when people with cough tuberculosis, and in
children source of children infected with patients with adult tuberculosis. in people with
low body capacity), and can spread through the blood or get lymph. TB can infect almost
all organs of the body such as: lungs, brain, kidneys, digestive tract, bones, lymph bones,
etc., even though the organs are most often affected by the lungs.
Mikobakterium tuberkulosa Successfully infecting the lungs, then soon the
colonies of bacteria that form will grow round. Usually through a combination of
reactions immunologys TB bacteria will try to be inhibited through the formation of walls
around the bacteria by lung cells. The mechanism of wall formation makes the
surrounding tissue become scar tissue and TB bacteria will become dormant (break).
Forms dormant this is actually seen as a tubercle on photorontgen examination
Tuberculosis treatment
In medicine, tuberculosis is divided into 2 parts, namely:
1. Short-term
With the procedure of treatment: every day with a period of 1-3 months with
the drug given:
1. Injection of 750 mg Streptomycin
2. Fit 10 mg
3. Ethambutol 1000 mg
4. Isoniazid 400 mg
CHAPTER III
COVER
A. Conclusion
TB is: an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis most of which attack
the lungs but can also affect other organs. TB is a very infectious disease with symptoms
as follows: coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, malaise, anorexia, phlegm
mixed with blood, headache, muscle aches and night sweats. The drugs used to cure
tuberculosis are a combination of: rifamicin, isonaizid, pyrazinamid, ethambutol and
streptomycin.
B. Suggestion
Hopefully we all can better understand and know about TB disease and get it increase our
awareness, willingness and participation in TB control.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brunner and Suddarth. 2011. Medical Surgical Nursing. Vol I. Jakarta: EGC
Prince A. Silvia. 2011. Pathophysiology. 4th edition. Jakarta: EGC
Doenges E. Marylin. 2010. nursing care plan. Jakarta: EGC
Pearce C. Evelyn .2008. anatomy and physiology for paramedics. Jakarta: EGC
Zulkifli Amin, Asril bahar. 20013. pulmonary tuberculosis, internal medicine textbook.
Jakarta: UI
DIALOG