[LAB EXPERIMENT: VISCOSITY AND DENSITY] September 18, 2018

LAB EXPERIMENT:VISCOSITY

Introduction
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or
tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of “thickness”. For example, oil has a
much higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighboring
particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Newton’s equation relates shear stress and
velocity gradient by means of a quantity called viscosity. A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the
viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate
the rate of change of its deformation over time. That is equivalent to saying those forces are
proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's velocity vector as one moves away from the point in
question in various directions.

More precisely, a fluid is Newtonian only if the tensors that describe the viscous stress and
the strain rate are related by a constant viscosity tensor that does not depend on the stress state and
velocity of the flow. If the fluid is also isotropic (that is, its mechanical properties are the same along
any direction), the viscosity tensor reduces to two real coefficients, describing the fluid's resistance to
continuous shear deformation and continuous compression or expansion, respectively.

A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity. Most
commonly, the viscosity (the gradual deformation by shear or tensile stresses) of non-Newtonian
fluids is dependent on shear rate or shear rate history. Some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-
independent viscosity, however, still exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian
behavior. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly
found substances such as ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, maizena, honey, paint,
blood, and shampoo.

In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing
through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity. In a non-
Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different. The fluid can
even exhibit time-dependent viscosity. Therefore, a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be
defined.The objective of this experiment is to identify Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid and its
viscosity profile against time and temperature

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Theoretical background
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either sheer
stress or tensile stress. Viscosity can be described in a simple term as the “thickness” or “internal
friction” of fluids. Thus, water can be described as “thin” having a lower viscosity, while honey can
be described as “thick” having a higher viscosity. All real fluids except super-fluids have some
resistance to stress and therefore are viscous, but a fluid which no resistance to shear stress is known
as ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.
To obtain a relation for viscosity, consider a fluid layer between two large plate that is parallel
to each other separated by a distance b. Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the upper plate
while the lower plate is kept fixed. It can be observed that the upper plate moved at a constant speed
V under the influenced of force F. If the fluid between board A and board B is also in parallel motion
with fluid velocity of V and has a steady flow, this is called couette flow.

Figure 1:couette flow fluid

The fluid velocity between the plate varies linearly between 0 and V, zero at the bottom plate
and V at the top plate. Thus, the velocity profile and the velocity gradient are
U(y) = (y/b)×V and D = dV/dy = V/b (1)
Where y is the vertical distance from lower plate. During a differential time interval dt, the
side of fluid particle along the vertical line rotate at a differential angle dB while the upper plate move
a differential distance da = V dt. This angular deformation or shear strain can be expressed as
dB = v dt/b = dV/dy dt (2)
An internal friction will develop between them due to the difference in velocity. The
frictional force applied to the unit area of the plane between top and bottom plate is called shear
stress, T, which is proportional to D as shown in formula (2)
T = dB/dt = dV/dy (3)
Which is a product of rearranging the angular deformation or shear strain. From this we can conclude
that the rate of deformation of a fluid element id equivalent to the velocity gradient dV/dy.
Equation 4 shows the Newton’s law of viscosity. The symbol µ is known as dynamic
viscosity. Dividing µ with fluid densit, p will give an equation called kinematic viscosity, v.
v = µ/p

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Fluids that follow Newton’s law of viscosity is known as newtonian fluid and will have
constant viscosity. Some example are water, alcohol and air. While fluid that do not follow Newton’s
law of viscosity is called non-newtonian fluid and does not have constant viscosity. Some example
are honey, paint and blood.

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Procedure
1. Preparing sample:

a. The sample is poured into the cup until its surface reaches between the level gauges,
which are between 35 to 45 mL.
b. The cup is attached on the table along the guides.
c. The protector is set in the position as shown in Figure 1.
d. The lever to release the sensor plates is raised.
e. The front side of the sensor unit the pinch the grips is held and the sensor plates above
the sample surface is lowered slowly.
f. The lever is lowered to secure the sensor plate.
g. The knob is turned to adjust the sample surface to the center of the narrow part of the
sensor plate as shown in Figure 2.

2. Measurement:

a. START key is pressed to display the measurement values. After 15 seconds the first
measurements value will be displayed
b. HOLD key is pressed to temporarily freeze the display and the value is wrote down.
c. The reading is took every 30 seconds for 10 minutes then STOP key is pressed.

3. Step 1 and 2 is repeated for other samples.

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Experimental Setup.

The machine used in this experiment is viscometer. Viscometer can determine the viscosity of sample.
There are 4 samples that is used in this experiment using viscometer which are distilled water, chilli
sauce, used oil and new oil. The temperature sensor is to detect the temperature of the sample. The
viscometer sensor is to determine the viscosity of the sample. The device display shows the reading of
the viscosity and the temperature. The accuracy of viscometer 0.001 mPa.s.

Figure shows the viscometer setup Figure shows the samples of the
experiment

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Results and Analysis

1. Result for distilled water.

Time Temperature Viscosity, η (m Pa.s)

0 27.8 282
30 27.5 289
1 minute 27.5 285
30 27.8 270
2 minute 27.9 276
30 26.8 359
3 minute 26.5 357
30 26.5 304
4 minute 26.4 298
30 26.5 308
5 minute 26.5 266

The graph of Viscosity against Temperature

400
350
300
250
Viscosity

200
150
100
50
0
27.8 27.5 27.5 27.8 27.9 26.8 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.5 26.5
Temperature

Viscosity, η (m Pa.s)

The graph of Viscosity against Time

400
350
300
250
Viscosity

200
150
100
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Time

Viscosity, η (m Pa.s)

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2. Result for Chilli sauce.

Time Temperature Viscosity, η (Pa.s)

0 26.8 1.08
30 26.7 1.01
1 minute 26.6 1.00
30 26.5 1.00
2 minute 26.5 0.98
30 26.3 1.01
3 minute 26.2 1.03
30 26.1 0.97
4 minute 26.0 1.07
30 26.0 0.87
5 minute 25.9 0.87

The graph of Viscosity against Temperature

1.2
1
0.8
Viscosity

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
26.8 26.7 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.3 26.2 26.1 26 26 25.9
Temperature

Viscosity, η (Pa.s)

The graph of Viscosity against Time

1.2

0.8
Viscosity

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Time

Viscosity, η (Pa.s)

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3. Result for used oil.

Time Temperature Viscosity, η

0 26.5 0.099
30 26.6 0.099
1 minute 26.6 0.098
30 26.6 0.099
2 minute 26.6 0.099
30 26.7 0.100
3 minute 26.7 0.099
30 26.7 0.100
4 minute 26.8 0.099
30 26.9 0.101
5 minute 26.9 0.098

The graph of Viscosity against Temperature

0.102
0.101
0.1
Viscosity

0.099
0.098
0.097
0.096
26.5 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.9
Temperature

Viscosity, η

The graph of Viscosity against Time

0.102
0.101
0.1
Viscosity

0.099
0.098
0.097
0.096
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Time

Viscosity, η

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4. Result for new oil.

Time Temperature Viscosity, η

0 27 0.099
30 27.0 0.099
1 minute 27.0 0.100
30 26.9 0.940
2 minute 26.9 0.095
30 26.8 0.138
3 minute 26.8 0.139
30 26.8 0.144
4 minute 26.9 0.159
30 26.7 0.154
5 minute 26.6 0.168

The graph of Viscosity against Temperature

0.8
Viscosity

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
27 27 27 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.7 26.6
Temperature

Viscosity, η

The graph of Viscosity against Time

1

0.8
Viscosity

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Time

Viscosity, η
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Discussion
Newtonian Fluid is a fluid whose viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation or
shear strain. The characteristics of the fluid remain same. Non-Newtonian Fluid is also a fluid, but the
viscosity is changes with the rate of deformation or shear strain. The fluid does not obey newtons law
of viscosity. The changes of viscosity may increase or decrease. Based on the graph viscosity against
temperature, the fluid that was tested can be determined whether it is a Newtonian or non-
Newtonian fluid. But the experimental result obtained does not follow the theory due to some error
that happen. the experimental result become non-consistent due to the poor condition of the vibro
viscometer machine. The other error is that the sensor plate was not cleaned well. Some other sample
remained on the sensor plate. The level of the sample that was filled in the sample cup are also very
important to get the accurate value of viscous. The sample cannot fill too much or too least and must
between the level 35 ml and 45 ml. Due to this error, the result become not accurate and does not
follow the theoretical experiment. So, from the distilled water graph, the graph is not consistent and
the viscous value increase and decrease. Generally, distilled water is Newtonian fluid where the
viscosity should be remained same or slightly changes. For chili sauce, viscosity against temperature,
we can conclude that when the temperature decrease, the viscosity also decreases. Chili sauce is
basically a non-Newtonian fluid and it is not a surprise that the viscosity decreases. For used oil, the
graph obtained also does not follow the theory. The result cannot determine whether it is Newtonian
or not. In theory, used oil is supposed to be Newtonian fluid. Same goes to the new oil, the graph
obtained cannot be used to determine the types of fluid and in theory, the new oil can be categorized
as Newtonian fluid. The reason the type of fluid for both used and new oil can’t be determined is
because the graph obtained for viscosity changes too drastically with the increase in temperature.

Besides, there are many examples of Newtonian and non-Newtonian of fluids. Ethyl, Methyl
and Mineral oil are Newtonian fluid and have their own viscosity. Ethyl has 0.001095 Ns/m viscosity
and Methyl has 0.00056 viscosity while Mineral oil has 7.0-8.5 viscosity. For non-Newtonian fluids are
Honey(dilatant), Ketchup (pseudo plastic) and Paint(thixotropy). The properties of viscosity for non-
Newtonian is change when the shear is applied. The viscosity may be increase or decrease depend on
their characteristics. Ketchup has 50,000 cPs viscosity and Paint has approximate to 100 cP viscosity
while Honey has 2,000-3,000 cP viscosity.

Next, viscosity is very important and there are many applications that are related to viscosity
in our daily life. The value of viscosity for toothpaste need to be correct and suitable. It will be hard to
brush the teeth and it will pump out too much toothpaste due to the value of viscosity that is not
suitable. In engineering, fluid is used as a medium in mechanical parts such as engine and bearing. The
fluid that were used have different value of viscosity and depends on the usage. Generally, there are
friction between two or more metals that are moving. For example, in bearing the friction is produce
when the balls are touching the inner ring. So, viscous fluid is used to reduce the friction and make
the bearing work smoother. Besides that, there a part that called crankshaft or oil sump. This part is
basically bolted to engine block. So lubricant oil (viscous fluid) is used and is pumped to the different
engine part that moves. So, the function of lubricant oil (viscous fluid) is to dissipate the heat, reduce
friction and to extend the life parts of engine. It is very important to have lubricant oil (viscous fluid)
in engine. The viscosity of the fluid is different due to the usage and each viscosity have their own
characteristics and behavior.

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To conclude, the fluid that is used in our daily life does not have same viscosity. The value of
viscosity changes depending on its usage. Based on the result of the experiment, distilled water, new
oil and used oil cannot be categorized as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid because of some error
during the experiment. In theory, all three mentioned above should have been Newtonian fluid. Chili
sauce on the experiment is categorized as non-Newtonian fluid due to the changes of viscosity with
temperature and time. As the time increases, the temperature decreases, and the viscosity also
decreases. The viscosity of the fluid is very important to us to build or create a high proficiency
machines and products. A suitable viscosity of fluid used as medium will bring many benefit such as
to extend the life expectancy and reduce heat of product and machines.

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LAB EXPERIMENT:DENSITY
Introduction

The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol that commonly used is for density
is ρ (rho). mathematically shown as

m

V
Where ρ is the density, m is the mass and V is the volume of substance.

Objective

To measure the density of water at different temperature

Theoretical background

Mainly, density affected by pressure and temperature that generally change the density of a substance.
Any equation that related to density, pressure and temperature of a substance is called as equation of
state. The state of equation for substance that well known is the ideal gas equation of state, expressed
as

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 or 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇

where P is the absolute pressure, v is the specific volume, T is the thermodynamic temperature, 𝜌 is
the density and R is the gas constant. [1]

Temperature T is related to the internal energy level of a fluid. It may vary considerably during high-
speed flow of a gas. Although engineers often use Celsius or Fahrenheit scales for convenience, many
applications in this text require absolute (Kelvin or Rankine) temperature scales:

°𝑅 = °𝐹 + 459.69

𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273.16

If temperature differences are strong, heat transfer may be important, but our concern here is mainly
with dynamic effects. [2]

The table 1 show the density of water

Temperature (℃) Density (g/cm3)

100 0.95835
90 0.96531
80 0.97180
70 0.97778
60 0.98321
50 0.988804
40 0.99221
30 0.99564
Table 1

Theoretically, the density of water decreases when the temperature increase based on Table 1 [3]

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Apparatus and experimental setup

Figure 1 show the Fluid density meter

Figure 1

The instrument in this experiment were the fluid density meter and distilled water. The Fluid density
meter has accuracy of 1x10-4. The density of water recorded when water rise at certain temperature.

Experimental procedure

1. Initially, three temperature were selected which is 30°C, 40°C and 50°C.

2. The density measurement was started using fluid density meter.

3. All result recorded in the table

Result

Table 2 show the water density at different temperatures

temperature, C Experimental Density, Theoretical Density, percentage error,

g/cm^3 g/cm^3 %
30 0.9934 0.99564 0.225
40 0.9879 0.99221 0.434
50 0.9817 0.98804 0.642
Table 2

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Discussion

Theoretical values are a number or value that scientists and the public regard as true and
the experimental value is the value that you get in an experiment. In this experiment, the values are
not exactly same with theoretical values. This is because There are several factors that affect the
experimental result. The possible error that can be encountered is the machine was not well
maintained. Next, the possible error is the unsuitable environment. During the experiment there are
vibration at the table that can affect the experiment result. Lastly, the percentage error can be decrease
by repeat the experiment three times or more, but the experiment is conduct only one times. So, the
experimental and theoretical values will be different.

Density is mass per unit of volume. Density of water can be changes if we change the mass or
volume. There are many variables that effects the density of water. In this experiment, temperature
changes the density of water by changes the volume of water. The relation is when the water is
heated, it expands and increasing the volume. The other variable is pressure. Pressure changes the
density of water by changes the volume of water. The pressure from a container can change the
volume and thus the density of the water. Every 200 bars of pressure give about 1% increase in
density. Next, impurities can also affect the density of water. For example, when salt is dissolved in
fresh water, the density of the water increases because the mass of the water increases. Lastly, the
variable that affect the density of water is change of phase or state. When a material changes its phase
or state of matter, its volume and thus its density usually changes.

Pure water is defined by the low levels of any impurities found in the water and distilled
water is a type of purified water. The different between them is the process. Pure water is simply
water made fit for use via any mechanical purification process like reverse osmosis, sand
sedimentation, desalination and other, but distilled water is water purified by boiling the water and
collecting the steam, then the steam is recovered by condensing the cleaner water vapor into a fresh
container. Lastly, the other different is the amount of impurities found in the water. Pure water must
have less than 10 parts-per-million (PPM), but distilled water must have less than 1 part-per-million
(PPM). So, that mean distilled water is cleaner compared to pure water.

Conclusion

Conclusion, temperature can change the density of water by change the temperature. Based on the
experiment, the density of water decreases when the temperature increase.

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References

1. Metzner, A. B., & Reed, J. C. (2004, June 17). Flow of non‐newtonian fluids-correlation of
the laminar, transition, and turbulent‐flow regions. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aic.690010409
2. Oldroyd, J. G. (1958, June 03). Non-Newtonian effects in steady motion of some idealized
elastico-viscous liquids. Retrieved from
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/245/1241/278.short
3. Armstrong, R. C., Hassager, O., & Bird, R. B. (1987). Fluid mechanics. New York: Wiley.
4. Fox, R. W., McDonald, A. T., Pritchard, P. J., Mitchell, J. W., & Leylegian, J. C.
(2016). Fluid mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
5. Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2018). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
6. [Book]: Cengel,Y.A. and Cimbala, J.M. (2013). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Application (Third Edition). NewYork: McGraw-Hill
7. [Book]: White, F.M. (2011). Fluid Mechanics (7th Edition). NewYork: McGraw-Hill
8. [Article]: Shapley, P. (2011). Temperature Effects on Density, University of Illinois.
9. [Article]: Kurtus, R. (2014). Factors Affecting Density of Matter, School for champions,
https://www.school-for-champions.com/science/density_factors.htm#.W6X_5GgzY2w
10. [Journal]: Patterson. J. B. and Morris. E. C. (1994). Measurement of Absolute Water Density,
1°C to 40 °C, Journal of Mertologia, Vol. 31, Num. 4, pp. 287.

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