SCIENCE - Applications of sciences and

- Body of knowledge technologies produced

- Evidence, facts, observations, laws - Transformation and public
- Consensus statements policies
- Observations - Does science also inferences
- Experimentations culture?- Much like culture
inferences science
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (Thomas
Khun, 1962) MEDICINE AS SCIENCE:
- If science is just a collection of facts, 1. Healthcare is as old as humanity
theories… then scientists are just - Search for longevity
concerned with contributing to this - Alleviate suffering
collection 2. I​ n primitive times
- A strenuous and devoted attempt to - Believed that illness disease
force nature into the conceptual boxes were punishment from god
supplied by professional education - Priests as healers
- Attempt to explain nature in the conduct - Body of knowledge passed on
of a paradigm thru oral tradition
- Paradigm:​ box that we tend to
live in HISTORY OF MEDICINE:
● Early practices
PARADIGM SHIFT: - Observations in nature
- A scientific fact may be challenged by - Herbs: what plants do
an anomaly animals eat when sick
- Dictates the way we live - Leaves, fruit, bark, root
- Decoctions (teas)
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: - Chewing of fresh leaves
- Process of studying the process of Beliefs Systems
science development /research
includes: - Use of trephining
- Scientific “errors” - Drilling holes in the head (for
- Superstitions migraine headaches)
- Myths - Belief that evil spirits reside
-> Normal Science -> Anomalies -> Crisis -> within the head thus it needs to
Revolution be let out
- Traced as far back as the
CULTURE AND PARADIGM:
Paleolithic era
- Stories
- Political sphere
- Organizational structure
MODERN TIMES:
- Religious Beliefs
- Bur hole surgery
CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY: - Relieve internal pressure due to
- Plays a pivotal role in the paradigm accumulation of blood
- Acceptance - Craniology
- Study - Relieve pressure exerted by a
swelling brain
 - Confined in a closed - Disease was caused by the gods,
space demons
- Clamping of a burst - Documented their own medical literature
artery
- Tumor removal CULTURE:

Craniotomy Technology - Agriculture economy

Herbal Medicine Technology - Used a channel system (from
the Nile River) to irrigate the
- Traditional Methods land
- Poultice - Traders brought herbs and practices
- Decoction from other regions
- Infusion - Advanced medical procedures
- Aroma - Surgical instruments
- Egyptian medicine influenced Greek
practice
Elements in Medicine that are responsible
for the Paradigm Shift
CHANNEL THEORY IN MEDICINE:
- Tools
- Facts
- Channels provide the routes for the
- Reasons
body to good health
- Blockage means illness
Element of the Belief System that has changed:
- Use of laxative to “unblock”
- Religions to Scientific
- The heart was the center of
about 46 “channels” or “tubes”
TREATMENTS:
- Analogous to the Nile,
blockages caused disease of
- Acupuncture the plants/crops
- Stimulates specific points in - Channels carried Air, Water and Blood
the body to enliven the ​Qi
- Open the meridians or PRACTICE:
​ i​ to
channels to allow Q
circulate - Aromatherapy
- Massage - Herbal medicine
- Moves blood and fluids - Surgical procedures
- Herbal Medicine - The dead must be preserved for use
- Nourish the internal organs - Mummification and preservation
which generate Qi, produce of the internal organs
blood and transform food, water, Contributions of Modern medicine
and air - Prescriptions were written in papyrus
- Eye of horus​ (associated with
EGYPTIANS: healing powers)
- 3300BC to 525BC - Medical training under senior
- Stable Economy physicians (who were also priests)
- The concept of a doctor emerged as a - Specialization
profession - Eye, ears
- Use herbs, rituals, and prayers - Bone
 - Stomach
- Fertility
- Rx
Edwin Smith Papyrus
- Oldest known written text on surgical
procedures
- 3000 BC
- Compilation of 48 medical cases
- 1862, the papyrus was excavated and
sold to antiquities collector Edwin
Smith
- 1906, the papyrus wa donated to “the
New York Historical Society”
- Medical Examinations
- The Edwin Smith Surgical
Papyrus details the medical
examination process
- Patients were questioned at
some length regarding their well
being including details of their
bodily functions
- A physician would examine a
patient with gentleness and care
using his senses of both smell
and touch during the
examination
Ebers Papyrus
- 1550 BC
- Found between the legs of a mummy in
Thebennecropolis
- Purchased by Egyptologist Ebers
- Contained prescriptions on
ophthalmology, diseases of digestive
system, the head, the skin and specific
maladies.
- A compilation of earlier works that
contains a large number of prescriptions
and recipes
- Asthma, cough
Imhotep
GENERAL HEALTH TIPS:
- Shave head, armpit
- Wash hands
- Do not eat raw food
GREECE:
- Philosophers
- Traders
- Farming and Fishing/Sailing
- Sports (Olympics)
- Warfare
- Rational Thinking in medicine
- Basis for modern medicine
- Philosophies and Ethics
- Training
HIPPOCRATES (late 15th Century BC)
- Father of modern medicine
- Hippocratic oath
- Ethical practice of medicine
- Pneuma - the breath or Vital Force, and
the Innate heat, which were suffused
into the blood from the lungs via the
heart, gave the blood the power to
sustain life
VITAL SUBSTANCES:
4 Humors
- Blood
- Phlegm
- Yellow Bile
- Black Bile
- Constitutes the Human body
- When all the humors are in
harmony and balance, there is
good health.
Illness
- excess or deficiency of the humors.
BALANCING FOUR HUMORS
1. Keep patients warm when they have
cold
2. Keep feverish and sweaty patients dry
and cool
3. Bleed patients to restore the blood
balance
 4. Purged patients to restore the bile c. When “Qi” is blocked, stagnant,
balance illness
a. This would have been done by d. Observations for nature
giving them laxatives, making e. The human body is a
them vomit, or giving them microcosm of the universe
diuretics. f. Taoism has great influence in
AESCULAPIUS Chinese medicine
- God of Healing g. Human Cadaveric dissections
are not permitted
Temple of Aesculapius h. The health of the body depends
on the influences on the nature
- Hospital or him
- Incubation i. Health is the consequence of
- Induced sleep and the dreams the harmony between man and
interpreted by the his environment
priests/doctors j. Vital substances flow within the
- Blood letting, emesis, laxatives body
- Diet prescriptions i. Qi
- Baths ii. Blood
- Exercises iii. Fluids
k. Oldest textbook on internal
PHILOSOPHIES IN MEDICINE: medicine: The Yellow Emperor’s
Treatise on Internal Medicine
CULTURAL INFLUENCES TO MEDICINE

2. Substances:
Heart
a. Qi flows through the meridians
- Greek Medicine
or channels
- Seat of the spirit, sensation and
b. Blood flow through blood
motion (Aristotle)
vessels
- Egyptian
c. Qi is warm
- Seat of the intellect, emotions;
d. Fluid is cold
brain​ is not important
e. Blood carries nutrients into the
- Chinese Medicine
vital organs
- Seat of happiness and emotions

RAVERTZ’ POST NORMAL SCIENCE

Indigenous Medicine
1. What happens to new scientific
1. Traditional Chinese Medicine discoveries?
a. Mind, body, spirit and nature 2. How is science used in society?
b. Interaction between nature and a. Differences in culture
man b. Value systems
i. “Qi” is the vital force of c. Different requirements per
nature society
ii. Movement determines 3. What if observed problems can no
state of health longer be answered by conventional
iii. Change is constant science?
cyclical
 a. Does not apply to all NORMAL APPLIED SCIENCE
communities
4. What if technology creates - Traditional notion of science
environmental problems or safety - “How the world works” in the current
issues? - Hard science
a. Dengue vaccine - Knowledge collection or base

Jerome Ravertz
- Science is not just a collection of facts
and rules.
MEDIUM STAKES AND MEDIUM
- Advancement is not achieved by
UNCERTAINTY
increasing the collection of these facts.
- But through questioning the
status quo or through dramatic - To resolve complex policy issues, there
- Scientific revolution requires ​Creative must be societal dialogue
Thinking - Medium​ stakes
- If textbooks science or routinary
NORMAL SCIENCE solutions are not enough
- Application of skills
- Rules are agreed/disagreed - Good judgements
- Science is puzzle solving - Sometimes “courage”
- Rules are questioned - Roles of professionals (i.e. physicians,
- Paradigm shift>>>>new rules engineers)
- New Rules are questioned>>>Paradigm - Expert judgements
shift
- Example: SCIENCE IN POST NORMAL ERA
- Light is a particle or a
wave? - Links epistemology and governance
- Understanding there are gaps in - Initially applied in medicine
knowledge. - Patient Safety
- Toxicology
- Also in environmental issues
PREFORMATIONISM
- Climate Change
- Pollution
- In the 17th to 18th century
- Brings together “fact” and “value”
- Sperm cells are called “preformed”
(systems) into the solution
humans
- Evaluative process replaces truth with
quality
POST NORMAL SCIENCE
HIGH TAKES AND HIGH UNCERTAINTIES
- Public debates
- Environment - Broader dialogue
- Society - Extended consultations and forum
- Uncertain facts - Bring “extended facts” to the discussion
- Disputed values - All stakeholders
- Stakes are high - Academe
- Urgent decisions must be made - Institutional experts
- Public
 - Those interested in
finding a solution
- For policy to be accepted and
successful
- - Inventor of the first single chip, 16-bit
TO MOVE FORWARD, QUESTION AND
COLLABORATE
- Ask the right questions
- Question the normal
- Apply the normal to society and find the
anomaly
- Investigate the anomaly
- Find a solution or approach to
- Team approach to the investigation
- A multi-stakeholder approach
- Create the policies and modify
the rules
- Ask again
Dr. Felix D. Maramba, Sr.
- Created a coconut oil fueled power
generator and developed one of the
world’s most profitable biogas systems
- Biogas aims to reach out to the
provinces and teach farmers how to
harness the energy produced from
waste
- Main goal: pollution control
- Problems encountered: pollution,
voluminous sludge containing toxic
substances
- Costs of operation
- Increasing the capacity of operation
- Stover and straw required drying and
copping which consumed too much
energy
Rudy Lantano Sr.
- Super formula bunker L
- Composed of 55-60 % bunker oil, 35-40
% water, and 5% additives
- It is intended to replace the bunker C
industrial fuel.
- Produced through agitation and mixing
and no heat is used in the blending
process.
- Because of this method, there is no
waste by product. It also burns better
and emits less pollutants by up to 95%.
Diosdado Banatao
microprocessor based calculator
Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
- Invention of erythromycin: while testing
micro-organisms that he had isolated
from soil samples, he discovered a
bacteria that lead to the development of
erythromycin.
- Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic
produced by Saccharopolyspora
erythraeus. It reduces the production of
important proteins that the bacteria
needs to survive, inhibiting the growth of
the bacteria. It is considered as one of
the most effective and safest medicines
in healthcare according to the World
Health Organization
- Modern uses of erythromycin: treatment
for respiratory, urinary, gynecological,
and eye bacterial infections
- Prevention of recurrent
rheumatic fever
- Alternative to penicillin
- Treatment for pertussis,
pneumonia
- Used as an anti acne ointment
- Prophylaxis of ophthalmic
infections (eye infections)
Dr. Fe Del Mundo
- First woman to be named National
Scientist in the Philippines Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Public Service in
1977
- Bamboo incubator
Roberto Del Rosario
- Known as the world’s sole patent holder
for the karaoke system
- Developed the sing along system