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EXPERIMENT NO :-09 Dt-09.02.2019

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :-

Design Simulink model of synchronous motor for different mechanical loads.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-
MATLAB & SIMULINK 2016a

THEORY :-
The motor which runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. The
synchronous speed is the constant speed at which motor generates the electromotive
force. The synchronous motor is used for converting the electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
CONSTRUCTION:
The stator and the rotor are the two
main parts of the synchronous motor. The stator
becomes stationary, and it carries the armature
winding of the motor. The armature winding is the
main winding because of which the EMF induces
in the motor. The rotator carries the field
windings. The main field flux induces in the rotor.
The rotor is designed in two ways, i.e., the salient
pole rotor and the non-salient pole rotor.

The synchronous motor uses the salient pole rotor. The word salient means the poles
of the rotor projected towards the armature windings. The rotor of the synchronous
motor is made with the laminations of the steel. The laminations reduce the eddy
current loss occurs on the winding of the transformer. The salient pole rotor is mostly
used for designing the medium and low-speed motor. For obtaining the high-speed
cylindrical rotor is used in the motor.

WORKING:

The stator and rotor both are excited separately. The excitation is the process of
inducing the magnetic field on the parts of the motor with the help of an electric current.

When the three-phase supply is given to the stator, the rotating magnetic field
developed between the stator and rotor gap. The field having moving polarities is
known as the rotating magnetic field. The rotating magnetic field develops only in the
polyphase system. Because of the rotating magnetic field, the north and south poles
develop on the stator.

The rotor is excited by the DC supply. The DC supply induces the north and south
poles on the rotor. As the DC supply remains constant, the flux induces on the rotor
 P a g e | 45

remains same. Thus, the flux has fixed polarity. The north pole develops on one end
of the rotor, and the south pole develops on another end.

The AC is sinusoidal. The polarity of the wave changes in every half cycle, i.e., the
wave remains positive in the first half cycle and becomes negative in the second half
cycle. The positive and negative half cycle of the wave develops the north and south
pole on the stator respectively. When the rotor and stator both have the same pole on
the same side, they repel each other. If they have opposite poles, they attract each
other. This can easily be understood with the help of the figure shown below. The rotor
attracts towards the pole of the stator for the first half cycle of the supply and repulse
for the second half cycle. Thus, the rotor becomes pulsated only at one place. This is
the reason because of which the synchronous motor is not self-starting. The prime
mover is used for rotating the motor. The prime mover rotates the rotor at their
synchronous speed. The synchronous speed is the constant speed of the machine
whose value depends on the frequency and the numbers of the pole of the machine.

This speed is synchronised with the supply frequency. The synchronous

speed is given by:

Ns=Synchronous speed in RPM f=Frequency in Hz

p= number of poles

Main Features of Synchronous Motor :

• The speed of the synchronous motor is independent of the load, i.e., the variation of
the load does not affect the speed of the motor.
• The synchronous motor is not self-starting. The prime mover is used for rotating the
motor at their synchronous speed.
• The synchronous motor operates both for leading and lagging power factor.

The synchronous motor can also be started with the help of the damper windings.

PROCEDURE:-

1) The Simulink model is drawn with different blocks.

2) The different blocks of the model are analysed and then initialized.
3) Parameters are set properly.
4) The model is run and the output is observed.
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SIMULATION:
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SIMULATION RESULTS:-
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CONCLUSION:
In the above experiment, Simulink model on synchronous motor for different
mechanical loads was designed and the corresponding graphs were plotted.
A synchronous motor runs at a constant speed whatever may be the load, i.e. speed
of the synchronous motor is independent of load connected to it. The synchronous
motor is not self-starting. The prime mover is used for rotating the motor at their
synchronous speed. Speed of the motor depends only on the number of poles and
frequency of the AC supply provided to the synchronous motor.
As we go on increasing the load gradually, the speed of the motor deviates a little from
the synchronous speed that is 1500RPM for a little interval of time and again comes
to the synchronous speed.

SUBMITTED BY

Srinath Mohapatra
Regd.No.:1602060024
EEE-1
 P a g e | 49

EXPERIMENT NO :-09 Dt-09.02.2019

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :-

Design Simulink model of an alternator with governor excitation system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-
MATLAB & SIMULINK 2016a

THEORY :-
Every power generation system requires some means of controlling the voltage and/or
current produced by the machine. The output of a generator is normally controlled by
controlling the current in the field of the generator, the speed being constant for a set
frequency. Various excitation systems are possible and all usually include some
system of sensing and controlling the generator output voltage.
Most of the modern excitation systems have the capability of putting out an immense
amount of power if needed. To sustain rated load may not take much power, but to
start a large motor load may tax the generator and exciter system. Most of the modern
exciters are capable of putting out about 3 to 5 times (300 to 500%) of the generator’s
normal full load excitation current. This is called ‘field forcing’. The voltage dip caused
by starting a large motor is primarily a function of the generator characteristics
(specifically the transient and sub-transient reactances. However, the rate of recovery
and a few percent of the voltage dip can be influenced by the response and the field
forcing capability of the excitation system.
The speed governor mechanism works as a comparator to determine the difference
between the reference set power DPref and the power (1/R)Dw as shown. The speed
governor output DSg is therefore:

DSg(s) = DPref(s) – (1/ R )Dw(s)

where R represents the drop. Speed governor output DSg is being converted to steam
valve position D€V through the hydraulic amplifier. Assuming a linearized model with
a single time constant Tg: D€V(s) = (1 / (1 + sTg)) DSg(s) ….. (12) The final simulation
model for a 4th order SG can be developed in "Matlab" as shown . Typically the
excitation control and governing control are designed independently since there is a
weak coupling between them, then the voltage and frequency controls are regulated
separately. The suggested conventional PID controller that can be used to enhance
the output response of the AVR in the excitation system is differ from the conventional
PID controller that can be used to enhance the frequency deviation in the governing
system.

PROCEDURE:-

1) The Simulink model is drawn with different blocks.

2) The different blocks of the model are analysed and then initialized.
 P a g e | 50

3) Parameters are set properly.

4) The model is run and the output is observed.

SIMULATION:
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SIMULATION RESULTS:-
 P a g e | 52

CONCLUSION:
In the above experiment, Simulink model of alternator with governor excitation system
was designed and the corresponding graphs were plotted.
Power system stabilizers (PSS) are often used at the Excitation system (EPSS) but
they can be implemented in the turbine Governor loop (GPSS) in order to improve
more the stability. The speed governor mechanism works as a comparator to
determine the difference between the reference set power and the power. Obtained
results, by non-linear simulation using Matlab/Simulink of a single machine infinite-bus
power system, show the effectiveness of using both EPSS and GPSS at the same
time (EGPSS) for large and small disturbances. Our results concern: rotor angle (δ),
terminal voltage (Vt), electrical torque (Te) and speed deviation (Δω).

SUBMITTED BY
Srinath Mohapatra
Regd.No.:1602060025
EEE-1
 P a g e | 53

EXPERIMENT NO-11 Dt:23.02.2019

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Design Simulink model of alternator without governor system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB SIMULINK 2016a

THEORY:
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy in the form of alternating current.

WORKING:

According to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor

moves in a magnetic field EMF gets induced across the conductor. If the close path is
provided to the conductor, induced emf causes current to flow in the circuit. Now, see
the figure. Let the conductor coil ABCD is placed in a magnetic field. The direction of
magnetic flux will be form N pole to S pole. The coil is connected to slip rings, and the
load is connected through brushes resting on the slip rings. Now, consider the case 1
from above figure. The coil is rotating clockwise, in this case the direction of induced
current can be given by Fleming's right hand rule, and it will be along A-B-C-D. As the
coil is rotating clockwise, after half of the time period, the position of the coil will be as
in second case of above figure. In this case, the direction of the induced current
according to Fleming's right hand rule will be along D-C-B-A. It shows that, the
direction of the current changes after half of the time period, that means we get an
alternating current.
CONSTRUCTION:

Main parts of the alternator, obviously, consists of stator and rotor. But, the unlike other
machines, in most of the alternators, field exciters are rotating and the armature coil
is stationary.
 P a g e | 54

Stator: Unlike in DC machine stator of an alternator is not meant to serve path for
magnetic flux. Instead, the stator is used for holding armature winding. The stator core
is made up of lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron, to minimize the eddy current
losses.

Rotor: There are two types of rotor used in an AC generator / alternator:

(i) Salient and (ii) Cylindrical type

1. Salient pole type: Salient pole type

rotor is used in low and medium
speed alternators. Construction of
AC generator of salient pole type
rotor is shown in the figure above.
This type of rotor consists of large number of projected poles (called salient
poles), bolted on a magnetic wheel. These poles are also laminated to minimize
the eddy current losses. Alternators featuring this type of rotor are large in
diameters and short in axial length.
2. Cylindrical type: Cylindrical type rotors are used in high speed alternators,
especially in turbo alternators. This type of rotor consists of a smooth and solid
steel cylinder having slots along its outer periphery. Field windings are placed in
these slots.
 P a g e | 55

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OUTPUT:
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CONCLUSION:
From the above experiment, simulink model on alternator without governor system
was designed and corresponding graphs were studied. Alternators are often used to
control the speed of several induction motors that require the same change in speed.
As the torque is proportional to armature(Load) Current, the increase in load
current increases torque hence the speed of alternator decreases, resulting in
decrease of voltage. The requirement of an excitation system is reliability under all
conditions of service, a simplicity of control, ease of maintenance, stability and fast
transient response.

SUBMITTED BY
Srinath Mohapatra
Regd.No.:1602060024
EEE-1
 P a g e | 58

EXPERIMENT NO-12: Dt:23.02.2019

Aim of the experiment:Design Simulink model of testing of power system with
three phase transformer for different types of faults.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB SIMULINK 2016a

Theory:
A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used
to increase or decrease voltage levels between circuits.

Working Principle of Transformer:

The working principle of a transformer is very simple. Mutual induction between two or
more windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred
between circuits. This principle is explained in further detail below.

Transformer Theory:
Say you have one winding (also known as a coil) which is supplied by an alternating
electrical source. The alternating current through the winding produces a continually
changing and alternating flux that surrounds the winding. If another winding is brought
close to this winding, some portion of this alternating flux will link with the second
winding. As this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction, there must
be a changing flux linkage in the second winding or coil.According to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the second winding. If the
circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow through it. This is
the basic working principle of a transformer. The winding which receives electrical
power from the source is known as the ‘primary winding’.

Transformer Parts And Construction:

The three main parts of a transformer:(1) Primary Winding of Transformer,(2) Magnetic
Core of Transformer,(3) Secondary Winding of Transformer

Primary Winding of Transformer: Which produces magnetic field when it is connected

to electrical so. Magnetic Core of Transformer The magnetic flux produced by the
primary winding, that will pass through this low reluctance path linked with secondary
winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.

Secondary Winding of Transformer: The flux, produced by primary winding, passes

through the core, will link with the secondary winding. This winding also wounds on
the same core and gives the desired output of the transformer.

There are mainly two types of transformer categorised by its shape of the magnetic
core. These are core type transformer and shell-type transformer.
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One of the major difference between the core type and the shell type transformers is
that in core type transformer, the winding encircles the core, whereas, in shell type
transformer, the core encircles the winding of the transformer.

Electrical fault is an abnormal condition, caused by equipment failures such as

transformers and rotating machines, human errors and environmental conditions.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states.
Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal
voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system. There are mainly
two types of faults in the electrical power system. Those are symmetrical and unsymmetrical
faults.

1.Symmetrical faults
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are
also called as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line to
ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L).

2.Unsymmetrical faults
These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly
three types namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and double line to ground
(LL-G) faults.

Causes:

• Weather conditions
• Equipment failures
• Human errors
• Smoke of fires

Effects:

• Over current flow

• Danger to operating personnel
• Loss of equipment
• Disturbs interconnected active circuits
• Electrical fires

PROCEDURE:

1.The simulink model is drawn with different blocks.

2.Different blocks of the model are analyzed and initialized.
3.output can be seen by running the model.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OUTPUT-1:(LLLG FAULT)

OUTPUT-2:(LLG FAULT)
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OUTPUT-3:(LG FAULT)

CONCLUSION:

A phase-to-phase voltage of one of the high-voltage windings also is required to be

tested. Either the primary or secondary winding may be the high-voltage winding of
the three phase transformers. The tests which are made include polarity and phase-
relation, core loss, load loss and transformers ratio.

SUBMITTED BY
Srinath Mohapatra
Regd.No.:1602060024
EEE-1
 P a g e | 63

EXPERIMENT NO-13: Dt:23.02.2019

Aim of the experiment:

Design Simulink model of full wave phase controlled rectifier with R – Load.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB SIMULINK 2016a

Theory:
Rectification converts an oscillating sinusoidal AC voltage source into a constant
current DC voltage supply by means of diodes, thyristors, transistors, or converters.
This rectifying process can take on many forms with
half-wave, full-wave, uncontrolled and fully-controlled
rectifiers transforming a single-phase or three-phase
supply into a constant DC level. In this tutorial we will
look at single-phase rectification and all its forms.
Rectifiers are one of the basic building blocks of AC
power conversion with half-wave or full-wave
rectification generally performed by semiconductor
diodes. Diodes allow alternating currents to flow
through them in the forward direction while blocking
current flow in the reverse direction creating a fixed DC voltage level making them
ideal for rectification.
However, direct current which has been rectified by diodes is not as pure as that
obtained from say, a battery source, but has voltage changes in the form of ripples
superimposed on it as a result of the alternating supply.
But for single phase rectification to take place, we need an AC sinusoidal waveform
of a fixed voltage and frequency as shown.
The single phase fully controlled rectifier allows conversion of single phase AC into
DC. Normally this is used in various applications such as battery charging, speed
control of DC motors and front end of UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and
SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply).
All four devices used are thyristors. The turn-on instants of these devices are
dependent on the firing signals that are given. Turn-off happens when the current
through the device reaches zero and it is reverse biased at least for duration equal to
the turn-off time of the device specified in the data sheet.
In positive half cycle thyristors T1 & T2 are fired at an angle α .
When T1 & T2 conducts
Vo=Vs
IO=is=Vo/R=Vs/R
In negative half cycle of input voltage, SCR's T3 &T4 are triggered at an angle of
(π+α)
Here output current & supply current are in opposite direction
∴ is=-io
T3 & T4 becomes off at 2π.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OUTPUT:
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CONCLUSION:
Single phase full wave-controlled rectifier with r-load was designed using thyristors
using MATLAB. AC input was applied to it and pulsating DC output was obtained. As
the load is resistive voltage waveform is equivalent to current waveform. The
amplitude of output voltage remains same as that of input waveform.

SUBMITTED BY
SUBHAM SEKHAR SARANGI
Regd.No.:1602060024
EEE-1