MATAKULIAH

BIOKIMIA
(MBI 104)

POKOK BAHASAN

PENDAHULUAN
DOSEN PENGAMPU
Dr. Zairin Thomy, M.Si.
E-mail:
zairinthomy@unsyiah.ac.id
z_thomy@yahoo.com
 And now for the
Biochemistry portion of
things….
Analysis of Biological System

Despite of all their complexity, an understanding of biological

system can be simplified by analyzing the system at
several different levels:

• the cell level: microbiology, cell biology;

• the molecular level: biochemistry, molecular biology;

• the population level: microbiology, ecology;

• the production level: bioprocess.

Biochemistry

Introduction of the biological system at molecule level.

This section is devoted mainly to the structure and

functions of biological molecules.
 Molecular biology:
• Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the
process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic
material.
Outline of Biochemistry Section
Contents-Cell construction
• Protein and amino acids
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids, fats and steroids
• Nucleic acids, RNA and DNA
 And now for the
Biochemistry portion of
things….

Understand the basic definitions,

characteristics and functions of
these biochemicals.
CARBOHYDRATES

• Living things use carbohydrates as a key source

of ENERGY
ENERGY!!
• Plants use carbohydrates for structure
(CELLULOSE
CELLULOSE))
– include sugars and complex carbohydrates
(starches)
– contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• all have the formula C6 H12 O6
• all have a single ring structure
– (glucose is an example)
Disaccharides (double sugars)
• all have the formula C12 H22 O11
• sucrose (table sugar) is an example
Polysaccharides

• Formed of three or more simple sugar units

• Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
• Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
• Starches - used as energy storage
 How are complex
carbohydrates formed
and broken down?
Dehydration Synthesis

• Combining simple molecules to form a more

complex one with the removal of water
– ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----
---->>
disaccharide + water
– (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----
---->> C12H22O11 + H2O
• Polysaccharides are formed from repeated
dehydration syntheses of water
– They are the stored extra sugars known as starch
Hydrolysis
• Addition of WATER to a compound to
SPLIT it into smaller subunits
– (also called chemical digestion)
– ex. disaccharide + H2O ---
--->>
monosaccharide + monosaccharide

C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---

--->> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
Lipids (Fats)
• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Chiefly function in energy storage, protection,
and insulation
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the
H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
• Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a
neutral lipid is below
• Neutral lipids are formed from the union of one
glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
• 3 fatty acids + glycerol ----
---->> neutral fat (lipid)
• Fats -- found chiefly in animals
• Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
• Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are
solids
• Lipids along with proteins are key components of
cell membranes
• Steroids are special lipids used to build many
reproductive hormones and cholesterol
PROTEINS
• contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen
• composed of MANY amino acid subunits
• It is the arrangement of the amino acid that
forms the primary structure of proteins.
• The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl
group on one end, a methyl group that only
has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino
group on the other end.
• Attached to the methyl group is a R group
group..
AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP
OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES
THE PROPERTIES OF THE
PROTEIN!
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• There are certain groups of atoms that are
frequently attached to the organic molecules we
will be studying, and these are called functional
groups..
groups
• These are things like hydroxyl groups which
form alcohols
alcohols,, carbonyl groups which form
aldehydes or ketones
ketones,, carboxyl groups which
form carboxylic acids,
acids, and amino groups
which form amines
amines..
Major Protein Functions

• Growth and repair

• Energy
• Buffer -- helps keep body pH constant
Dipeptide
• formed from two amino acid subunits
• Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis
• amino acid + amino acid ----- dipeptide + water
Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
• Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids
• dipeptide + H2O ---
--->> aminoacid + amino acid
Polypeptide (protein)
• composed of three or more amino acids linked
by synthesis reactions
• Examples of proteins include insulin,
hemoglobin, and enzymes.
• ** There are an extremely large number of
different proteins.
• The bases for variability include differences in
the number, kinds and sequences of amino
acids in the proteins
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
• in all cells
• composed of NUCLEOTIDES
• store & transmit heredity/genetic information
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
• 1. 5-Carbon Sugar
• 2. Phosphate Group
• 3. Nitrogenous Base
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a
cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins
• found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few
other organelles)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• directs cellular protein synthesis
• found in ribosomes & nucleoli
Contoh : Proses Kimia apa pada makhluk hidup ini ?
 The important thing is . . . . .
Not to stop questioning
(Albert Einstein)
Understand the basic definitions,
characteristics and functions of
protein !
 MATAKULIAH
BIOKIMIA (MBI 104)

POKOK BAHASAN
PENDAHULUAN
DOSEN PENGAMPU
Dr. Zairin Thomy, M.Si.
E-mail: z_thomy@yahoo.com
Prinsif dasar Biokimia ?
Dasar-dasar biokimia : Gugus Fungsional
Understand the basic definitions,
characteristics and functions of
protein !
 PROTEINS
• contain the elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
• composed of MANY amino acid subunits
• It is the arrangement of the amino acid that
forms the primary structure of proteins.
• The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl
group on one end, a methyl group that only
has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino
group on the other end.
• Attached to the methyl group is a R group
group..
AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP
OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES
THE PROPERTIES OF THE
PROTEIN!
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• There are certain groups of atoms that are
frequently attached to the organic molecules we
will be studying, and these are called functional
groups..
groups
• These are things like hydroxyl groups which
form alcohols
alcohols,, carbonyl groups which form
aldehydes or ketones
ketones,, carboxyl groups which
form carboxylic acids,
acids, and amino groups
which form amines
amines..
Major Protein Functions

• Growth and repair

• Energy
• Buffer -- helps keep body pH constant
Dipeptide
• formed from two amino acid subunits
• Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis
• amino acid + amino acid ----- dipeptide + water
Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
• Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids
• dipeptide + H2O ---
--->> aminoacid + amino acid
Polypeptide (protein)
• composed of three or more amino acids linked by
synthesis reactions
• Examples of proteins include insulin
insulin,, hemoglobin,
and enzymes.
• ** There are an extremely large number of different
proteins.
• The bases for variability include differences in the
number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the
proteins
Understand the basic definitions, characteristics
and functions of Carbohydrates !
CARBOHYDRATES

• Living things use carbohydrates as a key source

of ENERGY
ENERGY!!
• Plants use carbohydrates for structure
(CELLULOSE
CELLULOSE))
– include sugars and complex carbohydrates
(starches)
– contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• all have the formula C6 H12 O6
• all have a single ring structure
– (glucose is an example)
Disaccharides (double sugars)
• all have the formula C12 H22 O11
• sucrose (table sugar) is an example
Polysaccharides

• Formed of three or more simple sugar units

• Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
• Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
• Starches - used as energy storage
 How are complex
carbohydrates formed
and broken down?
Dehydration Synthesis

• Combining simple molecules to form a more

complex one with the removal of water
– ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----
---->>
disaccharide + water
– (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----
---->> C12H22O11 + H2O
• Polysaccharides are formed from repeated
dehydration syntheses of water
– They are the stored extra sugars known as starch
Hydrolysis
• Addition of WATER to a compound to
SPLIT it into smaller subunits
– (also called chemical digestion)
– ex. disaccharide + H2O ---
--->>
monosaccharide + monosaccharide

C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---

--->> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
 Understand the basic definitions,
characteristics and functions of Lipids !
Understand the basic definitions,
characteristics and functions of
Lipids !
Lipids (Fats)
• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Chiefly function in energy storage, protection,
and insulation
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the
H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
• Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a
neutral lipid is below
• Neutral lipids are formed from the union of one
glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
• 3 fatty acids + glycerol ----
---->> neutral fat (lipid)
• Fats -- found chiefly in animals
• Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
• Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are
solids
• Lipids along with proteins are key components of
cell membranes
• Steroids are special lipids used to build many
reproductive hormones and cholesterol
 Understand the basic definitions,
characteristics and functions of Nucleic
Acid !
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• in all cells
• composed of NUCLEOTIDES
• store & transmit heredity/genetic information
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
• 1. 5-Carbon Sugar
• 2. Phosphate Group
• 3. Nitrogenous Base
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a
cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins
• found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few
other organelles)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• directs cellular protein synthesis
• found in ribosomes & nucleoli
Questioning ?
UNDELINES !
KESIMPULAN !