Garbage In, Garbage Out

Garbage In, Garbage Out (abbreviated to GIGO, coined as a pun on First-In, First-Out) is a
phrase in the field of computer science or Information Communication technology. It is used
primarily to call attention to the fact that computers will unquestioningly process the most
nonsensical of input data and produce nonsensical output. It was most popular in the early days
of computing, but applies even more today, when powerful computers can spew out mountains
of erroneous information in a short time. The actual term "Garbage in, Garbage out", coined as a
teaching mantra by George Fuechsel, an IBM 305 RAMAC technician/instructor in New York,
soon contracted to the acronym GIGO. Early programmers were required to test virtually each
program step and cautioned not to expect that the resulting program would "do the right thing"
when given imperfect input. The underlying principle was noted by the inventor of the first
programmable device, who said:

On two occasions I have been asked,—"Pray, Mr. Babbage, if you put into the
“ machine wrong figures, will the right answers come out?" … I am not able rightly to
apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question. ”
  — Charles Babbage[1]

It is also commonly used to describe failures in human decision making due to faulty,
incomplete, or imprecise data.

The term can also be used as an explanation for the poor quality of a digitized audio or video file.
Although digitizing can be the first step in cleaning up a signal, it does not, by itself, improve the
quality. Defects in the original analog signal will be faithfully recorded, but may be identified
and removed by a subsequent step. (See Digital signal processing.)

Garbage In, Gospel Out is a more recent expansion of the acronym. It is a sardonic comment on
the tendency to put excessive trust in 'computerized' data, and on the propensity for individuals
to blindly accept what the computer says. Because the data goes through the computer, people
tend to believe it.

Decision-makers increasingly face computer-generated information and analyses

“ that could be collected and analyzed in no other way. Precisely for that reason, going
behind that output is out of the question, even if one has good cause to be
suspicious. In short, the computer analysis becomes the gospel." ”
  — [2]

Other Uses
While the term Garbage In, Garbage Out was coined originally by the Information Technology
sector, the same ideology can be applied in any field in which it is difficult to create a good result
when given bad input. For example, in translation, it is difficult to convert a source text that is
confused, illogical or missing pertinent information into a quality translation. A translator may
use the phrase "Garbage in, garbage out" to explain the importance of good source text to a
client. As another example, in quality implications, the quality of the materials a manufacturer
procures directly affects the quality of the finished product.[3]

The phrase is also used in the professional audio field in reference to the importance of high
quality microphones and/or source material.[citation needed] In the former case, the term describes the
fact that no matter how great the quality of the source material, if the microphone is not suited
for the application or is simply poor quality, then it's "garbage in, garbage out" on your
recording. The latter case describes the reverse scenario in which the source material (such as a
singer with a weak voice or a detuned instrument) is of poor quality, and not even the highest
quality microphone can make it sound better.

The term is used as a guiding principle in organic chemistry.[citation needed] If materials used in an
organic synthesis are not pure enough, the result can be a complex mixture with little of the
desired product.

Colloquially, the term has been used to refer to anything from human health to relationships.
[citation needed]
For example, eating junk food ("garbage in") will result in low energy and poor health
("garbage out").