Chapter 5 : Trigonometric Functions Example 5.

1:

Solving Trigonometric Equations Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for
00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 .
Note 5.1:
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.6428
Six Trigonometric Functions
Steps Solution
(a) sin 𝜃 1. Obtain the reference angle 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.6428
(b) cos 𝜃 for the angle using the 𝜃 = 400
(c) tan 𝜃 calculator.
1
(d) sec 𝜃 = 2. Determine the relevant sin 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
cos 𝜃
(e) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
1
= sin 𝜃 quadrants in which angle QI : 𝜃 = 400
1
lie. QII : 𝜃 = 180 − 40 = 1400
(f) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
3. Determine all the possible 𝜃 = 400 , 1400
solutions in the given range
of the angle.

𝑦 (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −0.5

Quadrant II Quadrant I Steps Solution

QII QI 1. Obtain the reference angle 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1
0.5
Sin positive All positive for the angle using the 𝜃 = 600
180 − 𝜃 𝜃 calculator.
𝑥
Quadrant III Quadrant IV 2. Determine the relevant cos 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QII : 𝜃 = 180 − 60 = 1200
QIII QIV lie. QIII : 𝜃 = 180 + 60 = 2400
Tan positive Cos positive
180 + 𝜃 360 − 𝜃 3. Determine all the possible 𝜃 = 1200 , 2400
solutions in the given range
of the angle.
c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0.4392 Example 5.2:

Steps Solution Solve each of the following trigonometric equation for

−1
1. Obtain the reference angle 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.4392 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
for the angle using the 𝜃 = 23.710
calculator. (a) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 0
2. Determine the relevant tan 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QI : 𝜃 = 23.710 Steps Solution
lie. QIII : 𝜃 = 180 + 23.71 1. Factorise and find the Let be 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦
= 203.710 roots. 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
3. Determine all the possible 𝜃 = 23.710 , 203.710 (𝑦 − 1)(2𝑦 − 1) = 0
solutions in the given range 1
𝑦 = 1 ,𝑦 =
of the angle. 2

2. Obtain the reference angle 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1

for the angle using the 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1
calculator. 𝑥 = 900
Exercise 5.1: 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2
Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 1
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 . 2
𝑥 = 300
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.8660
3. Determine the relevant sin 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 900 , 300
(b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −0.5 lie. QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 90 , 180 − 30
= 900 , 1500
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.3420
4. Determine all the possible 𝑥 = 300 , 900 , 1800
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −0.7660 solutions in the given range
of the angle.
(e) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0.8391

(f) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = −0.3640

(b) 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Exercise 5.2:

Steps Solution Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for

1. Factorise and find the 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
roots. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = (a) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3 = 0
4

2. Obtain the reference angle 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 (b) 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2

for the angle using the 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0
calculator. 𝑥 = 00 (c) 10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 1
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
4 (d) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
4
𝑥 = 75.520 (e) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

3. Determine the relevant sin 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 00
lie. QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 0 = 1800
cos 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Note 5.3:
QI : 𝑥 = 75.520
QIV : 𝑥 = 360 − 75.52
= 284.480 Basic Identities

4. Determine all the possible 𝑥 = 00 , 75.520 , 1800 , 284.480 , i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

solutions in the given range 3600 ii. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
of the angle. iii. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
Example 5.3: (b) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 4

Solve each of the following trigonometric equation for Steps Solution

00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 . 1. Use basic identities (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 4 = 0
2

2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 3 = 0
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
2. Factorise and find the 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 =
roots. 2
Steps Solution 3
1. Use basic identities (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ±√ = ±1.225
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1 − 1 = 0 3. Obtain the reference 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1.225
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 angle for the angle using 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.225
the calculator. 𝜃 = 50.770
2. Factorise and find the Let be 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑦
roots. 𝑦2 − 𝑦 = 0 4. Determine the relevant tan 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑦(𝑦 − 1) = 0 quadrants in which angle QI : 𝜃 = 50.770
𝑦 =0, 𝑦=1 lie. QIII : 𝜃 = 180 + 50.77 = 230.77
tan 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
3. Obtain the reference 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 QII : 𝜃 = 180 − 50.77 = 129.23
angle for the angle using 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0 QIV: 𝜃 = 360 − 50.77 = 309.23
the calculator. 𝜃 = 900
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 5. Determine all the 𝜃 = 50.770 , 129.230 , 230.770 ,
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 possible solutions in the 309.230
𝜃 = 00 given range of the angle.

4. Determine the relevant cos 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

quadrants in which angle QI : 𝜃 = 900 , 𝜃 = 00
lie. QIV : 𝜃 = 360 − 90, 360 − 0
= 2700 , 3600

5. Determine all the 𝜃 = 00 , 900 , 2700 , 3600

possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
(c) 3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 1 = 0 Exercise 5.3:

Steps Solution Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for

1. Use basic identities
2. Factorise and find the
roots.
2
3(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 1 = 0 00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 .
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 4 = 0
(a) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1 = 0
Let be 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑦
3𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0
(𝑦 − 1)(3𝑦 + 4) = 0 (b) 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 = 0
4
𝑦 =1, 𝑦 =− (c) 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 7
3

3. Obtain the reference 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 1 (d) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 − 9 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

angle for the angle using 1
the calculator. = 1 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (e) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 = 900
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = −
3
1 4 3
= − ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3 4
−1
3 0
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 48.59
4

4. Determine the relevant sin 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

quadrants in which angle QI : 𝜃 = 900
lie. QII : 𝜃 = 180 − 90 = 90
sin 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
QIII : 𝜃 = 180 + 48.59 = 228.59
QIV : 𝜃 = 360 − 48.59 = 311.41

5. Determine all the 𝜃 = 900 , 228.590 , 311.410

possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
Note 5.4: Example 5.4:

Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for

00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
Double angle Formulae
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 (a) 3 cos 2𝑥 = 7 cos 𝑥

cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 Steps Solution
2
1. Use double-angle 3(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 1) − 7 cos 𝑥 = 0
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 formulae 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 7 cos 𝑥 − 3 = 0
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 2. Factorise and find the Let be cos 𝑥 = 𝑦
roots. 6𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 − 3 = 0
(2𝑦 − 3)(3𝑦 + 1) = 0
3 1
𝑦= , 𝑦=−
2 3

3. Obtain the reference 3

cos 𝑥 =
angle for the angle using 2
Addition Formulae the calculator. (no solution)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 sin 𝐵
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 cos 𝑥 = −
3
𝑥 = 70.53
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 4. Determine the relevant cos 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 70.53 = 109.47
lie. QIII : 𝑥 = 180 + 70.53 = 250.53

5. Determine all the 𝑥 = 109.470 , 250.530

possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
(b) sin 2𝑥 = cos 𝑥 (c) tan 2𝑥 = 2 cot 𝑥

Steps Solution Steps Solution

1. Use double-angle 2 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0 1. Use double-angle 2 tan 𝑥 2
=
formulae formulae 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 tan 𝑥
2. Factorise and find the cos 𝑥(2 sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 2 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
roots. cos 𝑥 = 0 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 2
1
sin 𝑥 =
2
2. Factorise and find the 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 =
3. Obtain the reference cos 𝑥 = 0 roots. 2
angle for the angle using 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0 = 900 1
the calculator. 1 tan 𝑥 = ±√
sin 𝑥 = 2
2
−1
1
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 300
2 3. Obtain the reference
1
angle for the angle using tan 𝑥 = ±√
4. Determine the relevant cos 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 the calculator. 2
quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 90
lie. QIV : 𝑥 = 360 − 90 = 270 1
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ = 35.260
sin 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 2
Q1 : 𝑥 = 30
QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 30 = 150 4. Determine the relevant tan 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 35.26
5. Determine all the 𝑥 = 300 , 900 , 1500 , 2700 lie. QIII : 𝑥 = 180 + 35.26 = 215.26
possible solutions in the tan 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
given range of the angle. QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 35.26 = 144.74
QIV : 𝑥 = 360 − 35.26 = 324.74

5. Determine all the 𝑥 = 35.260 , 144.740 , 215.260 , 324.740

possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
Exercise 5.4: Example 5.5:

Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for
00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 . 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .

(a) 3 sin 2𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑥 (a) sin(𝑥 − 300 ) = cos 𝑥

(b) 4 cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 Steps Solution

1. Use addition formulae. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(c) cos 2𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 sin 𝑥 cos 30 = cos 𝑥 sin 30 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 30 = cos 𝑥(sin 30 + 1)
sin 𝑥 sin 30 + 1
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 cos 30
tan 𝑥 = 1.732
(e) tan 2𝑥 = cot 𝑥
2. Obtain the reference tan 𝑥 = 1.732
angle for the angle using 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.732 = 600
the calculator.

3. Determine the relevant tan 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 60
lie. QIII : 𝑥 = 180 + 60 = 240

4. Determine all the 𝑥 = 600 , 2400

possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
(b) sin(𝑥 + 300 ) = cos(𝑥 − 300 )
Steps Solution
1. Use addition formulae. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 =
cos 𝑥 cos 30 + sin 𝑥 sin 30
cos 𝑥 sin 30 − cos 𝑥 cos 30 =
sin 𝑥 sin 30 − sin 𝑥 cos 30
cos 𝑥(sin 30 − cos 30) =
sin 𝑥 (sin 30 − cos 30)
sin 𝑥
=1
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = 1
2. Obtain the reference tan 𝑥 = 1
angle for the angle using 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 450
the calculator.
3. Determine the relevant tan 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QI : 𝑥 = 45
lie. QIII : 𝑥 = 180 + 45 = 225
4. Determine all the 𝑥 = 450 , 2250
possible solutions in the
given range of the angle.
(c) tan(450 − 𝑥) = 4 tan(𝑥 + 450 )
Steps Solution
1. Use addition formulae. tan 45 − tan 𝑥 4(tan 𝑥 + tan 45)
=
1 + tan 45 tan 𝑥 1 − tan 𝑥 tan 45
1 − tan 𝑥 4(tan 𝑥 + 1)
=
1 + tan 𝑥 1 − tan 𝑥
(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2 = 4(1 + tan 𝑥)2
1 − 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 =
4 + 8 tan 𝑥 + 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 10 tan 𝑥 + 3 = 0
2. Factorise and find the Let be tan 𝑥 = 𝑦
roots. 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 3 = 0
(3𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 3) = 0
1
𝑦 = − , 𝑦 = −3
3
3. Obtain the reference 1
tan 𝑥 = −
angle for the angle using 3
the calculator. 1
𝑥 = tan−1 − = 18. 430
3
tan 𝑥 = −3
𝑥 = tan−1 −3 = 71. 570
4. Determine the relevant tan 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
quadrants in which angle QII : 𝑥 = 180 − 18.43 = 161.57
lie. 𝑥 = 180 − 71.57 = 108.43
QIV : 𝑥 = 360 − 18.43 = 341.57
𝑥 = 360 − 71.57 = 288.43
5. Determine all the 𝑥 = 108.430 , 161.570 , 288.430 ,
possible solutions in the 341.570
given range of the angle.
Exercise 5.5:

Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for SPM 2009

00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 . 1. Solve the equation 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
[𝑥 = 190 28′ , 900 , 1600 32′ , 2700 ]
(a) 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 300 ) = sin 𝑥
SPM 2007
(b) sin (𝑥 + 600 ) = cos 𝑥 2. Solve the equation cot 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 = 0 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
[𝑥 = 900 , 2100 , 2700 , 3300 ]
(c) sin (𝑥 + 300 ) = sin (𝑥 − 300 )
SPM 2006
(d) sin 𝑥 = 2 cos (𝑥 + 300 ) 3. Solve the equation 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 4 sin 300
for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
(e) 2 tan 𝑥 + 3 tan (𝑥 + 450 ) = 0 [𝑥 = 230 35′ , 1560 25′ , 1990 28′ , 3400 32′]

SPM 2005
4. Solve the equation 3 cos 2𝑥 = 8 sin 𝑥 − 5 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
[𝑥 = 41.810 , 138.190 ]

SPM 2004
5. Solve the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 .
[𝑥 = 300 , 1500 , 2700 ]

SPM 2003
6. Solve the equation 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 13 tan 𝐴 = 0for 00 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 3600 .
[𝑥 = 33.690 , 56.310 , 213.690 , 236.310 ]
Answer

Exercise 5.1 Exercise 5.5

(a) 𝜃 = 600 , 1200 (a) 𝑥 = 100.890 , 280.890
(b) 𝜃 = 2100 , 3300 (b) 𝑥 = 150 , 1950
(c) 𝜃 = 700 , 2900 (c) 𝑥 = 900 , 2700
(d) 𝜃 = 1400 , 2200 (d) 𝑥 = 400 53′ , 2200 53′
(e) 𝜃 = 400 , 2200 (e) 𝑥 = 710 34′ , 1530 26′ , 2510 34′ , 3330 26′
(f) 𝜃 = 2000 , 3400

Exercise 5.2
(a) 𝑥 = 300 , 1500
(b) 𝑥 = 70.530 , 289.470
(c) 𝑥 = 26.570 , 168.690 , 206.570 , 348.690
(d) 𝑥 = 00 , 600 , 1800 , 3000 , 3600
(e) 𝑥 = 14.480 , 900 , 165.520 , 2700

Exercise 5.3
(a) 𝜃 = 2100 , 3300
(b) 𝜃 = 70.530 , 289.470
(c) 𝜃 = 450 , 111.800 , 2250 , 291.800
(d) 𝜃 = 11.540 , 168.460 , 2100 , 3300
(e) 𝜃 = 600 , 1800 , 3000

Exercise 5.4
(a) 𝑥 = 00 , 48.190 , 1800 , 311.810 , 3600
(b) 𝑥 = 600 , 104.480 , 255.520 , 3000
(c) 𝑥 = 300 , 1500
(d) 𝑥 = 00 , 1200 , 2400 , 3600
(e) 𝑥 = 300 , 1500 , 2100 , 3300