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NET Framework
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1. What is an ApplicationSoftware?
Answer: If we are routinely faced problems in a real life identified and to develop the programmes
which called as ApplicationSoftware.

2. What is SystemSoftware?
Answer: SystemSoftware: Which is software that directly operates the computer hardware, to provide
basic functionality needed by users and other software, and to provide a platform for running
application software Ex:DeviceDrivers.

3. Who is applicapable for the SystemProgramming?

Answer: One who programs directly for a given hardware eg: Device Drivers or extremely low level o/p
services.

4. Who is applicapable for the ApplicationProgramming?

Answer: One who programs applications used by people for their requirements – eg: Calculator,
Calendar, MS-Office like packages, Accounting Packages etc…

5. What is .NET?
Answer: MS.Net is a Framework.

6. What is MS.NET Framework?

Answer: MS.NET Framework is a platform.

7. What is Platform?
Answer: Platform is an environment for developing and executing various applications.

8. What is Managed Extensibility framework?

Answer: Managed extensibility framework (MEF) is a new library that is introduced as a part of .NET 4.0
and Silverlight 4. It helps in extending your application by providing greater reuse of applications and
components. MEF provides a way for host application to consume external extensions without any
configuration requirement.

9. What is ASP.NET role in .NET framework?

Answer: It provides all the benefits of .NET including early binding , strong typing , JIT compilation and
Extensive class library and language independence.

10. What is the difference between Component and .Net Framework?

Answer: Component is a tool. Example: MS.NET Framework Runtime,MS.NET Framework SDK and Visual
Studio.NET.Net Framework: Framework is a platform.

11. What is the difference between .Net Core and .Net Framework?
Answer: .NET Core as a subset of .NET Framework.

12. What is MS.NET Framework Runtime?

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Answer: The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment called the common language runtime,
which runs the code and provides services that make the development process easier. Used for both
Development and Production of .NET applications

13. What is MS.NET Framework SDK?

Answer: The Microsoft .NET Framework Software Development Kit (SDK) includes tools, documentation
and samples developers need to write, build, test, and deploy .NET Framework applications. Mostly used
only for Development of .NET application

14. What is Visual Studio.NET?

Answer: It's an Integrated Development Environment(IDE) and Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Tool for Developing .NET applications, not needed on Production machine, common environment for
multiple languages like VB.NET, C#, VC++, can be used any type of MS.NET Application, can be used also
for non dot net based applications like PHP pages. For this we need a plug-in to be installed over Studio.

15. What is Managed Applications?

Answer: Managed applications the source code given to the CLR to the communicate with the OS.

16. What is Unmanaged Applications?

Answer: UnManaged applications the source code do not given to the CLR to the communicate with the
OS. Exmple:COM Components.

17. What is Version Dependency?

Answer: 1.0,1.1,2.0 and 4.0 are independent versions of .net. 3.0 over must and should instal 2.0, 3.5
over must and should instal 3.0. 4.0 and 4.5 here 4.5 replaces the 4.0.

18. What is Version Compatibilty?

Answer: The version used on development machine and production machine must be same. If 1.1 has
been used for development and on the production machine even if 2.0 is installed and if 1.1 is not, then
the application will not work.

19. What is Side-by-Side Execution?

Answer: Side-by-side execution is the ability to run multiple versions of an application or component on
the same computer. You can have multiple versions of the common language runtime, and multiple
versions of applications and components that use a version of the runtime, on the same computer at the
same time.

20. What is dll hell problem?

Answer: dll Hell refers to a set of problems caused when multiple applications attempt to share a
common component like a dynamic link library (DLL). The reason for this issue was that the version
information about the different components of an application was not recorded by the system. but in
.net we dont have dll hell problem.

21. What is NGEN.EXE?

Answer: Ngen stores full compiled .NET native code in to cache. In other words rather than dynamically
compiling the code on run time a full image of native compiled code is stored in cache while installing
the application. This leads to better performance as the assembly loads and execute faster.

22. What is Class Library?

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Answer: The .NET base class library is a collection of object-oriented types and interfaces that provide
object models and services for many of the complex programming tasks we routinely face during
application development.

23. What's the difference between BaseCassLibrary and FrameworkClasslibrary?

Answer: BCL stands for Base class library also known as Class library (CL). BCL is a subset of Framework
class library (FCL). Class library is the collection of reusable types that are closely integrated with CLR.
Base Class library provides classes and types that are helpful in performing day to day operation Ex:
dealing with string and primitive types, database connection, IO operations.
while Framework class library contains thousands of classes used to build different types of applications
and provides all the basic functionalities and services that application needs. FCL includes classes and
services to support different variety of application Ex: ASP.Net, MVC, WCF.

24. What is Namespace?

Answer: A namespace is a logical collection of classes and other types with unique name. The structure
of the namespace is like a tree where all the related classes are like leaves. All BCL begin with the
namespace “System”.

25. What is the Difference between NameSpace and Assembly?

Answer: Assembly is physical grouping of logical units, Namespace, logically groups classes.
Namespace can span multiple assembly.

26. What is the Difference between NameSpace and Class?

Answer: NameSpace: A namespace is a logical collection of classes and other types with unique name.
Class: class is a blueprint.

27. How many languages supported by .NET?

Answer: More than 64 languages are supported by .NET.

28. What is LanguageCompiler?

Answer: The compiler produces executable (.exe) files, dynamic-link libraries (.dll), or code modules
(.netmodule).

29. What is PE(Programmble Executable)?

Answer: Is a Microsoft Win32 compatible format file for .Net applications which contains the MSIL code
and Metadata in binary form.It has the extension .EXE or .DLL.

30. What is MSIL?

Answer: An intermediate language code generated by language compiler is called MSIL.The source code
when compiled gives the MSIL as output and this serves as input to the CLR. CLR has a JIT compiler which
converts the MSIL code to native code and native code is OS and hardware dependent.

31. What is Metadata?

Answer: Metadata describes every type and member defined in your code in a language-neutral manner
Metadata stores the following information: Description of the assembly Name, Version, Culture, Public
Key Exported Types other Assemblies that this assembly is dependent upon description of types.

32. What is ILDASM?

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Answer: The ILDASM stands for Intermediate Language Disassembler. This is a de-compiler which helps
to get the source code from the assembly.
This ILDASM converts an assembly to instructions from which source code can be obtained. The ILDASM
can analize the .dll or .exe files and converts into human readable form. This is used to examine
assemblies and understanding the assembly capability.

33. What is ReverseEngineering?

Answer: The ILDASM can analize the .dll or .exe files and converts into human readable form i.e. MSIL.
Code and changes done and given back to the assembly. .Net fuscater is a tool to stop the reverse
engineering.

34. What is Profiling?

Answer: A profiler is a tool that monitors the execution of another application. A common language
runtime (CLR) profiler is a dynamic link library (DLL) that consists of functions that receive messages
from, and send messages to, the CLR by using the profiling API. The profiler DLL is loaded by the CLR at
run time.

35. Is it possible to run a CLR targeted program on Linux?

Answer: If its an executable, then to run it on linux, it will require WINE.

36. What is CLR?

Answer: CLR an environment it is responsible for program execution. In .Net, .Net code can be written in
many languages like c#, VB, etc.

37. Why is the .NET's Common Language Runtime created when you could have made C# run native on
Windows?
Answer: The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET
framework, manages the execution of .NET programs.

38. List out the CLR advantages?

Answer: CLR advantages are:
a. High Performance Applications Vastly simplified development.
b. Seamless integration of the code written in various languages.
c. Evidence-based security with code identity.
d. Assembly-based deployment that eliminates DLL Hell.
e. Side-by-side versioning of reusable components.
f. Code reuse through implementation inheritance. Automatic object lifetime management.
g. Self describing objects.

39. List out the components in CLR?

Answer: The following are the components in CLR:
a. Code Execution
b. Common Type System (CTS)
c. Automatic Memory Management
d. JIT Compiler
e. Garbage Collector
f. Security Manager

40. What is Common Type System(CTS)?

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Answer: The Common Type System defines how types are declared, used, and managed in the runtime,
and is also an important part of the runtime's support for cross-language integration, type safety and
high performance applications.

41. What is an IL?

Intermediate Language is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common
Intermediate Language). All .NET source code is compiled to IL. IL is then converted to machine code at
the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

42. What is JIT Compiler?

Answer: CLR compiles Intermediate Language(IL) in just-in-time (JIT) manner each function is compiled
just before execution and converted into native code. Also the JIT code stays in memory for subsequent
calls.

43. What is CodeAccessSecurity?

Answer:The Common Language Runtime (CLR) allows code to perform only those operations that the
code has permission to perform. So CAS is the CLR's security system that enforces security policies by
preventing unauthorized access to protected resources and operations.

44. What are the different type of JIT's ?

Different Types of JIT are
1) Pre-JIT - Complies complete source code into native code at the time of deployment.
2) Econo-JIT - Complies methods that are called at runtime.
3) Normal-JIT - Complies methods that are called at runtime and get stored in cache.
Next time when the same method is called, it will be taken from cache.

45. What is Class Loader?

Answer: Class Loaders are the programs, the classes that are responsible for loading classes into the
underlying CLR. Any class before being used, should first be available and accessible to the class loader,
which will load the class into the memory and then only the CLR can perform any task on it.

46. What is Garbage Collector?

Answer: The Garbage Collector manages the allocation and release of memory for any application. Each
time you create a new object, the common language runtime allocates memory for the object from the
managed heap. As long as address space is available in the managed heap, the runtime continues to
allocate space for new objects.

47. What is NGen.EXE ?

Answer: NGen.EXE (Native Generator) is used for compiling all the MSIL code in PE file into Native code.
This is done before the code is executed or during the deployment of PE on target machine. This way
even the first time execution of code is fast as it doesn’t need any more runtime compilation.

48. What is Managed Code?

Answer: Code that targets the CLR is referred to as managed code. Managed code is represented in
special Intermediate Language (IL).

49. What is the difference between un-safe code & un-managed code?
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Answer: Un-managed code runs outside the CLR control while the Un-safe code runs inside the CLR
control. Both of these may use pointers & direct memory access.
Unsafe code means managed program can access the memory address using pointers. Unsafe is
managed by the CLR.

50. What are the main Difference between NameSpace and Assembly ?
Namespace:
Forms the logical boundary for a Group of classes.
ii. It is a Collection of names where each name is Unique.
Iii. The namespace must be specified in Project Properties.
Assembly:
Assemblies are Self-Describing
ii. It is an Output Unit. It is a unit of deployment and is used for versioning. Assemblies contain MSIL
code.

51. List the new features added in .NET Framework 4.x.

The following are the new features of .NET Framework 4.x:
Improved Application Compatibility and Deployment Support
Dynamic Language Runtime
Managed Extensibility Framework
Parallel Programming framework
Improved Security Model
Networking Improvements
Improved Core ASP.NET Services
Improvements in WPF 4
Improved Entity Framework (EF)
Integration between WCF and WF

52. How memory will be managed in .NET?

Answer: The CLR manages memory for managed code and it is also called as Automatic Memory
Management. All allocations of objects and buffers made from a Managed Heap, unused objects and
buffers are cleaned up automatically through Garbage Collection.

53. How many types of applications we can develop by using VisualStudio.NET?

Answer: Various types of applications we can develop by using VisualStudio.NET those are: Console
Based Applications (e.g. Compiler), Windows GUI Application using WinForms, GUI Rich Windows
Application (WPF), Windows Services, ASP.NET Web Applications (ASPX / MVC), SOA using WCF and
Mobile / Smart Device Applications.

54. What is Managed Heap?

Answer: After the garbage collector is initialized by the CLR, it allocates a segment of memory to store
and manage objects. This memory is called the managed heap, as opposed to a native heap in the
operating system.

55. What is the difference between Finalize() and Dispose()?

Answer: Dispose: This dispose method will be used to free unmanaged resources like files, database
connection etc, To clear unmanaged resources we need to write code manually to raise dispose()
method.
Finalize: This method also free unmanaged resources like database connections, files etc, It is
automatically raised by garbage collection mechanism whenever the object goes out of scope.
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56. How many types of heap memories are existing?

Answer: For ease of .net program execution heap memories in RAM Categorized into 2 types
a. Managed Heap
b. UnManged Heap