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Detailing
The actual process of detailing has not changed dramatically. However, many detailed provisions are
di erent to those that were in BS 8110.

The main reference for detailing is the IStructE Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete, 3rd
edition, which is named as NCCI in the UK National Annex. Guidance can be found in Chapter 10 of
How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2: Detailing. The main issues are discussed here.

Cover

The nominal cover should generally be speci ed by the designer (See How to Design Concrete
Structures using Eurocode 2: Chapter 2 Getting started). The nominal cover should be shown on the
drawings and should refer to the reinforcement nearest to the surface of the concrete e.g. the links in
a beam. The cover to the main bar should be at least equal to the size of that bar, plus the allowance
for deviations, cdev which is usually 10 mm depending on the quality assurance. In high exposures
nominal covers will be greater.

Anchorage and lap lengths

Eurocode 2 introduces a range of factors (1 to 6) for use when calculating the appropriate anchorage
and lap lengths. A number of assumptions can be made that enable the Table 2 (below) to be
developed for anchorage and lap lengths.
If the conditions noted in the table are not met then reference should be made to Eurocode 2.
Lap lengths for unequal size bars may be based on the smaller bar.
The top of sections > 250 mm thick and the top 300 mm of sections deeper than 600 mm are
considered to provide poor bond conditions. In these locations, bond strengths are reduced and
anchorage and lap lengths are increased accordingly.
Eurocode 2 states that where possible laps in a member should be staggered and not located in areas
of high stress. The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with How to Design Concrete Structures
using Eurocode 2: Detailing, see Figure 5.

Table 2: Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (mm) 

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 Extract from How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2: Detailing (page 80, table 2)

Tension laps

Transverse tensile stresses occur at the ends of lapped bars. Where the diameter,  of the lapped bars
needs to be more than 20 mm diameter transverse bars (i.e. links) should be provided close to the
ends of the lapped bars.

Curtailment

Longitudinal reinforcement should be extended beyond the point at which it is no longer required for
exural strength by a distal al which may calculated or conservatively be taken as al = 1.125d (this is
known as the ‘shift rule’).  Simpli ed rules are shown in Figures 8 and 10 below.

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Figure 8: Simpli ed detailing rules for beams

Extract from How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2: Detailing (Page 82, Figure 8)

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Figure 10: Simpli ed detailing rules for slabs

Extract from How to Design Concrete Structure using Eurocode 2: Detailing (Page 84, Figure 10) 

Punching shear reinforcement

There are detailed rules for punching shear reinforcement.

Detailing minima and maxima

The clauses and values for most detailing minima and maxima are given in Table 1 below:

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Table 1 Detailing minima and maxima according to Eurocode 2

Item                                      EC2 Clause / Values

Beams                                   
Main Bars in Tension           
As,min                                       9.2.1.1 (1):    0.26 fctm/fykbd  ³ 0.0013 bd
As,max                                      9.2.1.1 (3):    0.04 bd
Main Bars in Compression
As,max                                      9.2.1.1 (3):    0.04 bd
Spacing of Main Bars           
smin                                         8.2 (2):         dg + 5 mm or f or 20mm
Smax                                         Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N
Links                                      
Asw,min                                     9.2.2 (5):    (0.08 b s Öfck)/fyk
sl,max                                       9.2.2 (6):    0.75 d
st,max                                       9.2.2 (8):    0.75 d £ 600 mm
st,maxcompression                            9.2.1.2 (3)  15f
 Slabs
Main Bars in Tension
As,min                                       9.2.1.1 (1):  0.26 fctm/fykbd  ³ 0.0013 bd
As,max                                      9.2.1.1 (3):  0.04 bd
Secondary Transverse Bars
As,min                                       9.3.1.1 (2): 0.2As for single way slabs
Spacing of Bars                     
smin                                         8.2 (2):    dg + 5 mm or f or 20mm
Smax                                         9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h £ 400 mm
                                                             secondary: 3.5h £ 450 mm
                                                              in places of maximum moment:
                                                                   main:  2h £ 250 mm
                                                                   secondary: 3h £ 400 mm
 Punching shear links
Asw,min                                     9.4.3 (2): Link leg = 0.053sr st Ö(fck)/fyk
Sr                                            9.4.3 (1):    0.75d
St                                            9.4.3 (1):    within 1st control perim.:  1.5d
                                                                      outside 1st control perim.:  2d
Columns                                
Main Bars in Compression
As,min                                       9.5.2 (2):   0.10NEd/fyk £ 0.002bh
As,max                                      9.5.2 (3):   0.04 bh
Links                                      
Min size                                 9.5.3 (1) 0.25f or 6 mm
Scl,tmax                                     9.5.3 (3): generally MIN (20fmin; b;  400 mm)
                                                               but within h of a slab or beam or in lap
lengths MIN(12fmin; 0.6b; 240 mm)
                                               9.5.3 (6): No compression bar > 150 mm from a
restrained bar

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