MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

CHAPTER 2 : FUNCTION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Partial Derivatives

Functions of two variables related to 2 or more variables. The symbol ‘  ’ is use for
differentiating function of more than one variable. In general, if z  f ( x, y ) the notation used to
represent the partial derivatives are;

z f f ( x, y )
   fx  Z x
x x x
z f f ( x, y )
   fy  Z y
y y y

To compute partial derivatives, treat all the other variables as constants.

 If we are taking the partial derivative of z with respect to x, then y is treated as a

constant.
 If we are taking the partial derivative of z with respect to y, then x is treated as a
constant

Example 1

Find f x ( x, y ) and f y ( x, y ) for f ( x, y )  2x 3 y 2  2y  4 x

Solution:

f x ( x, y )  6 x 2 y 2  4 ; considering the variable y is constant

f y ( x, y )  4x 3 y  2 ; considering the variable x is constant

Example 2

z z
Find and for :
x y
a) z  3  x 3  y 2  2x 2 y
b) z  e 2 x sin y  y 5 tan x

Answers:
z z
a)  3 x 2  4 xy;  2y  2 x 2
x y
z z
b)  2e 2 x sin y  y 5 sec 2 x;  e 2 x cos y  5y 4 tan x
x y

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Graph of a Function

The graph of a function of consist of all points (x,y,z) that satisfy the equation z = f(x ,y). The
graph forms a surface in 3 dimensional spaces.

Example 4:

Sketch the graph for function below.

a) x + y = 1 (linear in R 2 and R 3 ) b) y  x2 (parabola in R 2 and R 3 )

c) z  x2  y 2 (paraboloid in R 3 )

General Graph (a,b,c,d is a constant)

1. Plane equation – ax  by  cz  d
a)  x  a    y  b   r 2 (centered at (a,b) and radius r)
2 2
2. Circle
b) x 2  y 2  r 2 (centered at (0,0) and radius r)
a)  x  a    y  b    z  c   r 2 (centered at (a,b,c) and radius r)
2 2 2
3. Sphere
b) x2  y 2  z 2  r 2 (centered at (0,0,0) and radius r)

3. Cone z 2  x2  y 2
4. Cylinder x2  y 2  a2

Example 5:

Sketch the graph for function below.

a) z  6  3x  2 y c) z   9  x2  y 2

b) z  9  x2  y 2 d) x2  y 2  9

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Multiple Integral

Double Integral

i) Double Integral Over Rectangular Region

Fubini’s Theorem
If f is continuous on the rectangle R   x, y  a  x  b, c  y  d  , then

b d
 
d b

 f  x, y  dA     f  x, y  dy dx     f  x, y  dx dy
R a c  c a 

Example 6:

Evaluate the iterated integrals.

3 2 2 3
a) x (Ans: 27/2) b) x ydxdy (Ans : 27/2)
2 2
ydydx
0 1 1 0

Solution:

x 3 y  2

  x ydydx
x 0 y 1
2

x 3 y 2
 2 y2 

x 0
x

 dx
2 
y 0
x 3
22


x 0
x2(
2
 0)dx

x 3


 2x dx
x 0
2

x 3
 2x 3 
 
 3  x 0
 2(3) 3 
  0
 3 
 18

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 7:

Evaluate the double integral  (x  3y

2
) dA , where R   x, y  0  x  2,1  y  2 .Ans: -12
R
Solution:

 (x  3y
2
) dA
R
x 2 y 2


  x  3ydydx
x 0 y 1

x 2 y 2
 3y 3 


x 0



xy 
3 
 dx
y 1
2


 2x  8  x  1dx
0
2


 2x  8  x  1dx
0
2


 x  7dx
0
x 2
x2 
  7x 
 2  x 0
 2  14
 12

Properties of Double Integrals

a)    f  x, y   g  x, y  dA   f ( x, y) dA +  f ( x, y) dA
R R R

b)   cf  x, y  dA  c  f ( x, y) dA , c is a constant
R R

c) If f  x, y   g  x, y  for all  x, y  in R, then   f  x, y  dA    g  x, y  dA

R R
b d
d)   g  x  h  y  dA   g  x  dx  h  y  dy where R   a, b    c, d 
R a c

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 8:

 
a) Evaluate  sin( x) cos( y) dA
R
, R  [0, ]  [0, ] . (Ans : 1)
2 2

 
b) Evaluate,  cos(2x  y) dA
R
R  ( x, y ) | 0  x   , 0  y   (Ans : 0)
 2

ii) Double Integral Over Non Rectangular Region

(A) Cartesian Coordinate

- Draw a vertical line

- Cross parallel to y-axis
Type I - x is held constant

b y 2  g2 ( x )
R
Volume   f ( x, y ) dA    f ( x, y ) dy dx
R a y1  g1 ( x )

a b

- Draw a horizontal line

- Cross parallel to x-axis
b
Type II - y is held constant

R d x 2 h 2( y )

Volume   f ( x, y ) dA    f ( x, y) dx dy
R c x 1h 1( y )
a

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 9:

Evaluate the double integral

a)
 2xy dA
R
: R is the region bounded by the circle y  x 2 and the lines

y  0 and x  2 . Ans: 32/3

Solution:

Sketch the region;

y  x2

Then;

i) Evaluate R as type I region ii) Evaluate R as type II region

x 2 y  x 2 y  4 x 2

 2xydA    2xydydx
x 0 y 0
 2xydA    2xydxdy
y 0 x  y

1
b)  xy dA
R
: R is the region bounded by the curve y  x and line y 
2
x and the

line x  2 and x  4 . (Ans : 11/6)

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 10:

a) Evaluate    x  2 y  dA where D is the region bounded by the parabolas

D
y  2 x2

and y  1  x2 . Sketch the region of integration. Ans: 32/15

b) Evaluate   xy  x  y  dA over the region R where R is bounded by

R
y  x and y  x2 .

Sketch the region of integration. Ans: 3/56

c) Evaluate
 xydA , where R is the region bounded by the line
R
y  x  1 and parabola

y  2x  6 .Ans: 36
2


2
d) Evaluate e y dxdy , where R bounded by x   y , x  y and y  2 . Ans: e 4  1
R


1
e) Evaluate sin y 4 dA , given R as below: Ans: (1  cos16)
4
R

y
1

2 y x 3

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Reversing the order of the integration

-can sometime simplify the evaluation of the iterated integral

Example 11:

a) Sketch and reverse the order of the following double integral

2 ln y
i)   f  x, y  dxdy
1 0

2 4 x2
ii)   f  x, y  dydx
0 0

4 2
iii)   f  x, y  dydx
0 x

4 8
iv)   f  x, y  dxdy
0 2y

3 9 y 2

v)
  f ( x, y )dxdy
0  9 y 2

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

3 9 x

b) Sketch the region R of integration

 
0 2x
dydx and evaluate by reversing the order of

integration.

2 4 x

c) For the double integral

  f ( x, y )dydx , sketch the region of integration and evaluate by
0 x
reversing the order of integration.

B) Polar Coordinates

 Sometimes a double integral

 f ( x, y )dA that
R
is hard to evaluate in rectangular

coordinates. It is easy to evaluate when the integrand and the region R are expressed
in polar coordinates. This is especially true when the integrand or the boundary of R
involve expressions of the form x 2  y 2  r 2 or x 2  y 2  r in polar coordinates.

 In evaluating a multiple integrals over a region R, it is often convenient to use

coordinate other than Cartesian coordinates such as polar, cylindrical and spherical
coordinatePolar coordinates


x

y x
sin  and cos  
r r

Transformation equation,

y  r sin x  r cos  where r  0 and    

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

x x
r  cos   r sin
 x, y  ( x, y )
Jacobian matrix: J   
 r,  (r, ) y y sin r cos 
r 

 cos  r cos     r sin sin 

 r cos 2   r sin 2 
 r(cos 2   sin 2  )
 r 1
r

Transformation of double integral in Cartesian coordinate to polar coordinates

( x, y )
 f ( x, y )dx dy   f (r cos  , r sin ) (r, ) dr d
R R'

  G(r, ) r dr d
R'

where R is mapped into the region R ' under the transformation.

** In computing double integral to this point we have been using the fact that dA  dxdy .
Once we moved into polar coordinate, dA  drd  but dA  rdrd 

Example 12:

a) Evaluate  R
x 2  y 2 dxdy where R is the region x2  y 2  1 . Ans: 2 / 3


 x2  y 2 
b) Evaluate  eR
dxdy where R is the region x2  y 2  1 . Ans: 1.9859

c) Find the volume inside the paraboloid z  9  x 2  y 2 , outside the cylinder x 2 y 2 4 .

25
Ans:
2
d) Evaluate the following:

1 1 x 2 4 y 2
 
2

  x   x2  y 2
i)  y dydx Ans:  / 8 ii)   Ans:  (1  1 / e 4 )
2 2
e dxdy
0 0 2  4  y 2

1 1 x 2

  x 
3
iii) 2
 y 2 2
dydx Ans:  / 5
1 0

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Centre of Mass

A solid object that is sufficiently “flat” can be regarded as two-dimensional is called a lamina.

To find the moment and centers of mass of lamina (thin sheets and plates), with double
integrals, we can accommodate a greater variety of shapes and density functions. The
formulas are as follows:

Density: ( x, y)
Suppose a particular lamina occupies a bounded region R in the x-y plane, and let ( x, y) be
m
the density of the lamina where     .
A
A homogeneous lamina has a constant density. If the lamina is non-homogeneous, its density
( x, y) varies from point to point (depend on value of x and y).

Mass: m   (x, y) dA
If ( x, y) is a continuous density function on the lamina corresponding to a plane region R,
the mass (m) of the lamina is given by m   (x, y) .
R

Moment in two dimensional space

The moment of an object about an axis is defined as the product of its mass and the signed
distance from the axis.

The moment of a point mass m about the line x  a is m ( x  a)

The moment of a point mass m about the line y  c is m ( y  c )

The center of mass of the lamina:

Suppose the lamina occupies a region R and has density ( x, y) , we divide R into small
rectangle. We assume that is n such rectangle and that kth piece has area  Ak and mass

 Mk and let x k , y k  * *
 be the center of the k th piece and assume the entire mass is
concentrated at the center.

The mass of the kth piece is approximated by

 * *

 Mk   x k , y k  A k

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Since the lamina balances on the line x  x and y  y , the sum of moments of the rectangular
pieces should close to zero.

By forming the Riemann sum of all such products and taking the limits as the norm of
 approaches to 0, then we obtain the following definitions of mass with respect to the x-axis
and y-axis.

MOMENTS AND CENTER OF MASS OF LAMINA

Let  be a continuous density function on the planar lamina R. The moments of mass with
respect to the x-axis and y-axis are

MX   y (x, y)dA - Moment of lamina about x-axis

R

My   x (x, y)dA - Moment of lamina about y-axis

R

If m is the mass of the lamina, then the center of mass is

x, y    MY , M X 
 m m 
1 1
Alternatively: x 
m  x (x, y)dA and y
m  y (x, y)dA
R R

Centroid

If the ( x, y) is constant then the center of mass, x, y  is called the centroid of the region. Eg:
the centroid is found by setting  equal 1.

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 13:

a) A lamina is bounded by the graphs of x  y 2 and x  9 . Sketch the region of the

lamina and find its centre if the density is given by  ( x, y )  y  1 and mass of the
lamina is 36.

Solution:
y

x
9

-3

 x( x, y )dA
1
x
m
R
3 9

  x(y  1)dxdy
1

36
3 y 2
3 9

  xy  xdxdy
1

36
3 y 2
3 9
x2 x2

1
 y
36 2 2
3 y2
3
 81y 2 81  y 5 y 4 

1 
    dy
36  2 2   2 2 
3
   
3

 81y  81  y
1
 5
 y 4 dy
72 y coordinates = 0, As the lamina si
3
3 symmetric with respect to x
81y 2 y6 y5

1
  81y   dy
72 2 6 5
3  27 
Centre of mass =  ,0 
1  486   5 
  488  
72  5 
27

5

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

b) Find the mass and the center of mass of the lamina occupied the region R in the first
quadrant bounded by the parabola y  x 2 and the line y  x with density function
( x, y)  xy . (Ans: 1/24 , (24/35 , 3/5) )

c) Find the center of mass of a thin plate of density (x, y)  3 bounded by the line
y  x and the parabola y  x 2 in the first quadrant. (Ans: 1/2, 2/5)

d) A lamina in the shape of the region bounded by the graphs of x  9  y 2 and x  0 is

shown below. Find the centre of the lamina if the density is given by  ( x, y )  k , where
9
k is a constant and the mass of the lamina is k .
2
y

x
3
-3

  4 
(Ans: x, y   ,0  )
 
Past Year July 2017

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

B) Triple Integral

Theorem 2.1:

If f continuous on the rectangular box defined by a  x  b , c  y  d , k  z  l then

b d l
 f ( x, y, z) dV     f ( x, y, z) dz dy dx
G
a c k

Theorem 2.2:

Let f ( x, y, z) be continuous on the simple solid G.

z2 ( x,y ) 

 f ( x, y, z) dV   
 If R is the projection of G on the xy-plane then,  f ( x, y , z ) dz  dA

E D  z1( x,y ) 

x 2 ( y,z ) 
 If R is the projection of G on the yz-plane then  f ( x, y, z) dV     f ( x, y, z) dx  dA
G R  x1( y,z ) 

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

y 2 ( x,z ) 
 If R is the projection of G on the xz-plane then  f ( x, y, z ) dV  
R 
  f ( x, y, z) dy  dA

G  y1( x,z )

Example 14:

a) Evaluate the following:

3 2 1 1 2x y
i) 
0 1 0
xy 2 zdxdy dz ii)  
0 x 0
2 xyzdz dy dx

Ans: 21/4 Ans: 5/8

b) Evaluate
 z dv
E
where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four planes

1
x  0, y  0, z  0 and x  y  z  1 . Ans:
24

c) Determine the volume of the region that lies behind the plane x  y  z  8 and in front
3 3 49
of the region in the yz-plane that is bounded by z  y and z  y . Ans:
2 4 5
d) Evaluate
 E
x 2  z 2 dv where E is the solid bounded by the paraboloid y  x 2  z 2

128
and the plane y  4 . Ans:
15

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Triple integrals in Cylindrical coordinates z,r , 

Example 15:

Evaluate the iterated integrals


2 4 r 2 2
a)  
3
0 0 0
r z dz dr d Ans:
9

Converting triple integral from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates

Transformation equation

x  r cos  y  r sin  z  z where r  0 , 0    2 ,    z  

Jacobian:

dx dx dx
dr d dz cos   r sin  0

dy dy dy
 x, y, z   ( x, y, z)  sin r cos  0
J      dr d dz  r
 r, , z   (r, , z) 
0 0 1
dz dz dz
dr d dz

Transformation of triple integrals in Cartesian coordinate to cylindrical coordinates

( x, y, z )
 f ( x, y, z) dz dy dx   f (r cos  ,r sin , z) (r, , z) dz dr d
  f (r cos  , r sin , z )r dz dr d

  G(r, , z ) r dz dr d

If we have a point in Cartesian coordinates the cylindrical coordinates can be found by using
the following conversions:

r  x2  y 2 Or r2  x2  y 2

y
  tan 1 
x

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MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 16:

a) Convert this triple integral into cylindrical coordinate and evaluate.

1 1 x 2 y

   x dzdydx
1 0 0
2

Solution: y

1 x  1
0  r 1
0  y  1 x 2  x
-1 1 0  
0zy

 1 r sin 


  (r cos ) rdzdrd
0 0 0
2

 1 r sin 

  r
0 0 0
3
cos 2  dzdrd

 1 r sin 


 zr
0 0
3
cos 2

0
drd

 1

 r
0 0
4
sin cos 2drd

 1
r5


0
5
sin cos 2  d
0
5
Let u  cos 


1 du
 sin cos 2 d   sin
5 d
0
du
  d
1 cos 3   sin



5 3 du
0 u 2 sin
1  1  sin
    3


15  15  u
 u du  
2

2 3

15

FF Page 18
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

2 4 x2 2
b) Evaluate    x 
 y 2 dzdydx . Ans: 16 / 5
2

2  4  x 2 x y
2 2

c) Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate the following triple integrals

3
 
9 x 2

3  9  x 2 
3

x2  y2
x 2

 y 2 dz dy dx Ans: 243 / 10 

d) Find the volume of the region enclosed by the cylinder x2  y 2  4 and the planes
z  0 and y  z  4 . Ans: 16

e) Find the volume of the region enclosed by the paraboloid z  x2  y 2 and the
plane z  9 .
Ans: 81 / 2

f) Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloid z  4  x2  y 2 and the xy-
plane. Ans: 8

g) Evaluate the integral by changing to cylindrical coordinates

3
1 1 x 2 2 x 2  y 2 2

   x
1
2
 y2  dzdydx . Ans: 4 / 35
0 x2 y 2

FF Page 19
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Triple Integral In Spherical Coordinates  , , 

 The following sketch shows the relationship between the Cartesian coordinate and
Spherical coordinate system.
z


 where 0    2 , 0     ,   0

 z

r
x

 Transformation equations

x   sin cos y   sin sin z   cos  x 2  y 2  z2   2

 Jacobian:

dx dx dx
d d d
sin  cos  r cos  cos   r sin  sin 
dy dy dy
 x, y, z   ( x, y, z )  sin  sin  r cos  sin   r sin 
J      d d d 
  ,  ,    (  ,  ,  ) 
cos   r sin  0
dz dz dz
d d d

  2 sin

FF Page 20
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Transformation of triple integrals in Cartesian coordinate to spherical coordinates

( x, y, z )
 f ( x, y, z) dz dy dx   f (  sin cos  ,  sin sin ,  cos  ) ( ,, ) d d d
  f (  sin cos  ,  sin sin ,  cos  )  sin  d d d
2

  G( ,, )  sin  d d d

2

Example 17:

Evaluate the iterated integrals

2  2
a)  
0

2
1
 2 sin  d d d

Ans : 14 / 3 

Example 18:

a) Evaluate
16z dV where E is the upper half of the sphere x  y 2  z 2  1. Ans: 4
2

E
Solution:

Since we are taking the upper half of the sphere the limits for the variables are

0   1
0    2

0 
2


2 2 1

16z dV =   
E 0 0 0
2
sin (16 cos )ddd

FF Page 21
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers


2 2 1

  8
0 0 0
3
2 sin cos ddd


2 2 1

  8
0 0 0
3
sin 2ddd


2 2 1
8 4


0 0
4
sin 2 ddd
0

2 2
2
  sin 2dd
0 0

2


2
 2  sin 2 0 dd
0

2
 4 sin 2d

0

 cos 2  2
 4 
 2  0
  2 ( 1  1)
 4

4 x2 4 x2  y 2
64
2
b) Evaluate  
2  4  x2

0
z 2 x 2  y 2  z 2 dzdydx . Ans:
9
3
4 (e  1)
c) Evaluate
 e
B
( x 2  y 2 z2 ) 2
dV where B is unit ball and x 2  y 2  z 2  1. Ans:
3

3 9 y 2 18  x 2  y 2

d) Convert
 
0 0
x 2
 y 2  z 2 dzdxdy into spherical coordinate.
x2 y 2
 
4 23 2
Ans:
  
0 0 0
4
sinddd

FF Page 22
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

e) Using the spherical coordinate, find the volume of portion of the sphere
x2  y 2  z 2  9 lying in the first octant. Ans: 9 / 2

f) Using the spherical coordinate, find the volume of portion of the sphere
x2  y 2  z 2  16 and below by the cone z  x 2  y 2 . Ans: 
64
3

2  2 or 12 .497 

g) Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone

z  x 2  y 2 and below the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  z . Ans:
8

FF Page 23
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

The Integral Transformation – The UV Transformation

Suppose that a region G in the uv-plane transformed one-to-one into the region R in the xy-
plane by the equations of the form:

x  g  u, v  , y  h  u, v 

R is the image of G

The equations x  g  u , v  and y  h  u , v  allow us to change an integral over a region R in the

xy-plane into an integral over a region in the uv-plane.

i.e:
 x, y 
 f  x, y  dxdy   F u, v  J  u, v  dudv
R G

where F  u , v   f  g (u , v), h(u , v) 

x x
 x, y   u v  x, y  1 1
J  OR J  
 u, v   y y  u, v   u, v 
J  
u u
u v  x, y  x y

v v
x y

If , given transformation If , given transformation

x in terms u in terms
y of u and v v of x and y

FF Page 24
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

Example 19:

x y
a) Use transformation to evaluated  x  y dA
R
where R is enclosed by the lines x  y  0 ,

x  y  1 , x  y  1 and x  y  3 . (Ans: 1/4 ln 3)

Solution:

Let u  x  y and v  x  y
u0 v 1  x, y 
 f  x, y  dxdy   F  u, v  J   dudv
u 1 v 3 R G  u, v 
 x, y  1 v 3 u 1
J  u  1
 u, v   u, v 
 
 x, y 
  v  2 dudv
v 1 u 0
u u v 3 1
u 2 

x y
v v

v 1
  dv
 4v 
0
x y v 3

 v dv
1 1 1 1

 4
1 1 v 1
 ad  bc
 ln v 1
1 3
 1  ( 1) 4
 ln 3  ln 1
2 1
 x, y  1 1 4
J    0.2746
 u, v   u, v  2
 
 x, y 

b) Evaluate
 x  ydA
R
where R is the trapezoidal region with equations

y  x, y   x, y   x  5, y  x  5 by using the transformation x  2u  3v and

125
y  2u  3v . Ans:
4

c) Use the transformation u  x y , v  2x  y to evaluated the integral

  2 x  y  x  y dxdy . For the region R

R
bounded by the lines y  2 x  4 , y  2 x  7 ,

y  x  2 and y  x  1 . (Ans: 33/4)

FF Page 25
MAT 455 Further Calculus for Engineers

d) Use the transformation u  xy , v  xy 4 to find  sin  xy dA

R
where R is the region

enclosed by the curves xy   , xy  2 , xy 4  1 and xy 4  2 . (Ans:-2/3 ln 2)

e) Use the transformations u = 2x – y and v = y to evaluate the double integral

y 3
5 2

  y sin(2x  y ) dxdy. Ans: 4(1  cos 3)

3 y
2

FF Page 26