Transportation Engineering and Planning: 4.5 Highways: Uninterrupted Flow

4.
5 Highways : Uninterrupted
Transportation Engineering Flow
and Planning • Concept of Loss of Service (LOS)
C. S. Papacostas & P. D. Prevedouros • LOS A : Free-flow condition
• Ave spacing about 167m
3rd Edition in SI Units
(27 car length)
• High level of physical and
Chapter 4
psychological comfort
Capacity and Level of
• LOS B : Reasonable free-flow
Service Analysis
• Free flow speed maintained
• 16 car length spacing
• Maneuver slightly restricted
• Still high level of comfort
2
© 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted 4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

Flow Flow
• LOS C : Near or at free-flow speed • LOS E : Operation at capacity
• Maneuver noticeably restricted • Volatile operation – no usable gap
• 11 car length spacing in the traffic stream
• Minor incidents can be absorbed • 6 car length spacing
• LOS D : Speed beginning to decline • Little room to maneuver
with increasing flow • Any disruption (lane changing, veh
• Maneuver limited entering from a ramp) established
• Reduced comfort levels shock wave propagating upstream
• Minor incidents cause queue • Incidents cause serious
• 8 car length spacing breakdown with extensive queuing
3 • Poor comfort 4
© 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd © 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Flow Flow
• LOS F : Breakdowns in vehicular flow • Peak hour factor (PHF) – a measure of
• Queues forming demand uniformity or demand peaking
• Caused by traffic incidents
• Points of recurring congestion
• Where Nt is the max no. of vehicles

counted during any interval t within
the hour
5 6
1
Example 4.3 – Uniform Example 4.4 – Extremely
demand Peaked Demand
• Assume that 50 vehicles were counted • Consider the extreme case where 250
during each of all possible 5-min vehicles were counted during a 15-min
intervals during the peak hour. interval and no vehicle were observed
Compute the PHF during the rest of the hour
Solution Solution
• V = 600 veh/h • V = 250 veh/h
• q = 50 (60/5) = 600 veh/h • q = 250 (60/15) = 1000 veh/h
• PHF = 1.00 • PHF = 0.25
7 8

Flow Flow
• Fig : speed-flow relationship per • Table summarizes speed, flow,
freeway lane saturation, and density levels
corresponding to the 6 LOS
9 10

Flow Flow
• Density is the measure of effectiveness
that primarily determines LOS
• Once density is known, LOS is
determined based on above table
11 12
2
Flow Flow
• Free-flow speed (FFS)
• Collected under free-flow condition
(i.e LOS A or B) or
• FFS = BFFS – fLW – fLC – fN – fID
• fLW , fLC , fN , fID can be estimated

13 using tables in HCM 2000 14
4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

Example 4.5 : LOS Estimation
Flow
• An extended freeway segment with
largely level terrain has an observed
free-flow speed of approximately
110km/h, 3 lanes/direction, a 1-m
Where lateral clearance, and about 1
• W = lane width (3 or 3.4 m) interchange/km. It has an observed
• LC = lateral clearance (from 0 to 1.8m) volume of 3080 veh/h with
• N = number of lanes per direction (2,3,4) corresponding PHF = 0.88 and 154
trucks and buses, no recreational
• ACCESS – number of interchanges per km
vehicle. An all-commuter motorist
(from 0 to 1.2)
composition may be assumed. Estimate
the LOS for this set of conditions
15 16
4.6 Highways : Interrupted

Example 4.5 : Solution
Flow
• Types of Signal
• Demand-actuated or pretimed
• Fully actuated
• Isolated intersection control
• Arterial system control
• Network system control
• LOS C (Table 4.5.1) 17 18
3
4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted
Flow Flow
• Signal detector • Signal timings
• Inductive loop detector • Sequence - phasing, and duration –
• Passage detection and green time
presence detection • Signal phasing
• Controller unit • minimize the potential hazards
• Brain of a traffic control system arising from the conflicts of vehicular
• Receives “calls” from detectors and and pedestrian movements
interfaces with signal display • While maintaining the efficiency of
equipment to to provide for flow through the intersection
sequencing and timing of traffic • Increase no. of phases promotes
signal display safety, reduces efficiency
19 20

Flow Flow
• 3 common phasing schemes • Cycle length – complete sequence of
signal indication
• Long cycle lengths cause substantial
delay
21 22

Flow Flow
• Too short – cause congestion or • Before estimate cycle length, phasing
endanger the pedestrians must be set
• Appropriate cycle length (Webster’s) • No technique or computer algorithm
can produce an optimal phasing
schemes
• Tedious analysis of many
combinations of phasing schemes
• Where Co = optimal cycle length (sec) and lane channalization options on
L = total lost time during a cycle, which each approach
consists of the startup delay minus the
portion of yellow utilised by driver
• Best phasing scheme is the one
CS = sum of the flow ratios of critical
couple with Co results in shortest
movements delay
23 24
4
Flow Flow
• Flow ratio (v/s) – • First phasing is established – 2-phase
volume over operation
saturation flow • Critical movement identified – WB for
• Critical movement phase A, SB for phase B
(illustrated with
e.g.)
25 26

Flow Flow
• Factor CS estimated • Green time allocation
• Lost time assumed – L =2 x 4 = 8 s
• Cycle length estimated
• Green and clearance time allocated for

each phase – taking into account
dilemma-zone calculation
27 28

Flow Flow
• Check pedestrians can be safely served • Constraint : network-wide cycle length
by allocated timings • < 0.8km – intersection belongs to
network.
• Efficiency (progression of platoons) –
Where W = width of the crossing, in m
all intersections in network operate
Y = total clearance interval time, in s under the same cycle length
• Increase cycle length to 55 sec • Progression can be also achieved
with some junction operating in half-
cycle or double-cycle
• > 0.8km – isolated junction
29 30
5
Flow Flow
• Figure presents signalization strips • Pretimed Signal Coordination
• To coordinate a series of signals to
allow platoons of vehicle to clear all
signals without interruption
• Signals being coordinated have the
same cycle length or multiples of a
common cycle length
• But not necessarily the same
distribution of green, yellow and red
within the common cycle
31 32

Flow Flow
• Fig show system of 4 intersection, 3 • Relative timing – specified by offset :
signalized time diff between a ref time and the
beginning of the first complete green
phase thereafter
• 2 pairs of parallel lines – represent
the constant speed trajectories of the
first and last vehicle in each direction
to clear all intersection without
stopping (time diff between parallel
lines -through band)
• Width of the through band, adjusted
by sliding each signal diagram
33
horizontally 34
4.6 Highways : Interrupted

Example 4.6
Flow
• Balance design (not always the best • A signal has an offset of 10s, G=50s,
design) – through bands in the 2 Y=5s, R=65s. Find the status of the
directions of travel are equal signal at (a) t=45s, (b) 150s, (c) 720s
• Preferential design may be more and (d) 782s
appropriate during the morning or Solution
evening peak period • (a) C=120 s. From eqn 4.6.3,
• Solution of signal coordination remainder,r=35s < G. Display is green
problem may be solved graphically, • (b) r=20 (2nd cycle). Display is green
analytically or by computer • (c) r=110. Red
• (d) r=782. Yellow
35 36
6
Example 4.7 Example 4.7 - Solution
• The signals at the intersections of 1- • 3 signals equal cycles of 80s, signal

way street have been pretimed and coordination is possible
coordinated as below. • Vehicle clearing intersection A, arrive at
• Given a design speed of 48km/h, B at 45.1s later
determine the width of the resulting • Display at B is 5.1s into first green
through band • Vehicle proceed to C without
interruption. Reach C at
t=45.1s+(900/13.3)=112.7s
• Signal at C is 22.7s into 2nd cycle, green
• Vehicle can clear all 3 intersections
37 38
Example 4.7 - Solution Example 4.7 - Solution
• Similarly for last car

• Remaining green duration after the
passage of the 1st vehicle is calculated
• At A : 40 – 0 = 40s
• At B : 90 – 45.1 = 44.9s
• At C : 125 – 112.7 = 12.3s
• Min of these values define the width
of the through band (i.e 12.3s)
39 40
4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.8 Traffic Data Collection

Flow Method
• Actuated Signal Coordination • Static data
• Possible with demand-actuated • Geometric characteristics
controls • Signal timing
• By allowing side-street traffic to be • Area type
served with green only during limited • Dynamic data
permissible periods within the cycle
• Traffic volumes
• Traffic composition
• Signal timing of actuated controllers
• etc
41 42
7
4.8 Traffic Data Collection
Homework
Method
• Common ways of collecting data
• Image recording •13, 21, 24, and
• Manual collection
• Automated collection 26.
43 44

Transportation Engineering and Planning: 4.5 Highways: Uninterrupted Flow

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transportation Engineering and Planning: 4.5 Highways: Uninterrupted Flow

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4.

© 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted 4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted 4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

• Where Nt is the max no. of vehicles

4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted 4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted 4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

• fLW , fLC , fN , fID can be estimated

4.5 Highways : Uninterrupted

4.6 Highways : Interrupted

• LOS C (Table 4.5.1) 17 18

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted

• Green and clearance time allocated for

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.6 Highways : Interrupted

4.6 Highways : Interrupted

• The signals at the intersections of 1- • 3 signals equal cycles of 80s, signal

Example 4.7 - Solution Example 4.7 - Solution

• Similarly for last car

4.6 Highways : Interrupted 4.8 Traffic Data Collection

You might also like