Ou EDITION Calculus and Analytic Geometry George B. Thomas, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ross L. Finney With the collaboration of Maurice D. Weir Naval Postgraduate School Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusets + Menlo Park Calfomia > — New York DonMils, Ontario. * Wokingham, England = Amsterdam Bonn + Sydney © Singapore Tokyo + Maid Sanjuan + Milan + PasAcquisitions Editor Development Editor ‘Managing Editor Senior Production Supervisor Senior Marketing Manager ‘Marketing Coordinator Prepress Buying Manager Art Buyer Senior Manufacturing Manager ‘Manufacturing Coordinator = e World Student Series Laurie Rosatone Production Editorial Services Barbara Pendergast Marianne Lepp Art Editors Susan London-Payne, Connie Hulse Karen Guardino Copy Editor ‘Barbara Flanagan Jennifer Bagdigian Proofreader Joyce Grandy Andrew Fisher Text Design Martha Podren, Podren Design; Benjamin Rivera Geri Davis, Quadrata, Ine ‘Sarah MeCracken Cover Design Marshall Hearichs Joseph Vetere Cover Photo John Lund Tony Stone Worldwide Roy Logan Composition ‘TSI Graphics, In. Evelyn Beaton Technical Ilustration Tech Graphics Photo Credits: 142, 238, 408, 633, 722, 875, 899, From PSSC Physics 2, 1965; D.C. Heath & Co. with Education Development Center, Inc., Newton, MA. Reprinted with permission 186, APYWide World Photos 266, Scott A. Burns, Urbana, IL 287, Joshua E. Bares, Univer- sity of Hawaii 354, Marshall Henrichs 398, © Richard F.Voss/IBM Research 442, © Susan Van Eten 872, AP/Wide World Photos 888, © 1994 Nelson L. Max, University of Califor: niafBiological Photo Service; Graphic by Alfted Gray 938, ND Roger-Viollet 1068, [NASAJJt Propulsion Laboratory Reprinted with corrections, une, 1998 Copyright © 1996 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.All rights reserved. No ‘art ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, or otherwise, Without the prior writen permission ofthe publisher. Printed inthe United States of| America 456789 10-VH.99 98 ISBN 0-201-40015-4Contents Tothe Instructor vil Tothe Student >i Preliminaries Real Numbers andthe Real Line 1 Coordinates, Lines, and Increments 8 Functions "17 Shifing Graphs 27 ‘rigonometrc Functions 35 QUESTIONS TOGUIDE YOURREVIEW 47 PRACTICE EXERCISES 48, ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 49) Limits and 4.1 Rates of Change and Limits SI nui 12 Rules forFinding Limits 61 Continuity 413 Target Values and Formal Definitions of Limits 66 14 Extensions ofthe Limit Concept 78 15 Continuity 87 1.6 Tangent Lines 97 (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YoURREVIEW I03__PRACTICE EXERCISES 104 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 108 Derivatives 2.1 The Derivative of a Function 109 22 Differentiation Rules 121 23 RatesofChange 131 24 Derivatives of Tigonometsic Functions 143 25° TheChain Rule 154 2.6 Implicit Ditferemiation and Rational Exponents 164 27 — Related Rates of Change 172 QUESTIONS To GUIDE YOURREVIEW 180__PRACTICE EXERCISES 181 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 185 Applications of 3:4 ome Values of Functions 189 Derivatives 32 TheMean Value Theorem 196 3.3 TheFint Derivative Test for Local Exteme Vales 205iv Contents 34 35 37 38 Graphing with y’and y” 209 Limits x >=, Asympiotes,and Dominant Terms 220 Optimization 233, Linearization and Different Newton's Method 260 (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 268 PRACTICE EXERCISES 269 [ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 272 Is 248 Integration 44 Applications of 51 Integrals 52 Indefinite Integrals 275 Differential Equations, nital Value Problems, and Mathematical Modeling 282 Integration by Substitution—Running the Chain Rule Backward 290 Estimating with Finite Sums 298 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 309 Propentes, Area, and the Mean Value Theorem 323 ‘The Fundamental Theorem 332 Substitution in Definite Integrals 342 Numerical Invgration 346 (QUESTIONS TOGUIDE YOUR REVIEW 356 __PRACTICEEXERCISES 357 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—TMEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 360 Areas Between Curves 365 Finding Volumes by Slicing 374 Volumes of Solids of Revolotion—Disks and Washers 379, Cylindrical Shells 387 Lengths ofPlane Curves 393, ‘Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 400 ‘Moments and Centers of Mass 407 Work 418 Fluid Pressures and Forces 427 ‘The Basie Patter and Other Modeling Applicasons 434 (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 444 PRACTICE EXERCISES 444 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 447 Transcendental 61 Functions 62 Inverse Functions and Theit Derivatives 449 Natural Logarithms — 458 ‘The Exponential Function 467 and logex 474 Growth and Decay 482 LHopita’sRule 491 Relative Rates of Growth 498, Inverse Trigonometric Functions 04 Derivatives of Inverse Tigonometic Functions; Integrals 513, Hyperbolic Functions 520 First Onder Differential Equations $29 Euler's Numerical Method: Slope Fields S41 QUESTIONS TOGUIDE YOUR REVIEW S47___PRACTICE EXERCISES S48, ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS SSI Techniques of 7 Integration 72 Basic Integration Formulas 555, Inegration by Pans 5362Infinite Series Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 101 10.2 103 104 105 106 10.7 a na 3 na ns Contents Partial Fractions 569 ‘Trigonomettc Substitutions 578 Integral Tables and CAS 583 Improper Integrals 594 (QUESTIONS 10 GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 605 PRACTICE EXERCISES 605 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 69, Limits of Sequences of Numbers 613 ‘Theorems for Calculating Limits of Sequences 622 Infinite Series 630 ‘The Integral Tet for Series of Nonnegative Terms 640 Comparison Tess for Series of Nonnegative Terms G44 ‘The Ratio and Root Tess for Series of Nonnegative Terms 639 Alterating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 655 Power Series 663 ‘Taylor and Maclaurin Series 672 Convergence of Taylor Series; Err Estimates 678 Applications of Power Series 688. (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 699 PRACTICE EXERCISES 700 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 703, Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 709 Classifying Conic Sections by Eccentricity 723 Quadratic Equations and Rotations 728 Parametrizatons of Plane Curves 734 Calculus with Parametrized Curves 744 Polar Coordinates 751 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 756 Polar Equations for Cnie Sections 764 Iniegration in Polar Coordinates 770 (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW T77__-PRACTICE EXERCISES 78, ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 783, Vectors inthe Plane 787 ‘Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates and Vectors in Space 795 Dot Products 806 Cross Products 815, Lines and Planes in Space 822 Cylinders and Quadri Surfaces 829 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 841 (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 47 PRACTICE EXERCISES 848 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 851 \ector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 855 Modeling Projectile Motion 868 ‘Are Length and the Unit Tangent Vector T 876 ‘Curvature, Torsion, and the TNB Frame 881 Planetary Motion and Satellites 893, (QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 902 PRACTICE BXERCISES 902 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 905 vvi Contents Multivariable 12.1 Functions of Several Variables 909 Functions and 122 Limitsand Continity 917 123 Paria Derivatives 924 Partial Derivatives — 12:4 itfeeniabiliy,Linaiaton, and Difeentials 933 125 TheChain Rule 948 426 Parl Devvatives with Constrained Variables 952 127 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, nd Tangent Planes 957 128 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 970 329° Lagrange Muipliers 980 1210 Taylor's Formula 989 ‘QuESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 958 PRACTICE EXERCISES 994 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 98 Multiple Integrals 131 Doubletmegrls 1001 482 Areas Momenis,and Centers of Mass 1012 433 DoublntgrasinPolarForm 1020 334 Tipe lnepralsin Rectangular Coordinates 1026 435 Massesand Momentsin Tree Dinensions 1034 436 Triple inepralsin Cylindrical nd Spherical Coordinates 1039 437 Substitution in Malipl Inegrals 1048 (QuesmiossToGuine Your RevIEW 1055 PRACTICEENERCISES 1056 ‘Soomowat ExeRCists “THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1058 Integration in 1441 Linetnegrals 1061 Vector Fiel 442 Vector Fields, Work Cirultion and Fox 1067 rect Fields 143, Path Independence, Potential Functions, and Conservative Fields 1076 444 Green's Theorem inthe Plane 1084 445 Sorace Area and Surface Integrals 1096 445 Parnmetied Surfaces 1106 447 Stokes Theorem 1114 448 The Divergence Theorem anda Unified Theory 1123 ‘Quesmions 10 Gumpe Your Review 1134 PracticeEXERGISES 1134. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES —THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 137 Appendices AA Mathematical Induction A-1 82 Proofsof Limi Theorems in Section 12 At ‘3° Complex Numbers A-7 AA Simpson's One-‘Thint Role A-17 AS Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem andthe Songer Form of 'Hopita's Rule 18 AS Limite Tha Arse Fequendy 4-20 A The Distributive Law for Vector Cross Products A-2L ‘AB Deverminans and Cramer's Rule A-22 ‘AQ Euler's Theorem andthe Increment Theorem A-29 Answers A385, Index 61 A Brief Table of integrals 1CAS Explorations and Projects (Listed by chapter and section) Preliminaries P4 How the graph of y= (axis affected by changing a PS How the graph of fx)=A sin (2n/B\x~C)) + D responds to changes in A, B, and D Chapter 1. Limits and Continuity 1.1 Comparing graphical estimates of limits with CAS symbolic limit caleulations 1.3. Exploring the formal definition of li for pectic epsilons graphically 1.6 Observing the convergence of secant ins to tangent lines Chapter 2 Derivatives 21 Givens) finds) asa limit. Compare the graphs off and f” and plot selected tangents 26 Differentiate implicitly and pot implicit curves together with angent fines Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives 3.1 Finding avout extrema by analyzing anf” rumerialy and praphically 3.7 __ Estimating the error in a linearization by plotting f(x), 149), and 7G) LO) Chapter 4 Integration 44 Find he average vale of sand the point or points were itis assumed 45° Exploring Riemann sums an thi mits 47a) Investigating the reltnshp of Fu) = [3/19 ato F(x) and f(x) 1) Analyzing F0 = [ode Chapter 5 Application of Integrals 5.1 Finding imersectons of cures 55 Atelength estimates Chapter 6 — Transcendental Functions 6.1. ping invene function nd ter devatves 6.12 Exploring differential equations gphically and mamer- caly with slope fils and Esler approximations Chapter? Techniques of integration 75 Using CAS o iterate, An example of aCAS-esitant it by finding deltas integra 7.6 Exploring the convergence of improper integrals, Chapter 8 Infinite Series 8.1 Exploring the convergence of sequences. Compound interest with deposits and withdrawals. The logistic ditference equation and chaotic behavior 85 Exploring Tz (IMn"sin*n)) a series whose conver gence or divergence has not yet been determined 8.10 Comparing functions’ liner, quadratic, and cubic approximations Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 35 Exploring the geometry of curves that are defined implc- ily o explicitly by parametric equations. Numerical estimate ofthe lengths of nonelementary paths 9.8 How the graph of r= kel +e cos 8 is affected by changes ine and k How the ellipse r= a(1 ~e*)(1 +2608 8) responds to changes ina and e Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 10.6 Viewing quaric surfaces from different positions 10.7 Equations of spheres in cylindrical, spherical, and reetan ‘ular coordinate systems: Coordinate conversions and surface plo Chapter 11. Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 11.1 Plotting tangents to space curves. Exploring the general hetix 11.4 Finding and ploting circles of curvature inthe plane. Finding x, T, N, and B for curves in space Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 12.1 Ploting surfaces <= (x, ) and associated level cures. Inplicit and parametrized surtaces 12.8 —Chssfyng critical points and identifying extreme valves Using information gathered from surface pots, lvel curves and discriminant values 12.9 Implementing the method of Lagrange multipliers for functions of thee and four independent variables Chapter 13 Multiple Integrals 133° Changing Cartesian integrals into equivalent polar integrals for evaluation 134 Evaluating tiple integrals over slid regions Chapter 14 _ Integration in Vector Fields 14.1) valuing fof» 2)ds numerically 14.2 Exiting the work done by a vectored slong a given path inspace 14.4 ‘Applying Green's theorem o find counterclockwise circulationTo the Instructor This Is a Major Revision ‘Throughout the 40 years that it has been in print, Thomas/Finney has been used to support a variety of teaching methods from traditional to experimental. In response tothe many exciting currents in teaching calculus inthe 1990s, the new edition is the most extensive revision of Thomas/Finney ever. We have built on the traditional strengths of the book—excellent exercises, sound mathematics, variety in applica- tions—to produce a flexible text that contains all the elements needed to teach the ‘many different kinds of courses that exist today. ‘A book does not make a course: The instructor and the students do. With this in ‘mind we have added features to Thomas/Finney 9th edition to make it the most flex- ‘ible caleulus teaching resource yet. ‘The exercises have been reorganized to facilitate assigning a subset of the ‘material ina section The grapher explorations, all accessible with any graphing calculator, many suitable for in-class and group work, have been expanded, New Computer Algebra System (CAS) explorations and projects that re- 4uire a CAS have been included. Some of these can be done quickly while others require several hours. All are suitable for either individual or group ‘work, You will find a list of CAS exercise topics following the Table of Contents ‘+ Technology Connection notes appear throughout the text suggesting exper ‘ments students might do with a grapher to supplement their understanding of a given topic. These notes are meant to encourage students to think of their grapher asa casually available tool, like a pencil ‘© We revised the entire frst semester and large pars of the second and third ‘semesters to provide what we believe is a cleaner, more visual, and more ac- cessible book. ‘With all these changes, we have not compromised our belief thatthe fundamental goal of a calculus book is to prepare students to enter the scientific community. Students Will Find Even More Support for Creative Problem Solving ‘Throughout this book, we have included examples and discussions that encourage students to think visually and numerically. Almost every exercise set has easy t052, Recovering 3 faneon rm its dete 2) ete flowing oman 1 gape cn fe ‘ee ical (28) 1 The gph of ft de fl espe ied 1 Tae gop a he pit 2.9, i) The See fit ep noe aig 21 218 Th deviate graph for tees 2 1) Regn pa asi te ph st (2.0) Tothe Instructor ix Technology Tat Ves You can experinent with gt vals 06 3 aphing uly. Graph he unton gether wih target ital sine ty Inia ies above and bow te proposed ii. Adjust te range or we ‘nom veil tbe fans behavior asic the tage nr lee. Then ‘ete what happens when Ju ty to Bid an tera of t-vaues that wil cp the fncion rates within the ere nena See ao Execs 7-14 CAS Execs 61-63) For exami, his for fl) = VTF~Zand tne tata (1.822) nthe ans That, pap j= fe) athe ns y= L895 = 22. Then {the ret terial (198, 2.02) a (1.998, 2000), mid-level exercises that require students to generate and interpret graphs 28 4 (00! for understanding mathematical ot real-world relationships Many sections also contain a few more challenging problems to extend the range ofthe mathematically curious. ‘This edition has more than 2300 figures fo appeal tothe studens* seometric inition. Drawing lessons aid students with difcule 3- dimensional sketches, enhancing thee ability to think in space In this edition we have increased the use of visualization internal tthe disus- sion, The burden of exposition is shared by art in the body of the text when we fel that pictures and text together will convey ideas better than words alone Throughout the text, students are asked to experiment, investigate, and explain, Writing exercises are placed throughout the text. In ad tion, ach chapter end contains ist of questions that sk students tor view and summarize what they have leaned. Many ofthese exercises ‘make good writing assignments 149 tad thes tance ine Students Will Master Techniques Problem Solving Strategies We believe thatthe students learn best when proce- ural techniques ae laid out as clearly as possible. To this end we have revisited the summaries ofthe steps used to solve problems, adding some where necessary, delet- ing some where a thought process rather than a technique was at issue, and making ‘each one cleat and useful. As always, we are especially careful that examples in the text follow the steps outlined by the discussion, Exercises Every exercise set has been reviewed and revised. Exercises are now {grouped by topic, with special sections for grapher explorations. Many sections also,