HOUSING

SEM 6 HUMANITIES
Prepared by Mary Thomas

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 HOUSING
• Food, clothing and shelter are the three basic necessities for man kind.

• Well planned housing can increase national productivity and minimise cost of urban
infrastructure.

• Housing is a global problem.

• After food, housing is typically largest item of household expenditure for poor families and
they prefer locations close to their work to cut down travel expenses.

• One fourth of world’s population does not have adequate shelter and lives in extremely
unhygienic conditions.

• Millions are homeless and billions dwell in unsafe & temporary settlements.

• Neither the capitalist USA nor the communist Soviet could solve this basic problem.

• I987 was declared as international year for homeless by UNO to focus attention and evolve
solution.

• Poverty, racial segregation are major socio-economic problems facing middle class.

• Reported that soviet union requires 50 million new flats to solve housing issues.
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 HOUSING
• Contribution of housing to GDP was 3561 crores in 1990

• Housing problems are naturally chronic in developing countries, where

estimated two third of population are below poverty line.

• Among democratic countries housing shortage is perhaps the largest in India.

• More than five decades of planned development has witnessed nothing but a

backlog of housing shortage in India.

• In Calcutta an estimated 6 lakh people are homeless or in unhygienic living

conditions

• In Mumbai about 1 lakh are homeless.

• 20- 40% of people are squatters with no legal title(no address).

• Average number of people living in one house is very high.

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 HOUSING
• Survey of 4000 household in 9 slums in Bombay says 35% households have

5 to 9 persons crammed into one living room.

• Largest slum in Asia Dharavi has 4 lakh population including a floating

population of 1 lakh.

• Inner part of slums are in very bad condition.

• One tap for 320 people

• One toilet for 300 people

Prepared by Mary Thomas

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 TYPES OF HOUSING
• Street service work, vendors, Pavement dwellings and tent structure.

• Chawl

• Squatter housing (shanty town)

• Informal dwelling,

• Unplanned housing

• Homelessness

• Small mixed use structure

• Dense mixed use block

• Colonial era housing (south Bombay)

• Society housing

• High rise

• Bungalow

• Institutional housing 5
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 CHAWLS
• Chawls were constructed in abundance during the early 1900s, in the textile mill
areas of Mumbai.

• Originally worker’s housing that have morphed into vibrant communities.

• It acts as a socio-cultural fabric and created feeling of community.

• They are typically 4 to 5 stories tall, with between 8 and 16 tenements on each
floor. The tenements referred to as kholis, which literally mean 'rooms.'

• A central staircase services the building and gives access to a long passage which
runs the length of each floor.

• The architectural similarity between all chawls are their balcony structures- these
were created so that people could come out of their houses and interact with each
other.

• Prepared by Mary Thomas

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Swadeshi market chawl, Kalbadevi

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MAIN REASONS FOR HOUSING PROBLEMS
• Urbanization

• Migration

• Increasing population

• High demand of houses

• Increasing land cost

• Low income

• Unemployment

• Poverty

• Prepared by Mary Thomas

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ISSUES
• Homes made out of below average materials
• High population density
• Lack of Appropriate Services
• Residents earn very little income or unemployed
• Pollution/Contaminated Waters
• Polluting natural resources

• Lack of overall infrastructure

• Public health issues

• Social issues

• Economic

• Sanitation problems

• Unplanned housing

• Slums 15
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

SLUM:
A densely populated usually urban area marked by crowding, run-down
housing, poverty, and social disorganization.

UN – Habitat Definition of slum:

Neglected parts of cities, in which living conditions are appallingly poor

Prepared by Mary Thomas

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 GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

• First five year plan slum demolition policy was there.

• 5,6.7 five year plans also had programs of environmental improvements of
slums.
• Tax incentives, lowered the building standards for using cheaper materials.
• Relocation and free carpet area of 225 sqm.
i. Subsidized industrial housing scheme:
ii. LIG housing schemes:
iii. Slum clearance and improvement scheme:
iv. Middle-income group housing scheme:
vi. Rental housing schemes:
vi. Land acquisition and development scheme:

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 GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

• HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation

• HDFC Housing Development and Finance Corporation
• NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
• Housing co operatives
• MHADA Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority(Bombay
housing board)
• SRA Slum Rehabilitation Authority

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 SOLUTIONS
Complete demolition of slum is not a good solution. We need to make
slum more serviceable and provide more amenities.

• Remove/fix homes in immediate danger of natural risks

• Lessen density

• Bring clean water into the area

• Construct new programs for the residents

• Develop an economy for the area

• Make use of the natural resources available

• Connect the different sections of the area with each other and the rest of the
city

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THE ARTIST VILLAGE CBD BELAPUR, BY CORREA

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