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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University of California Institute For Mexico and The United States
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University of California Institute For Mexico and The United States
Sistemas hidráulicos y organización social: La polémica y los sistemas de riego del Acolhuacan
septentrional
Author(s): Jacinta Palerm Viqueira
Source: Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 163-178
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the University of California Institute for
Mexico and the United States and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1051919 .
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La polemica
Las grandes teorias de los evolucionistas del siglo XIX (Lewis H.
Morgan, Johann Jakob Bachofen, John E McLennan, Karl Marxl) se
basaron en el supuesto de lo inevitable de la evoluci6n, y dejaron, en
gran medida, fuera de su interpretaci6n el problema de las sociedades
que no habian evolucionado; estas sociedades las consideraron como
"f6siles", muestras vivientes de las etapas socio-culturales por las que
habian pasado las sociedades mas avanzadas.
Otras grandes teorias del siglo XIX, sin embargo, centraron su
atenci6n en explicar las diferencias evolutivas entre distintas socieda-
des, por que, en el presente, se encuentran sociedades "avanzadas"y
sociedades "atrasadas".Las explicaciones que se ofrecieron fueron el
racismo cientifico, es decir la distinta capacidad intelectual de las
razas humanas que representaban a su vez culturas; el determinismo
163
Such control [of the farmers over their own destinies as farmers] requires a
strong and coherent community of irrigators that limits the freedom of its
members to pursue personal and partial interests that are inconsistent with
the community interest and that has the capacity to solve conflicts among its
members. A community that is strong in these ways limits the dangers to
community autonomy and interest that are inherent in appeals to higher
authorities to settle conflicts and in disorders that result from failing to settle
them.21
19. Maass y Anderson, ...And the Desert Shall Rejoice., 84-85.
20. Ibid., 320.
21. Ibid., 134-36.
23. Maass y Anderson, .. And the Desert Shall Rejoice., 208-09, 212-13.
24. Sobreel fracasode la construcci6nprivadade obrasde irrigaci6nde mayor
envergaduraen EstadosUnidosvease MarcReisner,CadillacDesert:TheAmerican
West and Its Disappearing Water,resefiado porJ. Palerm Viqueira y Manuel Basaldia
en la revistaAuriga 5 (1991):107-09.
When the dam was finished and [repayment] contracts remained unsigned,
the bureau proposed that the reservoir be operated for flood control only,
passing on to the irrigation units their daily preproject entitlements to stream
flow but denying them any benefits of conservation storage until they had
agreed to repayment contracts. Obviously the water users objected and the
bureau backed down in signing the interim contracts. In a technical sense, it
would have been simple for the bureau to carry out its preferred policy by
opening and closing the dam outlets, allowing the conservation storage water
to flow into waste channels and Tulare lake unused; but it is doubful that any
bureau in the federal government in similar circumstances could have en-
forced such an inefficient and, to their constituents, dictatorial course of
action as was proposed in this instance by the Bureau of Reclamation.25
Las investigaciones realizadas por el grupo de autores encabeza-
dos por Maass de hecho contribuyen a reforzar la propuesta del riego
como factor de origen del Estado, ya que demuestran la necesidad de
gran cohesi6n social; la necesidad para las grandes obras hidraulicas
de capital, mano de obra y expertos, y el recurso al artibraje del
Estado; es decir que de no existir el Estado lo tendrian que
inventar.
Sin embargo, la contribuci6n de Maass a la polemica es sobre
todo importante al abrir la puerta de la investigaci6n de sistemas
hidriulicos modernos como una problematica en si interesante-
dejando a un lado la polemica en torno al origen del Estado y al tipo
societario oriental y dejando a un lado la polemica sobre la aplicacion
del modelo de sociedad oriental a Mesoamerica.
Hay varios aspectos a los que Maass da importancia central en el
estudio de sistemas hidriulicos modernos: la relacion entre organiza-
ci6n social cohesiva y sistemas hidraulicos, la organizaci6n de los
regantes para resolver conflictos y evitar la perdida de autonomia
frente al Estado-arbitro, las formas de gesti6n por los regantes para la
construccion de obras hidriulicas, las implicaciones de gran cohesi6n
social de las obras hidriulicas realizadas por los propios regantes.