HO CHI MINH’S NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

BACH KHOA UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL – ELECTRONIC FACULTY

THERMODYNAMIC0S
HOMEWORK REPORT

Lecturer: Le Chi Hiep

Student: Ngo Thanh Hiep – 1551042

EXERCISE 1:
p1 = 1,2 bars
CO2 at {
t1 = 300 𝐶

p2 = 2 bars
At final state {
t2 = 450 𝐶

The gas has a rigid volume at 200 liters

Find the heat and work exchanged and the change of internal energy.

1 bar = 105 Pa => 1,2 bars = 1,2 .105 Pa; 2 bars = 2.105 Pa
Polytrophic index formula:

1 n n
 p1  T  p T 
    2  with T1=t1+273=303K and T2=t2+273=318K => (1  n) ln( 1 )  n ln  2 
 p2   T1  p2  T1 
n=1,104

𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑇2 −𝑇1 1,2.105 .200 303−318

Work: W = 𝑚𝑅 = = = -11,42 MJ
1−𝑛 𝑇1 1−𝑛 303 1−1,104

n  p V 1,2.105 .0,2
Heat: Q = mc∆T= m.cv . .T with m  1 1 = 8314 = 0,419 kg
n 1 RT1 44
.303

7 𝑘𝐽
Cv= 44.4,18 𝑘𝑔𝐾 and  = 1,3

 Q = -7.87kJ
According to 1𝑠𝑡 law of Thermodynamics:
  q  du  pdv

and V is constant so that q  u , which is internal energy. Hence, internal energy equals to the
heat exchanged.

Comment: We need to supply work so that the system releases heat outside as the temperature
increases from 30oC to 45oC.

EXERCISE 2:

Mixture: CO2+ O2+ N2.

mfCO2=0,35, mfO2= 0,27 and V=200l, p=1,2 bar, t=400C.

Determine partial pressure.

We have: mfCO2 + mfO2 + mfN2 =1  mfN2 = 1 – ( 0,35 + 0,27) = 0,38

8314 4157 4157

 Rmixture = RCO2.0,35 + RN2.0,27 + RO2.0,38 = 0,35.  0, 27.  0,38
44 14 16
=245,033 J/kgK

𝑝.𝑉
p.V = mRmixtureT  m = 𝑅 = 312,93 g
𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇

mCO2= m*mfCO2 = 109,52 g

mO2= m*mfO2 = 84,49 g

mN2= m*mfN2 = 118,92 g

- Partial pressure:

mCO 2 RCO 2T
pCO 2V  mCO 2 RCO 2T 
 pCO 2  = 32,39 kPa
V
m R T
pO 2V  mO 2 RO 2T 
 pO 2  O 2 O 2 = 34,35 kPa
V
m R T
pN 2V  mN 2 RN 2T 
 pN 2  N 2 N 2 = 55,26 kPa
V
EXERCISE 3:
Mixture: CO2 + N2 has:
mfCO2 = 0,45, m = 0,25 kg, p1 = 1,5 bar, t1 = 450C and p2 = 1,3 bar, t2 = 55𝟎 𝐂.
Determine the heat and work exchanged and the change of internal energy.
Polytrophic index formula:
1 n n
 p1  T  p T 
    2  with T1=318K and T2=328K => (1  n) ln( 1 )  n ln  2 
 p2   T1  p2  T1 
 n= 0.822

Mass fraction of N2: mfN2= 1- 0,45 = 0,55

8314 8314
Rmixture = .0, 45  .0,55  248,34 J/kgK
44 28

𝑇2 −𝑇1
Work: W = 𝑚𝑅 = 0,25. 248,34.56,179= 3487,92 J
1−𝑛

7.4,18 4,18
Cv  0, 45  0,55  0,3813 kJ/kgK
44 28
9.4,18 7.4,18
C p  0, 45  0,55  0,9595 kJ/kgK
44 28
C
  p  2,5163
Cv

n 
Heat: Q  mCv  0.907 kJ
n 1
According to 1𝑠𝑡 law of Thermodynamics:

  q  du  pdv

and V is constant so that q  u , which is internal energy. Hence, internal energy equals to the
heat exchanged.

Comment: used work by the system as the system receives heat outside and the temperature
increases from 45oC to 55oC.

EXERCISE 4:
Mixture N2 + O2
mfN2 = 0,45 and m = 0,25kg, p1=1,5 bar and t1=4,5oC p2=1,3 bar and V2=200l.
Determine the heat and work exchanged and the change of internal energy.

Mass fraction of O2: m fO 2  1  m f N 2 

 m fO 2  1  0, 45  0,55

8314 8314
Rmixture  0, 45  0,55  276,515 J/kg*K
28 32

p1V1  mRmixtureT1 
1,5.105.V1  0, 25.276,515.(4,5  273)
 V1=0,1466 m3

p2V2  mRmixtureT2 
1,3.105.0, 2  0, 25.276,515.T2
 T2 = 376,11 K

Polytrophic index formula:

1 n n
 p1  T 
   2 
 p2   T1  => n= 0,32

𝑇2 −𝑇1
Work: W = 𝑚𝑅 = 0,25.276,515.0,68= 47,00 W
1−𝑛

7.4,18 4,18
Cv  0, 45  0,55  0,3813 kJ/kg*K
44 28
9.4,18 7.4,18
C p  0, 45  0,55  0,9595 kJ/kg*K
44 28
C
  p  2,5163
Cv

n 
Heat: Q  mCv  0,25.0,3813.3,23=0,308 kJ
n 1
Comment: used work by the system as the system receives heat outside and the temperature
increases from 4,5oC to 103,11oC.
EXERCISE 5:

Mixture CO2+ O2.

Gas constant mixture: R=205 J/kg*K. Polytrophic index: n=1,24. Mass of mixture: m= 0,125kg.
t1=35oC, t2=80oC, p1=1,25 bar. Determine heat and work exchanged.

Polytrophic index formula:

1 n n
 p1  T  1, 25
   2  => p2   2,529 bars
 p2   T1  0,24  353 
1,24

 
 308 

𝑇2 −𝑇1
Work: W = 𝑚𝑅 = 0,125. 205.-187,5 = -4804,6875 W
1−𝑛

 m f  m fO 2  1
m fCO 2  m fO 2  1
  CO 2 m fCO 2  0.77
 
  8314 8314 

 RCO 2 m fCO 2  RO 2 m fO 2  R
  m fCO 2  m fO 2  205 m fO 2  0,33

 44 32

7.4,18 4,18
Cv  0, 45  0,55  0,381 kJ/kgK
44 28
9.4,18 7.4,18
C p  0, 45  0,55  0,9595 kJ/kgK
44 28
C
  p  2,518
Cv

n 
Heat: Q  mCv  0,125.0,381.(-5,325)=-0,2536 kJ
n 1
Comment: used work by the system so that system receives heat outside and the temperature
increases from 4,5oC to 103,11oC.

EXERCISE 6:

Let’s study water at 300 𝐶. Determine its specific volume and enthalpy corresponding to
saturated liquid and wet saturated vapor.
  3 m
3
 kJ
 f
v  1, 0043.10 ( )  h f  125, 79( )
 kg  kg
From A-2:  3
and  Let’s study water at p=1 bar and
 v  32,894( ) m h  2556,3( ) kJ


g
kg 

g
kg

EXERCISE 7:

t=110oC. Find v, u, h, s.

At p=1 bar: ts  99.63o C => Superheated vapor because 110oC > 99.630 𝐶

Since here is no value for t=1100 𝐶 in table A-4, so we choose the data at t1=1000 𝐶 and
t2=1200 𝐶.

 kJ
 h1  2676, 2( kg )

 m3
 1 v  1, 696( )
 kg
p1  1(bar ); t1  100 C  
o

 s  7,3614( kJ )
1 kg .K

 u  2506, 7( kJ )
 1 kg

 kJ
 h2  2716, 6( kg )

 m3
 v2  1, 793( )
 kg
p1  1(bar ); t2  120 C  
o

 s  7, 4668( kJ )
 2 kg .K

 u  2537,3( kJ )
 2 kg
 h1  h2 kJ
h  2696, 4( )
2 kg
v1  v2 m3
v  1, 7445( )
2 kg
s s kJ
s  1 2  7, 4141( )
2 kg .K
u u kJ
u  1 2  2522( )
2 kg
EXERCISE 8:

Water at p=25 bars and t=200oC. Determine v, u, h, s.

Table A-3: p=25 bar=> ts  224o C  200o C => Subcooled liquid.

Table A-5:

 3 m
3

 v  1,1555.10 ( )
 kg
 kJ
 u  849,9( )
 kg

 h  852,8( kJ )
 kg

 s  2,3294( kJ )
 kg .K

EXERCISE 9:

m3
Water at t1  120 oC, v1  0,008 . Determine its property and determine its internal energy,
kg
enthalpy, entropy.

 3 m
3

 f
v  1, 0603.10 ( )
 kg
Table A-2:  3
 v f  v  vg => Wet-saturated vapor.
 v  0,8919( m )


g
kg

 f v  vf 0, 008  1, 0603.103

Quality x     0, 00779
g   f vg  v f 0,8919  1, 0603.103

=> The vapor contains mainly liquid.

 kJ  kJ  kJ
u f  503,50( kg )  s f  1,5276( kg.K )  h f  503, 71( kg )
  
We have:  ; and 
u  2529,3( kJ )  s  7,1296( kJ ) h  2706,3( kJ )
 g
kg 
g
kg .K  g kg
   (1  x) f  x.g

 kJ
u  (1  x)u f  x.u g  (1  0, 00779).503,5  0, 00779.2529,3  519, 28( kg )

 kJ
 h  (1  x) h f  x.h g  520,87( )
 kg
 kJ
 s  (1  x) s f  x.s g  1,571( )
 kg.K

EXERCISE 10:

 t  640o C . tons
A steam turbine that is working at :  1 ; t2  45o C; and m  500
 p1  120(bars) h

a) Determine state 1 and state 2 properties.

b) Determine the work produced by the steam turbine.

a) State 1:

Table A-3: p=120(bars) => ts  324,8o C  640o C => Superheated vapor.

 kJ
 s1  6,9164( kg.K )

Table A-4, we have: 
 h  3709( kJ )
 1 kg

State 2: This is a adiabatic process, we can infer: s1  s2

 kJ
 s f  0, 6387( kg .K )

Table A-2, we have: t2  45o C    s f  s2  s g
 s  8,1648( kJ )
 g kg .K
=> Wet saturated vapor.

 f s s 6,9164  0, 6387

We calculate property: x   2 f   0,83412 => Contain mostly
g   f sg  s f 8,1648  0, 6387
vapor, small amount of liquid because x is close to 1.

b)
 kJ  kJ
 h1  3709, 0( )  h f  188, 45( )
 kg  kg
 with 
h  (1  x).h  x.h  (1  0,83412).188, 45  0,83412.2583, 2  2185,96( kJ ) h  2583, 2( kJ )
 2 f g
kg 
g
kg

.
Wcv . . 500.103
.
 h1  h2  Wcv  m .(h1  h2 )  .(3709, 0  2185,96)  211533,33(W)
m 3600

EXERCISE 11:

Heat engine working between 1000°C and 30°C. Is it possible to get a thermal efficiency at 80%?
In Carnot cycle, the thermal efficiency of the heat engine is:

𝑊 𝑇𝐶 30 + 273
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = 1− = 1− = 0.76 < 0.8
𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻 1000 + 273

Answer is No, it is not possible.

EXERCISE 12:

Heat pump (in winter) the surrounding temperature is 0°C and the room temperature is 24°C. Heat
loss from the room is 25kW. Determine the minimum electric power to heat up the room.
𝑄𝐻 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 25𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻 24 + 273
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = = = 12.375
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐 24

25𝑘𝑊
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 2.02𝑘𝑊
12.375

In reality, to satisfy this demand, the electrical power needed to be greater than 2.02kW
MIDTERM QUESTION:

Question 1: Let study a 200l vessel has wet saturated vapor with p1  3bar and quality x1  0.85 .
Determine:

a. The mass of the water vapor contained in the vessel

b. The heat needed to increase p1  3bars to p2  3.5bar and temperature t 2
c. Show the process in p-v diagram

Answer:
a. We have: Table A-3 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table
m3 m3
p1  3bar  t1  133.6 C, v f 1  1.0732 *103 , vg1  0.6058
o

kg kg

m3
v1  (1  x1 )* v f 1  x1 * vg1  (1  0.85)*1.0732 *103  0.85* 0.6058  0.5151( )
kg

V 0.2
m   0.3883(kg )
v1 0.5151

b. Vessel=> V remains constant => isochoric process

m3
v1  v2  0.5151( )
kg

m3 m3
p2  3.5bar  t2  138.9 C, v f 2  1.0786 *103 , vg 2  0.5243
o
Table A-3:
kg kg

v f 2  v2  vg 2  Wet Saturated Vapor

v2  v f 2 0.5151  1.0786 *103

x2    0.9824
vg 2  v f 2 0.5243  1.0786 *103

 q  du  pdv

Isocharic =>  q  du

kJ kJ
p2  3.5bars  u f 2  583.95 , ug 2  2546.9
kg kg
 kJ
u2  (1  x2 )* u f 2  x2 * u g 2  (1  0.9824)* 583.95  0.9824* 2546.9  2512.352( )
kg

kJ kJ
p1  3bars  u f 1  561.15 , u g1  2543.6
kg kg

kJ
u1  (1  x1 )* u f 1  x1 * ug1  (1  0.85)* 561.15  0.85* 2543.6  2246.23( )
kg

Q  m(u2  u1 )  0.3883*(2512.352  2246.23)  103.335(kJ )

 Supplied heat
c.

Question 2: Write the formula to calculate the boundary displacement work and the heat
exchanged between the system and its surrounding of a polytropic process of an ideal gas

We have:

 q  du  pdv and  q  dh  vdp =>  q  c p dT  pdv

du  c p dT , dh  cv dT  q  cv dT  vdp

Also  q  cdT  cdT  c p dT  pdv, cdT  cv dT  vdp

 With c : polytropic process
c p : isobar process
cv : isochoric process
c  cp
n : polytropic index
c  cv

dp dv
 0  vdp  npdv  n 0
p v

c  cp vdp
n 
c  cv pdv

pv n  const  p1v1n  p2v2n

Work:

2 2 dV 2 p1V1n p V  p1V1 T T
W   pdV  p1V1n   p1 1 1
V n
V n
dV  (V2  n 1  V1 n1 )  2 2  mR 2 1
1 1 V n
n  1 1 n 1 n

Heat:

Q  mcT
c  cp
With n 
c  cv
cp n 
 : adiabatic index  c  cv
cv n 1
n 
 Q  mcv T
n 1

Question 3:

Steam enter turbine at p1  100bars and t1  640o C . The pressure at exit is p2  0.08bars .
We have:

- The mass flow rate of steam passing through the turbine is 120 ton/h
- s1  s2
Determine the Work produced by turbine
Answer:

Table A-3: p1  100bars  tsat  311.1o C

 t1  tsat  State 1 is superheated vapor

Table A-4:

kJ kJ
h1  3723.7 and s1  7.0131
kg kgK

kJ
Also s1  s2  7.0131
kgK

Use Table A-3:

kJ kJ
p2  0.08bars  s f 2  0.5926 , sg 2  8.2287
kgK kgK

s2  s f 2 7.0131  0.5926
x2    0.8408
sg 2  s f 2 8.2287  0.5926

kJ kJ
p2  0.08bars  h f 2  173.88 , hg 2  2577.0
kg kg

kJ
h2  (1  x2 )* h f 2  x2 * hg 2  (1  0.8408)*173.88  0.8408* 2577.0  2194.42( )
kg

. tons kg
m  120  33.333
h s
.
W  m(h1  h2 )  33.333*(3723.7  2194.42)  50975.5(kJ )

Work produced by turbine = 50975.5kJ

EXERCISE 13:

m3
Let study a tank of water (v =20l) that have t1  1200 C and v1  0.04 , t2  1400 C .
kg

Determine Q?

A tank of water => constant volume => isochoric

Table A-2:
 m3 m3
t1  1200 C  v f 1  1.0603*103 , vg1  0.8919
kg kg

v f 1  v1  vg1  State 1 is Wet Saturated Vapor

v1  v f 1 0.04  1.0603*103
v1  (1  x1 ) * v f 1  x1 * vg1  x1    0.0437
vg 1  v f 1 0.8918  1.0603*103

kJ kJ
t1  1200 C  u f 1  503.5 , u g1  2529.3
kg kg

kJ
u1  (1  x1 )* u f 1  x1 * ug1  (1  0.0437)*503.5  0.0437 * 2529.3  592.05
kg

m3
v1  v2  0.04
kg

Table A-2:

m3 m3
t1  1400 C  v f 2  1.0797*103 , vg 2  0.5089
kg kg

v f 2  v2  vg 2  State 2 is Wet Saturated Vapor

v2  v f 2 0.04  1.0797 *103

x2    0.0766
vg 2  v f 2 0.5089  1.0797 *103

kJ kJ
t2  1400 C  u f 2  588.74 , ug 2  2550
kg kg

kJ
u2  (1  x2 )* u f 2  x2 * u g 2  (1  0.0766)*588.74  0.0766*2550  739.054
kg

V 0.02
m   0.5(kg )
v1 0.04

 q  du  pdv

Isocharic process =>  q  du

=> Q  m *(u2  u1 )  0.5*(739.054  592.05)  73.502kJ

  Heat is supplied

EXERCISE 14:

A steam turbine t1  6000 C , p1  100bars and p2  0.06bars , W  120MW .

Determine the capacity of the boiler connect to the turbine

Table A-4:

p1  100bars  tsat  311.1o C and t1  tsat  State 1 is superheated vapor

Use Table A-4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor

kJ
 h1  3625.3
kg

kJ
Adiabatic process: s1  s2  6.9029
kgK

kJ kJ
Table A-3: p2  0.06bars  s f 2  0.5210 , sg 2  8.334
kgK kgK

s f 2  s2  sg 2  State 2 is Wet Saturated Vapor

kJ kJ
p2  0.06bars  h f 2  151.53 , hg 2  2567.4
kg kg

s2  s f 2 6.9029  0.5210
x2    0.8172
sg 2  s f 2 8.334  0.5210

kJ
h2  (1  x2 )* h f 2  x2 * hg 2  (1  0.8172)*151.53  0.8172*2567.4  2125.295
kg

. . . kg ton
W  120 MW  120*103 kW  m( h1  h2 )  m(3625.3  2567.4)  m  80( )  288( )
s h

EXERCISE 15:

A tank of 10l with R-22.We have at first t1  300 C and x1  0.75

a) Determine the mliquid 1 and mvapor1

b) At state 2 mliquid 2  50%mliquid 1 . Determine state 2 and mliquid 2 , mvapor 2

Solution

a) We have:
Table A-7:

0.8480  0.8599 3 3 m
3
t1  30 C  v f 1 
0
*10  0.85395*10
2 kg
0.0208  0.0186 m3
vg 1   0.0197
2 kg

m3
v1  (1  x1 )* v f 1  x1 * vg1  (1  0.75)*0.85395*103  0.75*0.0197  0.015
kg

V 0.01
m1    0.667(kg )
v1 0.015

mvapor1
x1   0.75 and m1  mliquid 1  mvapor1  0.667kg
mliquid 1  mvapor1

 mliquid 1  0.16675(kg )
mvapor1  0.50025(kg )

b) Volume is constant -> Isocharic process:

m3
v1  v2  0.015
kg

mliquid 2  50%mliquid 1  0.083375(kg )

Vliquid 2  mliquid 2 * v f 2  mliquid 2 * v f 1  0.083375*0.85395*103  7.12*105 (m3 )

Vvapor 2  V  Vliquid 2  0.01  7.12*105  9.93*103 (m3 )

Vvapor 2 Vvapor 2 9.93*103

mvapor 2     0.5041(kg )
vg 2 vg 1 0.0197

mvapor 2 0.5041
x2    0.858 => State 2 is Wet Saturated Vapor
mliquid 2  mvapor 2 0.083375  0.5041
EXERCISE 16:

A 150 liter rigid tank containing a quantity of refrigerant R_134a at m  12kg p1  7.7bar

change to p2  3.875bar .Determine:

a) x1 and t1
b) x2 and t 2
c) Draw p-v diagram
d) Heat reject
V 0,15 m3
a) We have: v1    0,0125( )
m 12 kg

Table A-10:

m3
3 m3
p1  7.7bar  v f 1  0.8417*10 ( ), vg1  0.0265( )  v f 1  v1  vg1 =>Wet saturated vapor
kg kg

and t1  30o C

1   f 1 v  vf1
x1   1  0.4544
 g 1   f 1 vg 1  v f 1

v1  v2
b) m3 m3
p2  3.875bar  v f 1  0.7884*103 ( ), vg1  0.0525( )  v f 2  v2  vg 2
kg kg

=> Wet saturated vapor => t2  8o C

2   f 2 v  v f 2 0.0125  0.7884*103
=> x2   2   0.2265
g 2   f 2 vg 2  v f 2 0.0525  0.7884*103

c) Sketch diagram:
d) Find the heat exchange

A tank of water has constant total volume => Isochoric process (V=constant)

kJ
u1  (1  x1 )* u f 1  x1 * u g1  (1  0.4544)*90.84  0.4544*243.1  160.03( )
kg
kJ
u2  (1  x2 )* u f 2  x2 * u g 2  (1  0.2265)*60.43  0.2265*231.46  99.168( )
kg
 Q  U  m.(u2  u1 )

 Q  12*(99.17  160.027)  730, 284(kJ)

=>The heat is removed from the system to the surroundings. (Q<0)

EXERCISE 17:

m3
A 150 liter rigid tank containing a quantity of refrigerant R_134a at t1  300 C and v1  0.015 .
kg
Adding some more heat to obtain p2  10.720(bar )
a) Determine the heat added.

b) Sketch p-v diagram:

Answer:

m3 m3
a) Table A-10 t1  300 C  v f 1  0.8417*103 ( ), vg1  0.0265( )  v f 1  v1  vg1 =>Wet
kg kg
saturated vapor.

v1  v f 1 0.015  0.8417 *103

=> x1    0.552 => p1  7.7bars
vg 1  v f 1 0.0265  0,8417 *103

kJ kJ
t1  300 C  u f 1  90.84( ), ug1  243.10( )
kg kg

=> u1  (1  x1 )* u f 1  x1 * u g1  (1  0.552)*90.84  0.552* 243.10  174.89(kJ / kg )

v1  v2

m3
3 m3
p2  10.720bar  v f 2  0,8780.10 ( ), vg 2  0,0188( )  v f 2  v2  vg 2 =>Wet saturated
kg kg
vapor.

v2  v f 2 0.015  0.8780.103
=> x2    0.788 =>Contain mostly vapor (3/4)
vg 2  v f 2 0.0188  0.8780.103

kJ
=> u2  (1  x2 )* u f 2  x2 * u g 2  (1  0.788)*108.25  0.788*249.02  219.177( )
kg

150.103
 Q  m.(u2  u1 )  .(219,177  174,89)  442,87 (kJ).
0,015

b)
EXERCISE 18:

Let’s study steam entering a turbine at p1  100bar t1  640o C . At the exit of turbine, it has the

pressure of p2  0,08bar .Let the mass flow rate of the steam passing through the turbine is 120
. .
tons/h and s2  s1 .Determine the work produced by turbine (calculated by W  m .(h1  h2 ) ).

Answer:

Table A-3

p1  100bars  tsat  311.1o C

t1  tsat  State 1 is superheated vapor

Table A-4

kJ kJ
h1  3723.7 and s1  7.0131
kg kgK

kJ
s1  s2  7.0131
kgK

Use Table A-3 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table

 kJ kJ
p2  0.08bars  s f 2  0.5926 , sg 2  8.2287
kgK kgK

s2  s f 2 7.0131  0.5926
x2    0.8408
sg 2  s f 2 8.2287  0.5926

kJ kJ
p2  0.08bars  h f 2  173.88 , hg 2  2577.0
kg kg

kJ
h2  (1  x2 )* h f 2  x2 * hg 2  (1  0.8408)*173.88  0.8408* 2577.0  2194.42( )
kg

. tons kg
m  120  33.333
h s
.
W  m(h1  h2 )  33.333*(3723.7  2194.42)  50975.5(kJ )

The work produced by turbine is 50975.5kJ

EXERCISE 19:

Let’s study water at t1 = 640C; p1 = 100 bar; p2 = 0.08 bar; m = 120 tons/h; W = m*(h1 – h2)

p1 = 100 bar => t = 311.1oC

t1 > tsat => superheated => h1 = 3723.7 kJ/kg

s1 = s2 = 7.0131

p2 = 0.08 bar => sf1 = 0.5926; sf2 = 8.2287

sf1 < s2 < sf2 => wet saturated vapor

s2 = sf2 (1-x2) + x2sg2 => x = (s2 – sf2) / (sg2 – sf2) = 0.8408

h2 = (1- x2) * hf2 + x2hg2 = 2194.44

m = 120 tons/h = 100/3 kg/s

W = m(h1-h2) = 50975.3 J

EXERCISE 20:

t1 = 600oC; t2 = 35 0C, W = reject 150kW = Qc

a) Thermal efficiency = (100/250) * 100% = 40%

b) Cannot thermal efficiency of heat engine = 1 – T/T = 1 – (35+273) / (600 + 273) = 0.6472 =>
It is impossible to go up to 0.7

EXERCISE 21:

p1 = 1.3 bar; V1 = 0.03 𝑚3 => V2 = 0.1 𝑚3 . Calculate W

a) P constant

b) T constant

c) pV1.3 = const

a) p = const => n=0; w= p*(V2 – V1) = 9100 J

b) T = const

W = p1 *V1* ln(V2 /V1 ) = 469549 J

c) pV1.3 = const => n = 1.3

p = p*(V1 /V2)1.3=27179.97 bar

W = (p2 V2 – p1 V1)/(1-n) = 3941.011 J

EXERCISE 21:

2kg of 1250 liters of water. T1 = 30; t2 = 80. Find Q, p1, p2

𝑣1 = 0.625 m3/kg = 𝑣2

t1 = 30o C => vf1 = 1.0043x10-3 m3/kg, vg1 = 32.894 m3/kg

vf1 < v1 < vg1 => Wet saturated vapor => p1 = 0.04246 bar

t2 = 80oC => 𝑣𝑓2 = 1.0291*10 m3/kg; 𝑣𝑔2 = 3.407 m3/kg

vf2 < v2 < vg2 => Wet saturated vapor => p2 = 0.4739 bar

EXERCISE 22:

𝑚𝐻2 0 = 2 kg
{ 3
, 𝑡1 = 300 𝐶 , 𝑡2 = 800 𝐶
V = 1.25 𝑚

Determine the heat supplied.

𝑣1 = 𝑣2
Isocharic: {∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑢 )
2 1

𝑉 1.25 𝑚3
𝑣= = = 0.625 ( ) = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑓1 = 1.0043 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑓1 = 125.78 (𝑘𝑔)
 𝑡1 = 300 𝐶 → { 𝑚3
and { 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑔1 = 32.894 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑔1 = 2416.6 (𝑘𝑔)

𝑣𝑓1 < 𝑣1 < 𝑣𝑔1 : Wet Saturated Vapor

𝑣1 −𝑣𝑓1
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑥1 = = 0.019
𝑣𝑔1 −𝑣𝑓1

𝑘𝐽
𝑢1 = (1 − 𝑥1 ) ∗ 𝑢𝑓1 + 𝑥1 ∗ 𝑢𝑔1 = 169.3 ( )
𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑓2 = 1.0291 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑓2 = 334.86(𝑘𝑔)
 𝑡2 = 800 𝐶 → { 𝑚3
and { 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑔2 = 3.407 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑔2 = 2482.2 (𝑘𝑔)
 𝑣𝑓2 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣𝑔2 : Wet Saturated Vapor
𝑣2 −𝑣𝑓2
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑥2 = = 0.1832
𝑣𝑔2 −𝑣𝑓2

𝑘𝐽
𝑢2 = (1 − 𝑥2 ) ∗ 𝑢𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ∗ 𝑢𝑔2 = 728.25 ( )
𝑘𝑔

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) = 1117.9 𝑘𝐽

EXERCISE 23:

𝑚𝐻2 0 = 0.038 kg
{ , 𝑡1 = 300 𝐶 , 𝑝2 = 2.7 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
V = 1.25 𝑚3

Determine 𝑝1, 𝑡2

𝑣1 = 𝑣2
Isocharic: {∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑢 )
2 1

𝑉 1.25 𝑚3
𝑣= = = 32.894 ( ) = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2
𝑚 0.038 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣𝑓1 = 1.0043 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
 0
𝑡1 = 30 𝐶 → 𝑝1 = 0.04246 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 and { 𝑚3
and
𝑣𝑔1 = 32.894 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑢𝑓1 = 125.78 (𝑘𝑔)
{ 𝑘𝐽
𝑢𝑔1 = 2416.6 (𝑘𝑔)

𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑔1 : Dry Saturated Vapor

𝑣1 −𝑣𝑓1
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑥1 = =1
𝑣𝑔1 −𝑣𝑓1

𝑘𝐽
𝑢1 = (1 − 𝑥1 ) ∗ 𝑢𝑓1 + 𝑥1 ∗ 𝑢𝑔1 = 2416.6 ( )
𝑘𝑔
 𝑚3
𝑣𝑓2 = 1.0697 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
 𝑝2 = 2.7𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 → 𝑡2 = 1300 𝐶 { 𝑚3
𝑣𝑔2 = 0.6685 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑣2 > 𝑣𝑔2 : Superheated Vapor

EXERCISE 24:

Air conditioner R-22 according to T-s diagram. Work supplied to compressor is 1.5 horse power.

𝑡1 = 100 𝐶 , 𝑝3 = 20 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

Determine 𝑞𝑐 , 𝑞𝑒 , 𝐶𝑂𝑃, 𝑄𝑐 , 𝑄𝑒

State 𝑡,0 𝐶 𝑝, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽

𝑠,
𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾

1. Dry Saturated
10 6.8113 253.35 0.9129
Vapor
2. Superheated
68.7 20 280.08 0.9129
Vapor
3. Saturated
51.26 20 109.81 0.3895
Liquid
4. Wet Saturated
10 6.8113 109.81
Vapor

At state 2:
0.9129 − 0.8873
𝑡2 = 60 + ∗ (70 − 60) = 68.70 𝐶
0.9167 − 0.8873
 0.9129 − 0.8873
ℎ2 = 271.43 + ∗ (281.36 − 271.43) = 280.08 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
0.9167 − 0.8873

𝑞𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 280.08 − 109.81 = 170.27 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑞𝑒 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 253.35 − 109.81 = 143.54 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑞𝑒 𝑞𝑒 143.54
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = = = 5.37
𝑤 ℎ2 − ℎ1 26.73

1𝐻𝑃 = 746𝑊

𝑊 746 ∗ 1.5 1119

𝑚̇ = = = = 0.042 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑤 𝑤 26.73 ∗ 103

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑞𝑐 = 0.042 ∗ 170.27 = 7.15 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑞𝑒 = 0.042 ∗ 143.54 = 6.03 𝑘𝑊

Determine the mass flow of the air passing through condenser:

Temperature rises by 120 𝐶
𝑐𝑝 = 1𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑐𝑝 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄𝑐 ̇
7.15
𝑚𝑎 = = = 0.596 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑐𝑝 ∗ ∆𝑇 1 ∗ 12

EXERCISE 25:

Refrigerator system 𝑁𝐻3

𝑡1 = −150 𝐶 , 𝑡3 = 450 𝐶

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 15 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠/18ℎ
a. Find the heat removed
b. Determine the work supplied
c. COP

State 𝑡,0 𝐶 𝑝, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽

𝑠,
𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾

1 -15 2.263 1444 5.829

2 135.8 17.82 1752 5.829

3 45 17.82 415.5

4 -15 2.362 415.5

𝑞𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 1336.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑞𝑒 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 1028.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 308 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

(1 ∗ (30 − 0) ∗ 15000 + 80 ∗ 15000) ∗ 4.18

𝑄𝑒 = = 106.43 𝑘𝑊
18 ∗ 3600

𝑄𝑒
𝑚̇ = = 0.103 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑞𝑒
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑞𝑐 = 137.66 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑤 = 31.72 𝑘𝑊
𝑞𝑒
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = 3.34
𝑤
EXERCISE 26:

3
{𝑣1 = 0.009 𝑚 / kg , 𝑡1 = 450 𝐶 , 𝑡2 = 550 𝐶
V = 100 l

a. 𝑄?
b. 𝑝2 ?
𝑣1 = 𝑣2
Isocharic: {∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑢 )
2 1

𝑉 100 ∗ 10−3
𝑚= = = 11.11 (𝑘𝑔)
𝑣 0.009

𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑓1 = 1.0099 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑓1 = 188.44 (𝑘𝑔)
 0
𝑡1 = 45 𝐶 → { 𝑚3
and { 𝑘𝐽
𝑣𝑔1 = 15.258 ( 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑢𝑔1 = 2436.8 (𝑘𝑔)

𝑣𝑓1 < 𝑣1 < 𝑣𝑔1 : Wet Saturated Vapor

𝑣1 −𝑣𝑓1
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑥1 = = 5.237 ∗ 10−4
𝑣𝑔1 −𝑣𝑓1

𝑘𝐽
𝑢1 = (1 − 𝑥1 ) ∗ 𝑢𝑓1 + 𝑥1 ∗ 𝑢𝑔1 = 189.6 ( )
𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣𝑓2 = 1.0146 ∗ 10−3 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
 0
𝑡2 = 55 𝐶 → 𝑝2 = 0.1576 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 and { 𝑚3
and
𝑣𝑔2 = 9.568 ( 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑢𝑓2 = 230.21(𝑘𝑔)
{ 𝑘𝐽
𝑢𝑔2 = 2450.1 (𝑘𝑔)
𝑣𝑓2 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣𝑔2 : Wet Saturated Vapor
𝑣2 −𝑣𝑓2
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑥2 = = 8.347 ∗ 10−7
𝑣𝑔2 −𝑣𝑓2

𝑘𝐽
𝑢2 = (1 − 𝑥2 ) ∗ 𝑢𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ∗ 𝑢𝑔2 = 232.06 ( )
𝑘𝑔
 ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) = 471.73 𝑘𝐽

EXERCISE 27:

𝑡1 = 6400 𝐶 , 𝑝1 = 120 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , 𝑡3 = 450 𝐶

Determine 𝑞𝑐 , 𝑞𝑒 , 𝐶𝑂𝑃, 𝑄𝑐 , 𝑄𝑒 , 𝑤 and the mass flow rate of the cooling water

State 𝑡,0 𝐶 𝑝, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽

𝑠,
𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾

1 640 120 3709 6.9164

2 45 0.9593 2185.6 6.9164

3 45 0.9593 188.45

At state 2:
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑓2 = 0.6387 (𝑘𝑔∗𝐾) ℎ𝑓2 = 188.45(𝑘𝑔∗𝐾)
𝑡2 = 450 𝐶 → { 𝑘𝐽 and { 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑔2 = 8.1648 (𝑘𝑔∗𝐾) ℎ𝑔2 = 2583.2 (𝑘𝑔∗𝐾)
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓2
𝑥2 = = 0.834
𝑠𝑔2 − 𝑠𝑓2

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = (1 − 𝑥2 ) ∗ ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ∗ ℎ𝑔2 = 2185.6 ( )
𝑘𝑔

𝑊 𝑊 100 ∗ 103
𝑚̇ = = = = 196.93 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑤 ℎ1 − ℎ2 3709 − 2185.6
 𝑞𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 1997.15 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑞1 = ℎ1 − ℎ3 = 3520.55 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 1523.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑞𝑐 = 393.298.7 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑤 = 300003 𝑘𝑊
𝑞1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = 2.31
𝑤

EXERCISE 28:

A moist air, at Pwv = 0.039 bar, t = 30oC. Determine relative humidity (RH).

𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝜙 = 𝑅𝐻 =
𝑃𝑠

Table A2: t =30oC: Ps = 0.0426 bar

0.039
So 𝑅𝐻 = . 100 % = 91.85 %
0.0424

EXERCISE 29:

𝑚𝑤𝑣 𝑝𝑤𝑣
Prove 𝜔 = 𝑚𝑑𝑎
= 0,622. 𝑝−𝑝
𝑤𝑣
The humidity ratio (or specific humidity) W is the mass of water associated with each kilogram
of dry air. Assuming both water vapor and dry air to be perfect gases, the humidity ratio is given
by:

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑤𝑣 /𝑅𝑣 𝑇 𝑝𝑤𝑣 /𝑅𝑤𝑣

𝜔= = = (𝑝−𝑝 (1)
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑑𝑎 /𝑅𝑑𝑎 𝑇 𝑤𝑣 )/𝑅𝑑𝑎

Gas constant for dry air Rda = 287,05 J kg-1 K-1

Gas constant for water vapor Rwv = 461,51 J kg-1 K-1

𝑤𝑣 𝑝
Substitute Rda and Rwv into (1), we have 𝜔 = 0,622. 𝑝−𝑝
𝑤𝑣

EXERCISE 30:

𝑝𝑤𝑣
Prove 𝜙 = 𝑝𝑤𝑣𝑠

Relative humidity (ϕ) is defined as the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor in moist air to
mole fraction of water vapor in saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.

𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑤𝑣 /𝑅𝑤𝑣 𝑇 𝑝𝑤𝑣

𝜔= = =
𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑤𝑣𝑠 /𝑅𝑤𝑣 𝑇 𝑝𝑤𝑣𝑠

EXERCISE 31:

A moist air at 32oC and its relative humidity is 80%.

Determine dew point temperature, tdp = ? oC.

Table A2: t = 32oC, PS = 0.04759 bar

𝑃𝑊
𝜙= => 𝑃𝑊 = 𝜙. 𝑃𝑊𝑆 = 0,8 . 0,04759 = 0,03807
𝑃𝑊𝑆
 The value is approximate to t = 28oC.

EXERCISE 32:

Let’s study a moist air at t1 = 30oC, φ1 = 60%.

a) Determine the moist content.

𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Psychrometric chart: ω1 = 16
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

b) Find enthalpy.

𝑘𝐽
Psychrometric chart: H1 = 71,5 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

c) Find the dew point temperature.

Psychrometric chart: tdp = 22oC

EXERCISE 33:

Definition of relative humidity? Use thermometer to measure RH

- Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium
vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.

- Thermometers are used to measure temperature. Thermometers can also be used to find relative
humidity. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in air compared to the amount of water
vapor that the air can hold. The amount of water vapor that air can hold depends on the
temperature; the warmer the air, the more water vapor it can hold. Air is said to be saturated
when it cannot hold any more water.

EXERCISE 34:

tdb1 = 32⁰C; twb1 = 28⁰C; tdb2 = 32⁰C; twb2 = 24⁰C. Find 𝜑1 , q2

According to psychiatric chart:

𝜑1 = 24.2 g-moisture/kg-dry-air q2 = 22.5⁰C

EXERCISE 35:

Conclusion: ∆𝑡2 > ∆𝑡1 => 𝑞2 < 𝑞1 (𝑡𝑑𝑏 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )

- It depends on both tdb and twb. The different tdb and twb, we have different q. Q can be
increase or decrease.

Higher tdb -> lower

- It’s correct. RH will decrease when tdb – twb increase

RH in the morning > RH in the midday

- It’s not correct for tdp and tdb because RH increasing or decreasing depends on only tdp. The
higher tdp, the higher RH.

EXERCISE 36:

If we supply some heat to moist air, the temperature of moist air must be increased. If we take
some heat out then temperature of moist air decrease, right or wrong?

It’s a wrong conclusion because when we supply some heat to moist air, the temperature can
both increase and decrease due to psychrometric chart. The same thing happens when we take
some heat out. It depends on twb, tdb and tdp.
EXERCISE 37:

EXERCISE 38:

t1=250C, p=const=1bar, RH=50%--- t2=100C. Use psychiatric chart to determine whether

condensation occurs. Evaluate the amount of water condensed, in kg per kg of dry air, or if there
is no condensation determine the relative humidity at the final state.
 25

tdp=13.50C> t2 => Condensation happens.

w1=10.3 g of water vapor/kg of dry air

𝑝
Φ1 = 𝑝 𝑤1 = 0.5 => pws1=0,03169.2=0,06338bar
𝑤𝑠1

𝑝
Φ2 = 1 = 𝑝 𝑤2 => pws2=pw2=pws1
𝑤𝑠2

𝑤1 𝑝
w1=0.622× 𝑝−𝑝 = 0,02 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air
𝑤1

𝑤2 𝑝
w2=0.622× 𝑝−𝑝 = 0,042 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air
𝑤2

Amount of water condensed= w1-w2 =0,002

EXERCISE 39:

Air 1: tdb=160C, twb=120C

 Air 2: tdb=330C, twb=220C. Mix together => Air 3

(p= const)

Find Φ3 , 𝑡𝑑𝑝3 , 𝑡3 ,𝜔1

𝑉1̇ 𝑚̇
=2=𝑚̇1 => Distance to 3 from 1 is half the distance from 3 to 2.
𝑉2̇ 2

From the chart

 Φ3 = 72%
17
 tdp3= 3 + 16= 21,67 oC

H1=Ha=f(120C,𝜔a)

𝑝 𝑝
Φ𝑎 = 1 = 𝑝 𝜔𝑎 => 𝑝𝜔𝑎 = 𝑝𝜔𝑠𝑎 = 0,01402=> 𝜔𝑎 = 0.622 ∗ 1−𝑝𝜔𝑎 = 9,41.10-3 kg of water
𝜔𝑠𝑎 𝜔𝑎

vapor/kg of dry air

=> H1 = 1,006.12+9,41.10-3 (2500,77+1,84.12) = 35,81 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air

 H1  1, 006.16
 1  = 7,79.10-3 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air
2500, 77  1,84.16
Similar to 2 => 2  0, 0313 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air.

2  1
 3   7,84.103 kg of water vapor/kg of dry air.
3
𝑝
 7,84.10-3=0,622.1−𝑝𝑤1  pw1=0,01244 bar
𝑤1

 t3= 10,19oC