Review Questions in General Chemistry
Questions
3.101 A mixture of N2(g) and H2(g)
reacts in a closed container to form
ammonia, NH3(g). The reaction
ceases before either reactant has been
totally consumed. At this stage 3.0
mol N2, 3.0
mol H2, and 3.0 mol NH3 are
present. How many moles of N2
and H2 were present originally?
3.61 Hydrofluoric acid, HF(aq),
cannot be stored in glass bottles
because compounds called silicates
in the glass are attacked by the
HF(aq). Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3),
for example, reacts as follows:
Na2SiO3(s) + 8 HF(aq)  H
2SiF6(aq) + 2 NaF(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
(a) How many moles of HF are
needed to react with 0.300
mol of Na2SiO3? (b) How many
grams of NaF form when 0.500 mol
of HF reacts with excess Na2SiO3?
(c) How many grams of Na2SiO3 can
react with 0.800 g of HF?
3.63Several brands of antacids use
Al(OH)3 to react with stomach acid,
which contains primarily HCl:
Al(OH)3(s) + HCl(aq) - AlCl3(aq)
+ H2O(l) (a) Balance this equation.
(b) Calculate the number of grams of
HCl that can react with 0.500 g of
Al(OH)3. (c) Calculate the number of
grams of AlCl3 and the number
of grams of H2O formed when 0.500
g of Al(OH)3 reacts. (d) Show that
your calculations in parts (b) and (c)
are consistent with the law of
conservation of mass.
3.65 Aluminum sulfide reacts with
water to form aluminum hydroxide
and hydrogen sulfide. (a) Write the
balanced chemical equation for this
reaction. (b) How many grams of
aluminum hydroxide are obtained
from 14.2 g of aluminum sulfide?
3.47 A compound whose empirical
formula is XF3 consists of 65%
F by mass. What is the atomic mass
of X?
[4.114] The newest US standard for arsenate in
drinking water, mandated by the Safe Drinking
Water Act, required that by January 2006, public
water supplies must contain no greater than 10
parts per billion (ppb) arsenic. If this arsenic is
present as arsenate, , what mass of sodium
arsenate would be present in a 1.00-L sample of
drinking water that just meets the standard? Parts
per billion is defined on a mass basis as
3.51 Determine the empirical and molecular
formulas of each of the following substances:
(a) Styrene, a compound substance used to make
Styrofoam® cups and insulation, contains 92.3%
C and 7.7% H by mass and has a molar mass of
104 g>mol. (b) Caffeine, a stimulant found in
coffee, contains 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N,
and 16.5% O by mass and has a molar mass of
195 g>mol. (c) Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a
flavor enhancer in certain foods, contains 35.51%
C, 4.77% H, 37.85% O, 8.29% N, and 13.60%
Na, and has a molar mass of 169 g/mol.
3.75 Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon
dioxide as follows:
2 NaOH(s) + CO2(g) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
Which is the limiting reactant when 1.85 mol
NaOH and 1.00 mol CO2 are allowed to react?
How many moles of Na2CO3 can be produced?
How many moles of the excess reactant remain
after the completion of the reaction?
3.89 Very small crystals composed of 1000 to
100,000 atoms,called quantum dots, are being
investigated for use in electronic devices.
(a) A quantum dot was made of solid silicon in
the shape of a sphere, with a diameter of 4 nm.
Calculate the mass of the quantum dot, using the
density of silicon(b) How many silicon atoms are
in the quantum dot?(c) The density of germanium
is . If you made a 4-nm quantum dot of
germanium, how many Ge atoms would it
contain? Assume the dot is spherical.
3.93 Vanillin, the dominant flavoring in vanilla,
contains C, H, and O. When 1.05 g of this
substance is completely combusted, 2.43 g of
CO2 and 0.50 g of H2O are produced. What is the
3.53 (a) Combustion analysis of toluene,
a common organic solvent, gives 5.86
mg of CO2 and 1.37 mg of H2O. If the
compound contains only carbon and
hydrogen, what is its empirical formula?
(b) Menthol, the substance we can smell
in mentholated cough drops, is
composed of C, H, and O. A 0.1005-g
sample of menthol is combusted,
producing 0.2829 g of CO2 and 0.1159 g
of H2O. What is the empirical formula
for menthol? If menthol has a molar
mass of 156 g>mol, what is its
molecular formula?
3.77 The fizz produced when an Alka-
Seltzer® tablet is dissolved in water is
due to the reaction between sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid
(H3C6H5O7):3 NaHCO3(aq) +
H3C6H5O7(aq) 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) +
Na3C6H5O7(aq)
In a certain experiment 1.00 g of sodium
bicarbonate and 1.00 g of citric acid are
allowed to react. (a) Which is the
limiting reactant? (b) How many grams
of carbon dioxide form? (c) How many
grams of the excess reactant remain after
the limiting reactant is completely
consumed?
3.67Automotive air bags inflate when
sodium azide, NaN3, rapidly
decomposes to its component elements:
2 NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
(a) How many moles of N2 are produced
by the decomposition of 1.50 mol of
NaN 3? (b) How many grams of NaN3
are required to form 10.0 g of nitrogen
gas? (c) How many grams of NaN3 are
required to produce 10.0 of nitrogen gas,
about the size of an automotive air bag,
if the gas has a density of 1.25 g/L?
3.85 Write the balanced chemical
oequations for (a) the complete
combustion of acetic acid (CH3COOH),
the main active ingredient in vinegar; (b)
the decomposition of solid calcium
hydroxide into solid calcium(II) oxide
(lime) and water vapor; (c) the
combination reaction between nickel
metal and chlorine gas.
3.105 Consider a sample of calcium
carbonate in the form of a cube
measuring 2.005 in. on each edge. If the
sample has a density
 Review Questions in General Chemistry
3.109 A particular coal contains
2.5% sulfur by mass. When this coal
is burned at a power plant, the sulfur
is converted into sulfur dioxide gas,
which is a pollutant. To reduce sulfur
dioxide emissions, calcium oxide
(lime) is used. The sulfur dioxide
reacts with calcium oxide to form
solid calcium sulfite. (a) Write
the balanced chemical equation for
the reaction. (b) If the coal is burned
in a power plant that uses 2000 tons
of coal per day, what mass of
calcium oxide is required daily to
eliminate the sulfur dioxide? (c) How
many grams of calcium sulfite are
produced daily by this power plant?
4.53 Write balanced molecular and
net ionic equations for the reactions
of (a) manganese with dilute sulfuric
acid, (b) chromium
with hydrobromic acid, (c) tin with
hydrochloric acid, (d) aluminum
with formic acid, HCOOH.
4.63 The average adult human male
has a total blood volume of
5.0 L. If the concentration of sodium
ion in this average individual is
0.135 M, what is the mass of sodium
ion circulating
in the blood?
4.67 Calculate (a) the number of
grams of solute in 0.250 L of
0.175 M KBr, (b) the molar
concentration of a solution
containing 14.75 g of Ca(NO3)2 in
1.375 L, (c) the volume of
1.50 M Na
3PO4 in milliliters that contains 2.50
g of solute.
empirical formula of vanillin?
3.97A method used by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for determining the
concentration of ozone in air is to pass the air
sample through a “bubbler” containing sodium
iodide, which removes the ozone according to the
following equation:
O3(g) + 2 NaI(aq) + H2O(l) O2(g) + I2(s) + 2
NaOH(aq) (a) How many moles of sodium
iodide are needed to remove 5.95 * 10-6 mol of
O3? (b) How many grams of sodium iodide are
needed to remove 1.3 mg of O3?
3.107 (a) If an automobile travels 225 mi with a
gas mileage of
20.5 mi>gal, how many kilograms of CO2 are
produced? Assume that the gasoline is composed
of octane, C8H18(l), whose
density is 0.69 g>mL. (b) Repeat the calculation
for a truck that
has a gas mileage of 5 mi>gal.
4.65 The concentration of alcohol (CH3CH2OH)
in blood, called the “blood alcohol concentration”
or BAC, is given in units of grams of alcohol per
100 mL of blood. The legal definition of
intoxication, in many states of the United States,
is that the BAC is 0.08 or higher. What is the
concentration of alcohol, in terms of molarity, in
blood if the BAC is 0.08?
4.77 Pure acetic acid, known as glacial acetic
acid, is a liquid with
a density of at . Calculate the molarity of a
solution of acetic acid made by dissolving 20.00
mL of glacial
acetic acid at in enough water to make 250.0 mL
of
solution.
of , how many oxygen atoms does it
contain?
4.61 (a) Calculate the molarity of a
solution that contains 0.175 mol
ZnCl2 in exactly 150 mL of solution. (b)
How many moles of HCl are present in
35.0 mL of a 4.50 M solution of nitric
acid? (c) How many milliliters of 6.00 M
NaOH solution are needed
to provide 0.325 mol of NaOH?
4.49 Determine the oxidation number for
the indicated element in
each of the following substances: (a) S
in SO2, (b) C in COCl2,
(c) Mn in KMnO4, (d) Br in HBrO, (e)
As in As4, (f) O in
K2O2.
4.73 (a) You have a stock solution of
14.8 M NH3. How many milliliters of
this solution should you dilute to make
1000.0 mL of 0.250 M NH
3? (b) If you take a 10.0-mL portion of
the stock solution and dilute it to a total
volume of 0.500 L, what will be
the concentration of the final solution?
4.87 A solution of 100.0 mL of 0.200 M
KOH is mixed with a solution of 200.0
mL of 0.150 M NiSO4. (a) Write the
balanced chemical equation for the
reaction that occurs. (b) What precipitate
forms? (c) What is the limiting reactant?
(d) How many grams of this precipitate
form? (e) What is the concentration of
each ion that remains in solution?
 Review Questions in General Chemistry
4.89 A 0.5895-g sample of impure
magnesium hydroxide is dissolved in
100.0 mL of 0.2050 M HCl solution.
The excess acid
then needs 19.85 mL of 0.1020 M
NaOH for neutralization.
Calculate the percent by mass of
magnesium hydroxide in the
sample, assuming that it is the only
substance reacting with
the HCl solution.
4.99 A 35.0-mL sample of 1.00 M
KBr and a 60.0-mL sample of
0.600 M KBr are mixed. The
solution is then heated to evaporate
water until the total volume is 50.0
mL. What is the
molarity of the KBr in the final
solution?
4.106 (a) By titration, 15.0 mL of 0.1008 M
sodium hydroxide is
needed to neutralize a 0.2053-g sample of an
organic acid.
What is the molar mass of the acid if it is
monoprotic? (b) An
elemental analysis of the acid indicates that it is
composed of 5.89% H, 70.6% C, and 23.5% O by
mass. What is its molecular formula?
[4.112] The mass percentage of chloride ion in a
25.00-mL sample of
seawater was determined by titrating the sample
with silver
nitrate, precipitating silver chloride. It took 42.58
mL of
0.2997 M silver nitrate solution to reach the
equivalence point
in the titration. What is the mass percentage of
chloride ion in
the seawater if its density is 1.025 g/mL?
4.103 (a) A strontium hydroxide
solution is prepared by dissolving
10.45 g of Sr(OH)2 in water to make
50.00 mL of solution. What is the
molarity of this solution? (b) Next the
strontium hydroxide solution prepared in
part (a) is used to titrate a nitric acid
solution of unknown concentration.
Write a balanced chemical equation to
represent the reaction between strontium
hydroxide and nitric acid solutions. (c) If
23.9 mL of the strontium hydroxide
solution was needed to neutralize a 31.5
mL aliquot of the nitric acid solution,
what is the concentration (molarity) of
the acid?
4.109 A sample of 5.53 g of Mg(OH)2 is
added to 25.0 mL of 0.200
M HNO3. (a) Write the chemical
equation for the reaction
that occurs. (b) Which is the limiting
reactant in the reaction?
(c) How many moles of Mg(OH)2,
HNO3, and Mg(NO3)2 are
present after the reaction is complete?
Review Questions in General Chemistry