Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast

st and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete
International Seminar on Design and Construction of Precast Structures in Seismic Regions
October 2015, Chile

Structural Design and Construction Practice

of
Precast Concrete Buildings in Japan

Fumio Watanabe
Emeritus Professor of Kyoto University
Executive Technical Advisor of Takenaka Corporation

00 watanabe.fumio@takenaka.co.jp
Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete

I would like to express my hearty thanks to

Prof. Patricio Bonelli (University Frederico Santa Maria, Valparaiso) and
Dr. August Holmberg (President of Chilean Cement and Concrete
Institute), who kindly invited us to nice country Chile in the southern
hemisphere.

I would express my hearty

sympathy to the Chilean
people who suffered the heavy
losses during the great
earthquake on September 16.

CHILE
JAPAN

01 Seismic Countries
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Part 1
1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method
2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction
3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear
4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connection

Part 2
5. Design Example of Precast Connection
6. Example of Precast Reinforced Concrete Building
7. Example of Precast Prestressed Concrete Building
8. Example of Precast Prestressed Concrete Stadium
9. Structural Damage in Past Earthquake
Dr. Tsutomu Komuro at Taisei Corporation
Prof. Makoto Maruta at Shimane University (Kajima Corporation)
Prof. Minehiro Nishiyama at Kyoto University
Dr. Masaru Teraoka at Kure National Collage of Technology (Fujita)
Dr. Hideki Kimura at Takenaka Corporation
Mr. Hisato Okude at Takenaka Corporation
Dr. Yuuji Ishikawa at Takenaka Corporation
02 Dr. Hassane Ousalem at Takenaka Corporation
Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete Precast and prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete

Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

Hukui Earthquake (1948, M7.1)

Establishment of modern seismic design code
(Building Standard Law) (1951)

Tokachi-Oki Earthquake (1968, M7.9)

Intensification of the requirement to lateral reinforcement
(1971)

Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake (1978, M7.4)

Drastic revision of Building Standard Law
(1981: currently used)

Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake (1995, M7.2)

Partial revision of 1981 Building Standard Law (1995)
03 Adoption of performance based design process (2000)
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Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

Design for Gravity Load

Allowable stress design '
Flexural Allowable stress of concrete = fc / 3
Design Allowable stress of re-bar ≤ 215 N / mm2 for deformed bar

A: Conventional Seismic Design Method

(most widely used in Japan and completely revised in 1981)
Conditions: Buildings less than 60 meters and without isolation systems, damping
devices and other response control devices

Allowable stress design for minor earthquake

Flexural Allowable stress of concrete = 2 fc' / 3
Design Allowable stress of re-bar ≤ specified yield strength

Capacity design for major earthquake

Lateral story shear strength should be greater than the code
specified story shear strength which depends on the structural
ductility.
04
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Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

A: Conventional Seismic Design Method

Capacity design for major earthquake

Required lateral strength at each story is determined based on the

elastic response for design base shear coefficient of unit and the lateral story
shear distribution function.
Required lateral strength at each story can be reduced depending on
the structural ductility. This reduction factor ranges from 0.30 (for special
ductile moment frames) to 0.55 (for elastic　responding structures).
Qun = Ds FesQud (Eq. 1)
Ds = 0.55
Qun =required story shear strength
Qud =elastic story shear response
Fes =coefficient for structural irregularity
1.0 ≤ Fes Ds = 0.30
Ds =reduction factor based on the structural
ductility
05 0.3 ≤ Ds ≤ 0.55
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Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

A: Conventional Seismic Design Method

Capacity design for major earthquake
Qud = Wi ZRt AiCo (Eq. 2)
Co =standard base shear coefficient and 1.0 for major earthquake
Z =zoning coefficient and ranged from 0.7 to 1.0
Wi =weight of building above i-th story
Roof level
0 1
Soft soil
T=4.0 sec.
0. 2 0.8
T=0.5 sec.
T=0.1 sec.
0. 4 0.6
T=0 R
αi t
0.4 Medium soil
0. 6

0.2
0.8 Hard soil
Ground level 0
1. 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Lateral story shear distribution factor Ai Natural period of a building T in sec.
06
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Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

B: Advanced Verification Procedure (Revised in 1981)

All types of buildings can be designed by this procedure

Dynamic time history analysis against earthquake ground motion is required

to assure the design criteria for structural responses such as maximum inter-
story drift, story ductility, member ductility and others.
As input ground motions, past strong
ground motion records and artificial
waves are used, where artificial waves
should meet the code specified
standard design spectrum at the
engineering bedrock.

Phase, duration time and site condition

(surface geology) are also considered.
The engineering bedrock is defined as
a thick soil stratum that shear wave
Standard Design Spectrum
velocity is not less than 400 meter/ at Engineering Bed Rock
sec. 07
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Part 1 - 1. Outline of Japanese Seismic Design Method

C: Performance based design method

(Newly established in 2000)

Required lateral strength and structural ductility are given at

an intersection point (performance point) of the demand spectrum at
building base and the capacity spectrum for superstructure.
Demand spectra for different
Demand Spectra fordamping
Different
valuesDamping
calculated Values Calculated
The keys of design are

sec
Spectral Acceleration
the proper evaluation of h=0.05 c
se

0.5
0
equivalent damping 1.

T=
T= S /S =1.5/(1+10h)
factor of a superstructure h=0.1 h 0 .0 5

and the reliable h=0.3

c
.0 s e
0.4g
estimation of input Performance
point
T=2

ground motion at 0.2g

building base. Because
the standard design
spectrum (response 1/200

spectrum) is given at the Spectral Displacement

engineering bedrock Determination of Performance Point 08

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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

In Japan, precast concrete building structures are being constructed that

attempt to emulate seismic performances of cast-in-place monolithic
structures. The reason is that Japanese Building Standard Law and
Enforcement Order for structural design have been established based on
the structural behavior of monolithic reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures.

Equivalent monolithic structural behaviour is generally

demonstrated by tests on precast beam-column sub-
assemblages and other structural sub-assemblies.

Experimentally observed data is compared with that of

simultaneously constructed pair specimen or with past
experimental data in view of lateral stiffness, lateral
strength, structural ductility and hysteretic behaviour
(energy dissipation). 09
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Beam column arrangement

Beam bar welding

10
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

(1) Lateral strength at yielding should be greater or equal to that of
emulated monolithic construction
(2) Drift at yielding should be greater than 0.8Ry and not greater than
1.2Ry of emulated monolithic construction
(3) These condition should be satisfied up to 2 % drift

AIJ proposal for

structural equivalency

(a) Envelop curve

11
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

(b) Degradation and (c) Energy dissipation

With regard to the degradation of load carrying capacity during seismic

load cycling, the maximum load in the second cycle should be greater
than 80% of that in the first cycle in the same drift amplitude.

Energy dissipation of a precast system in second loading cycle should

not be smaller than 80% of that of emulated monolithic construction

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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Monolithic pair
specimen

Precast
specimen

Japanese tests on equivalent monolithic

precast beam-column assemblage
(Courtesy of Dr. Masaru Teraoka at Fujita Cooperation)

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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Precast Wall Specimen tested by Hassane Ousalem at Takenaka Corporation

14
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Testing Setup and Obtained Load Displacement Curve
Hassane Ousalem et al ;Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.61B, March 2015

15
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Testing Setup and Obtained Load Displacement Curve
Hassane Ousalem et al ;Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.61B, March 2015

15-1
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Example of Rebar Splice for Seismic Connection

Grout Mortar Grout Type Specifications approved

injection Grout
Non-shrink grout
無収縮グラウト
outlet by the Authority

Seal
1. Weather condition
Re-bar Sleeve
material 2. Temperature range
3. Correct materials
4. Usable time after mixing of
grout or epoxy materials
Threaded Screw Type 5. Correct insert length of re-
bar into sleeve
6. Perfect injection of grout or
epoxy
7. Fixing re-bar and sleeve
until hardening of grout or
epoxy
Epoxy injection

16
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Part 1 - 2. Requirements for Structural Equivalency to Monolithic Construction

Requirements for Rebar Splice for Seismic Connection (Rank A)

Re-bar
4 cycles 4 cycles
2ε y 5ε y Coupler
20 cycles
Elastic
Grout
injection

Slip<0.9mm Grout
Slip<0.3mm

Re-bar

One Example
Final fracture should occur at the base material 17
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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(1) Friction (shear strength)
Normal stress

τ u = µσ n (Vu = µ N ) (3)

Friction Coefficient (ACI310-02)

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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(1) Friction (shear strength)

Friction resistance due to flexural compression

a
Vu = µC = µ ( M / j ) = µ V > V (4)
j

a
µ>
j
Design condition

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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(2) Shear Friction (shear strength)

τ u = µ ( ρ sσ y + σ o ) '
τ u < 0.3 fc (5)
'
ρs Reinforcement ratio f c Compressive strength of concrete
σy Yield strength of reinforcement (less than 800MPa)

σo Normal stress µ Friction coefficient (ACI318-02)

To suppress the slip deformation at

maximum strength less than 0.5 mm,
the shear strength should be taken as
a half of calculated one (excepting for
ultimate limit state design).

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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(3) Dowel Action (shear strength) Qdowel

2 '
Qdowel = 1.3db fcσ y (6) Qdowel

Qdowel = 1.3db2 fc'σ y (1 − α 2 ) (7)

α = σ s /σ y
db : Bar diameter (mm) σ y : Yield strength of re-bar (MPa)
fc' : Concrete strength (MPa) σ s : Tension stress of re-bar (MPa)
α : Stress ratio of re-bar

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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(4-1) Shear Key (shear strength)

Concrete bearing
n
'
Vl1 = β f cl ∑ wi xi (8-1)
i =1
n
'
Vr1 = β f cr ∑ wi xi (8-2)
i =1
wi Width of a key
xi Height of a key
xi β Bearing strength factor: 1

Vbearing = Smaller of ( Vr1 or Vl1) 22

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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(4-2) Shear Key (shear strength)
Concrete shear
n
'
Vl 2 = 0.5 f cl ∑ wi ai (9-1)
i =1
n
'
Vr 2 = 0.5 f cr ∑ wibi (9-2)
i =1
wi Width of a key
xi ai bi Bottom length of a key
Tens. strength
'
0.5 f cl of concrete
Vshear = Smaller of ( Vr 2 or Vl 2 ) 23
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Part 1 - 3. Design Equations fro Interface Shear

AIJ proposal : Basic design equations for joint
(4) Shear Key (shear strength)

Shear strength of a set of

shear keys is given by

Smaller of ( Vshear , Vbearing ) (10)

Japanese empirical equation for shear strength

of a set of keys with joint reinforcement (Mochizuki et al)
n m
Vu = 0.1 fc' ∑ wi xi + ∑ a jσ y (11)
i =1 j =1
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 1)

Beam hinging

Beam top bars are

arranged at site

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 1)

Most popular and well established beam column

arrangement in Japan
Courtesy of Dr. Masaru Teraoka at Fujita Corporation26
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 2)

Beam hinging

Beam bottom bars are

anchored in a joint with
90 degree hooks 27
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 2)

Beam hinging

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 3)

Beam hinging
Continuous beam unit with
beam-to-column joint

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 3)
Beam unit is put on column

One Directional Continuous Beam Unit

Beam hinging

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 3)

One Directional Continuous Beam Unit

Beam-to-beam Joint
Strong Joint

Courtesy of Dr. Tsutomu Komuro at Taisei Corporation 31

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 3)

Two Directional continuous Beam Unit

Courtesy of Prof. Makoto Maruta at Kajima Corporation 32

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Ductile connection 3)
Post tensioned precast prestressed beam

33
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Beam to Beam; Strong connection)

Re-bar welding

Casting concrete
at site

Shear key

Courtesy of Dr. Masaru Teraoka at Fujita Corporation34

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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Beam to Beam; Strong connection)
Exterior surface of
precast beam unit Casting concrete at site

Mechanical cou
pler

Roughene
d surface

35
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Beam to Beam; Strong connection)

Grout outlet
Only grout Grout injection
injection

Threaded splice

No protruding
re-bar

36
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Beam to Beam; Strong connection)
Construction work

37
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of frame system (Connection Interface)

Composite
column section Inner surface is roughened

Internal cross tie is Internal cross tie is

buried in precast unit placed at site

Composite
Inner surface is roughened
Beam section

Bottom reinforcement is Bottom reinforcement

buried in precast unit is placed at site
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of wall system
(Wall-beam Unit + Column Unit + Cast-in-situ Concrete at Connections)

Cast in Place Concrete

39
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of wall system
Slab & beam Mortar Story i+2
reinforcemen sleeve
t joint

Cast-in-place Cast-in-place
part
beam-column
Cast-in- Panel’s hor. & joint and slab
p l a c e v e r t .
vertical joint reinforcement Story i+1
Precas Mechanical
t G r o u t s p l i c e
column horizontal device
Lap splicing joint

Cast-in-place
part Integrated Precast Wall Panel
beam +
Story i Precast Colum Unit
Precast panel +
S h e a r
key Cast-in-situ
Beam Column Joint
+
Cast-in-place Cast-in-place Cast -in-situ
part part
Floor Slab
Courtesy of Dr. Hassane Ousalem
at Takenaka Corporation Mainly for apartment buildings of middle rise height
40
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of Half Precast Slab System
Top reinforcement:
Enough buckling
strength is required
to prevent buckling
during construction
process.

Truss bar:
Slab shear and
lateral stability of top
reinforcement

41
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Part 1 - 4. Typical Detailing of Precast Connections

Joint examples of Precast Prestressed Half Slab System

Top Reinforcement Top Reinforcement

Arranged at Site Arranged at Site

Cast-in-situ
Concrete

Void Prestressing Strand

Wire Mesh Rough
Surface
Precast Pre-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Unit

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Intermission

Beautiful Historic Bridge in Switzerland

Built in 1930

Good materials, careful detailing and affectionate construction 43