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16B 6.4 IntegralTables
16B 6.4 IntegralTables
16B 6.4 IntegralTables
6.4 I N T E G R AT I O N TA B L E S A N D C O M P L E T I N G T H E S Q U A R E
■ Use integration tables to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use reduction formulas to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use completing the square to find indefinite integrals.
Integration Tables
So far in this chapter, you have studied three integration techniques to be used
along with the basic integration formulas. Certainly these techniques and formu-
las do not cover every possible method for finding an antiderivative, but they do
cover most of the important ones.
In this section, you will expand the list of integration formulas to form a table
of integrals. As you add new integration formulas to the basic list, two effects
occur. On one hand, it becomes increasingly difficult to memorize, or even
become familiar with, the entire list of formulas. On the other hand, with a longer
list you need fewer techniques for fitting an integral to one of the formulas on the
list. The procedure of integrating by means of a long list of formulas is called
integration by tables. (The table in this section constitutes only a partial listing
of integration formulas. Much longer lists exist, some of which contain several
hundred formulas.)
Integration by tables should not be considered a trivial task. It requires
considerable thought and insight, and it often requires substitution. Many people
find a table of integrals to be a valuable supplement to the integration techniques
discussed in the first three sections of this chapter. We encourage you to gain
competence in the use of integration tables, as well as to continue to improve in
the use of the various integration techniques. In doing so, you should find that a
combination of techniques and tables is the most versatile approach to integra-
tion.
Each integration formula in the table on the next three pages can be
developed using one or more of the techniques you have studied. You should try
to verify several of the formulas. For instance, Formula 4
u
a bu2
1
du 2
a
b a bu
ln a bu C Formula 4
a bu
u
du 2a bu a 1
ua bu
du Formula 17
1
1 eu
du u ln1 e u C Formula 37
STUDY TIP
In the table of integrals below and on the next two pages, the formulas have
been grouped into eight different types according to the form of the integrand.
Forms involving u n
Forms involving a bu
Forms involving a bu
Forms involving u2 ± a2
Forms involving u2 a2
Forms involving a2 u2
Forms involving e u
Forms involving ln u
Table of Integrals
Forms involving u n
1. u n du
u n1
n1
C, n 1
2. 1
u
du ln u C
Forms involving a bu
3. u
a bu
1
du 2 bu a ln a bu C
b
4. u
a bu2
1
du 2
a
b a bu
ln a bu C
5. u
a bu n
1
du 2 1
a
b n 2a bun2 n 1a bun1
C, n 1, 2
6. u2
a bu
1 bu
du 3 2a bu a2 ln a bu
b 2 C
7. u2
a bu2
1
du 3 bu
b a2
a bu
2a ln a bu C
8. u2
a bu3
1
du 3
2a
a2
b a bu 2a bu2
ln a bu C
9. u2
a bun
1
du 3 1
b n 3a bun3
2a
n 2a bun2
a2
n 1a bun1
C, n 1, 2, 3
10. 1
ua bu
1
du ln
u
a a bu
C
11. 1
ua bu2
du
1 1
1
ln
u
a a bu a a bu C
12. u2
1
a bu
du
1 1 b
lnu
a u a a bu C
13. 1
u2a bu2
1 a 2bu
du 2
a ua bu
2b
a
ln
u
a bu
C
418 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration
14. u na bu du
2
b2n 3
u n a bu32 na un1a bu du
15. 1
ua bu
du
1
a
ln
a bu a
a bu a C,
a > 0
16. una
1
bu
du
1 a bu
an 1 u n1
2n 3b
2 u n1a
1
bu
du , n1
17. a bu
u
du 2a bu a 1
ua bu
du
18. a bu
un
du
1
an 1
a bu32 2n 5b
un1
2 a bu
un1
du , n1
19. u
a bu
du
22a bu
3b 2
a bu C
20. un
a bu
du
2
2n 1b
una bu na u n1
a bu
du
Forms involving u2 ± a2, a > 0
21. u2 ± a2 du
1
2
uu2 ± a2 ± a2 ln u u2 ± a2 C
22. u2u2 ± a2 du
1
8
u2u2 ± a2u2 ± a2 a4 ln u u2 ± a2 C
23. u2 a2
u
du u2 a2 a ln
a u2 a2
u
C
24. u ± a2
2
u2
du
u2 ± a2
u
ln u u2 ± a2 C
25. 1
u2 ± a2
du ln u u2 ± a2 C
26. 1
uu2 a2
du
1 a u2 a2
a
ln
u
C
27. u2
u ± a
2 2
1
du uu2 ± a2 a2 ln u u2 ± a2 C
2
28. u2u2
1
± a2
du
u2 ± a2
a2 u
C
SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 419
29. 1
u2 a2
du 1
a2 u2
du
1
ln
ua
2a u a
C
30. 1
u2 a2 n
du 2
1 u
2a n 1 u2 a2n1
2n 3
1
u2 a2n1
du , n 1
Forms involving a2 u2 , a > 0
31. a2
u
u2
du a2 u2 a ln
u
a a2 u2
C
32. 1
ua u
2 2 a u
1 a a2 u2
du ln C
33. 1
u2a2 u2
du
a2
a2u
u2
C
Forms involving e u
34. e u du e u C
35. ue u du u 1e u C
36. u ne u du u ne u n u n1e u du
37. 1
1 eu
du u ln1 eu C
38. 1
1 enu
1
du u ln1 enu C
n
Forms involving ln u
39. ln u du u1 ln u C
40. u ln u du
u2
4
1 2 ln u C
41. un ln u du
un1
n 12
1 n 1 ln u C, n 1
43.
ln un du uln un n ln un1 du
420 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration
instead of integration tables. If you SOLUTION Because the expression inside the radical is linear, you should con-
have access to such a utility, try sider forms involving a bu, as in Formula 19.
using it to find the indefinite inte-
u 22a bu
grals in Examples 1 and 2. du a bu C Formula 19
a bu 3b 2
Using this formula, let a 1, b 1, and u x. Then du dx, and you obtain
x
x 1
dx
22 x
3
x 1 C
Substitute values of
a, b, and u.
2
2 xx 1 C. Simplify.
3
TRY IT 1
SOLUTION Because it is not clear which formula to use, you can begin by
letting u x2 and du 2x dx. With these substitutions, you can write the inte-
gral as shown.
xx 4 9 dx
1
2 x22 92x dx Multiply and divide by 2.
1
2 u2 9 du Substitute u and du.
u2 a2 du
1
2
uu2 a2 a2 ln u u2 a2 C
Letting a 3, you obtain
TRY IT 2
1 1
uu2 a2 a2 ln u u2 a2 C
x2 16
dx.
2 2
x 1 2 4
4
x x 9 9 ln x 2 x 4 9 C.
SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 421
Find 1
xx 1
dx.
So,
1
ua bu
du
1
a
ln
a bu a
a bu a
C,
a > 0
TRY IT 3
a bu a
Use the integration table to find
1 1 1
dx du ln C
xx 1 ua bu a a bu a 1
dx.
x 1 1 x2 4
ln C.
x 1 1
Evaluate 2
0
x
1 ex 2
dx.
1
1 eu
du u ln1 e u C
seems most appropriate. To use this formula, let u x2 and du 2x dx.
x
1 ex2
dx
1
2 1
1 ex 2
2x dx
1 1
2 1 eu
du
y
1
u ln1 eu C x
2 y=
2 1 + e −x
2
1
x2 ln1 ex C
2
2
1
x2 ln1 ex C 1
2
2
So, the value of the definite integral is
2 x
2
x 1
dx x2 ln1 ex
1.66 1 2
2
0 1 ex2 2 0
TRY IT 4
1
x2
Use the integration table to evaluate dx.
0 1 e x3
422 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration
Reduction Formulas
Several of the formulas in the integration table have the form
where the right side contains an integral. Such integration formulas are called
reduction formulas because they reduce the original integral to the sum of a
function and a simpler integral.
you can let u x and n 2. Then du dx, and you can write
ueu du u 1eu C
x2e x dx x2e x 2 xe x dx
TRY IT 5
Use the integration table to find the indefinite integral ln x2 dx.
T E C H N O L O G Y
You have now studied two ways to find the indefinite integral in
Example 5. Example 5 uses an integration table, and Example 4
in Section 6.2 uses integration by parts. A third way would be to use a
symbolic integration utility.
SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 423
1
x2 4x 1
dx
1
x2 4x 1
dx 1
x 22 3
dx.
1
u2 a2
to conclude that
du
1
ln
ua
2a u a
C
1
x 4x 1
2 dx 1
x 22 3
dx
1
u a2
2 du
TRY IT 6
1 ua
ln C
2a u a 1
Find dx.
1 x 2 3 x2 6x 1
ln C.
23 x 2 3
TA K E A N O T H E R L O O K
a. ex
ex 1
dx b. 1
ex 1
dx c. 1
e 2x 1
dx
Use a symbolic integration utility to check that your choices of u were correct.
424 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration
P R E R E Q U I S I T E The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections. You will
R E V I E W 6 . 4 use these skills in the exercise set for this section.
In Exercises 5–8, write the partial fraction decomposition for the expression.
4
5.
xx 2
3
6.
xx 4
x4
7.
x 2 x 2
3x2 4x 8
8.
xx 2x 1
In Exercises 9 and 10, use integration by parts to find the indefinite integral.
9. 2xe x dx
10. 3x2 ln x dx
E X E R C I S E S 6 . 4
In Exercises 1–8, use the indicated formula from the table of inte- In Exercises 9–34, use the table of integrals in this section to find
grals in this section to find the indefinite integral. the indefinite integral.
1. x
2 3x2
dx, Formula 4 9. 1
x1 x
dx 10. 1
x1 x2
dx
2. 1
x2 3x2
dx, Formula 11 11. 1
xx2 9
dx 12. 1
x2 1
dx
3. x
2 3x
dx, Formula 19 13. 1
x4 x2
dx 14. x2 9
x2
dx
4. 4
x2 9
dx, Formula 29 15. x ln x dx 16. x2ln x32 dx
5. 2x
x 4 9
dx, Formula 25 17. 6x
1 e3x
2 dx 18. 1
1 ex
dx
7. 2
x3e x dx, Formula 35 21. t2
2 3t3
dt 22. 3 4t
t
dt
8. x
1 ex2
dx, Formula 37 23. s23
s
s
ds 24. 3 x2 dx
SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 425
25. x2
3 2x5
dx 26. 1
x2x2 4
dx
In Exercises 49–52, complete the square to express each
polynomial as the sum or difference of squares.
27. 1
x21 x2
dx 28. 2x
1 3x2
dx
49. (a) x2 6x
(b) x2 8x 9
50. (a) x 2 4x
(b) x 2 16x 1
29. x2 ln x dx 30. 2
xe x dx
(c) x 4 2x2 5
(d) 3 2x x2
(c) x 4 8x 2 1
(d) 9x 2 36x 1
31. x2
3x 52
dx 32. 1
2x22x 12
dx 51. (a) 4x 12x 15
2
35. y
x
x 1
, y 0, x 8 53. 1
x2 6x 8
dx 54. 1
x2 4x 5
dx
36. y
2
1 e 4x
, y 0, x 0, x 1 55. 1
x 1x2 2x 2
dx 56. x2 6x dx
37. y
x
1 ex2
, y 0, x 2 57. 1
2x2 4x 6
dx 58. 7 6x x2
x3
dx
38. y
e x
1 e 2x
, y 0, x 1, x 2 59. x
x 4 2x2 2
dx 60. xx 4 4x2 5
x2 2
dx
39. y x2x2 4 , y 0, x 5
Population Growth In Exercises 61 and 62, use a graphing
1 utility to graph the growth function. Use the table of integrals to
40. y , y 0, x 1, x 4
x1 2x find the average value of the growth function over the interval,
where N is the size of a population and t is the time in days.
In Exercises 41–44, evaluate the definite integral.
50
5
x 61. N ,
3, 4
41. dx 1 e 4.81.9t
0 5 2x
375
5
x 62. N ,
21, 28
42. dx 1 e 4.200.25t
0 4 x2
43. 0
4
6
1 e0.5x
dx
63. Revenue The revenue (in dollars per year) for a new
product is modeled by
44. 1
4
x ln x dx
R 10,000 1
1
1 0.1t 212
where t is the time in years. Estimate the total revenue from
In Exercises 45–48, find the indefinite integral (a) using the inte- sales of the product over its first 2 years on the market.
gration table and (b) using the specified method.
64. Consumer and Producer Surpluses Find the con-
Integral Method sumer surplus and the producer surplus for a product with
Demand: p
60
Supply: p
x
,
x2 81 3
46. x 4 ln x dx Integration by parts
65. Profit The net profits P (in billions of dollars per year) for
47. 1
x2x 1
dx Partial fractions
Hershey Foods from 2000 through 2003 can be modeled by
P 0.04t 0.3, 10 ≤ t ≤ 13
48. 1
x2 75
dx Partial fractions
where t is the time in years, with t 10 corresponding to
2000. Find the average net profit over that time period.
(Source: Hershey Foods Corp.)