Defense PDF

Towards User-aware Peer-to-Peer Live
Video Streaming Systems
Presented by
Ihsan Ullah
Supervised by
Dr. Guillaume Doyen & Prof. Dominique Gaiti
Environnements de Réseaux Autonomes

Institut Charles Delaunay – UMR 6279
Université de Technologie de Troyes
France
November 3, 2011
Ihsan Ullah (ERA / ICD – UMR 6279) User-aware P2P live streaming systems 1/50 1 / 50
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Non-contextual approach
Contextual approach
3 Comparison through experimentation
Optimization for improved quality
Experimental evaluation
4 General conclusion and perspectives
Context
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach
Context Introduction
Video traffic trends
Due to the availability of broadband technologies and more

powerful personal computers, video traffic over the Internet
has enormously increased
40% 50% 61%

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI)
Video streaming
Streaming is the transfer of media such as audio or video over a
network as a steady and continuous stream [HB05]
Live video streaming
Source-driven
Broadcasts the newly generated content as it is produced
Limited buffering
Video-on-Demand (VoD)
Receiver-driven
Users can request for any video, any time
Extended buffering
Video streaming architectures

Video streaming
With router support

With Without
IP multicast [DC90] router support router support
Scalability, security and

lack of a business model Telco-managed
IPTV
Without
end-systems support
With
end-systems support
Telco-managed IPTV
uses IP multicast
Client/Server CDN-based P2P
Limited to private Decentralization level
networks and expensive [LRLZ08]
Without router support

Without end-systems support (Centralized C/S, CDN)
Scalability and cost (Servers and upload bandwidth
provisioning with growing number of users)
With end-systems support (P2P)
P2P live video streaming
End-hosts (peers) form a

self-organizing network
Peers share their upload
bandwidth through relaying
content to each other
Uses the existing IP
infrastructure
Easy to deploy with low cost
Programmable end-hosts
Potentially scalable
P2P live video delivery methods
Push-based Pull-based Hybrid push/pull
Push Pull
Context Performance issues
Problem statement
Impact of user behavior

Peers relay content, which are controlled by users
Users join and leave freely (churn), which result into:
Stream disruption;
Streaming quality degradation and
Buffer underflow
Churn-resilient structures and large buffers

Mitigate churn but lead to longer startup, switching and
playback delays
Streaming quality perceived by users is not comparable to
that of television
Context Related work
Global models
Current approaches consider user behavior globally at the

systems scale
Older-stable principle [WLX08, TSLZ06, WXL07]
Observed distributions (Lognormal, Exponential, Weibull,
Pareto)
Capture system-level behavior patterns but cannot enable
to anticipate the behavior of an individual user
Context Related work
Incomplete models
Current models of user behavior metrics do not consider all

of their influential factors
Works [WLX08, TSLZ06, WXL07] consider elapsed time as
the only influential factor of stability
[VAM+ 06] specify the arrival process of users as a Poisson
distribution
Give general insights but cannot enable an accurate
estimation of these metrics
Modeling
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach
Modeling Non-contextual approach
Hypotheses
Current session duration can be estimated from a history of

past ones
Based on surveys over viewing habits of regular television
[WSvM09, RG97, BEG82], "A past viewing behavior is a
strong predictor of the current one"
Each peer estimates its own session and provides this
information to others on request
We assume a pure push-based single tree system since it
is highly churn-sensitive
Exponential Moving Average (EMA)
Averages previous sessions by giving exponentially

decreasing weights to older ones
The length of the current session ESt can be estimated
through (1)
ESt = α × St−1 + (1 − α) × ESt−1 (1)
Aimed at the anticipation of user departures

To favor successful anticipations, we reduce each estimated
session by 20% (EMA20 )
Bayes’ Rule (BR)
Discretization of T into {t1 , t2 ...tk } such that

t1 < t2 ...tk − 1 < tk
Estimates P(Scur > ti ) from observations of past sessions
for each ti
αj + |oj | + 1
f (φj |O, O ′ ) = (2)
|O| + |O ′ | + 2
The estimated current session duration is the maximum
time slot for which the probability is greater than or equal to
threshold Pth ,
t ∗ = max(f (φj ) > Pth ) (3)
tj
A receiver-drive approach
Start
A
Join/Schedule
move
Continue
B D
C
When the scheduled time is up
Make a list of stable

neighbors
E F G
Attempt a move to NO
the most stable
Remove from List is

success? No
the list empty?
H I
Yes
Leave the Yes

previous
End
Experimental framework
Simulated behaviors
Dynamic: Uncorrelated consecutive sessions
Persistent: Strongly correlated consecutive sessions
12 computers in a LAN environment
Scribe: Push-based system
Bitrate: 256 Kbps
Arrival process: Poisson distribution (modified) [YZZZ06]
Measured parameters
Frame losses
Video frames lost due to abrupt departures
Shows the efficiency of the approach in terms of reducing
the stream disruption
Attempted moves
A move is attempted to switch from the current parent to a
new one
Shows the communication cost
Successful moves
The actual switching of a peer from its current parent to a
new one
Shows the efficacy of the optimization strategy
Experimental results
Dynamic case
x 10
5 Frame loss Attempted moves Successful moves
500 500
Total number of lost frames
4 EMA
Total successful moves

Total attempted moves
20
400 400 Bayes
3
300 300
2
200 200
Scribe
1 EMA20 100 EMA20 100
Bayes Bayes
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Time in Seconds Time in Seconds Time in Seconds
Persistent case
x 10
5 Frame loss Attempted moves Successful moves
500 500
Total number of lost frames
Total successful moves

4 EMA20
400
Attempted moves
400 Bayes
3
300 300
2
200 200
Scribe
1 EMA20 100 EMA20 100
Bayes Bayes
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Time in Seconds Time in Seconds Time in Seconds
Conclusion and limits
Considering user behavior reduces frame losses which

improves the quality of streaming
Proactive re-arranging of peers put a small overhead
A large number of attempted moves have not taken place

due to the limitation of receiver-driven strategy
Only two kinds of user behavior have been considered over

which estimators are not consistent
Modeling Contextual approach
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach
Overview of measurements
Metrics
Reference Type System Period Method
OD SD CP A/D D/U
[SGGS09] Feb. to Nov. 2008 X X X
[VGLN07] Apr. to Dec. 2006 Crawler X X
[WLX08] PPLive Nov. 2006 (about 28 hours) X X
[HLL+ 07] 2006 − 07 Passive/ X X X X
Crawler
[SFB+ 09] P2P Jun. 2006 Passive X X
[JLC07] PPStream unknown Crawler X X X
[SMC+ 09] Zattoo Mar. 2008 (2 weaks) X X
[ZLL05] Mar. 2005 (4 days) X X X
Cool-
[XKL07] Oct. 2006 (1 day) X X X
Streaming
[LXK+ 07] Sep. 2006 (1 day) X X X X
[Aga07] unknown 2006 (11 hours) X X
[TSZ+ 07] GridMedia Jan. 2006 (4.5 hours) X
[LWLZ09] UUSee May to Jun. 2008 (5 days) Logs X X X
[TSLZ06] Feb. 2005/Jan. 2006 X
CCTV
[TSLZ06] C/S Oct. to Jan. 2004 − 05 X
[SMZ04] CDN Akamai Oct. to Jan. 2003 − 04 X X X
[VAM+ 06] C/S unknown 2002 (90 days) X X X
[QGL+ 09a] Apr. 2008 (6 days) X X X X
Telco-
[QGL+ 09b] IPTV
Managed Jun. 2008 (1 month) X
[CRC+ 08] May to Oct. 2007 X X X
OD: Online Duration; SD: Session Duration; CP: Channel Popularity; A/D: Arrival/Departure rates; D/U: Download/Upload traffic
Measurements’ synthesis
Environmental impacting
Environment
factors: Variables in the Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type
context that impact user

behavior metrics
User behavior metrics: Surfing
Probability
Session
Duration
Arrival
rate
Departure
rate
Variables that represent Bandwidth

User
Elapsed Failure
user activities Time
Popularity Contribution
Ratio
Rate
Network performance
parameters: Network Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
performance variables
Network
having relationships with
user behavior metrics
Information domain
Environment
Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

Several variables with
dependency relationships
Session Arrival
Estimation of any variable Surfing
Probability Duration rate
Departure
rate
can be required Elapsed Bandwidth Failure

User
Popularity Contribution Rate

Time
Ratio
Modeling these variables

and their relationships to
enable probabilistic Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
estimations Network
Bayesian networks
Bayesian networks are graphical models that encode
probabilistic relationships among variables of interest
[Hec95]
Simplify the joint distribution through conditional
independence
Y
n
p(x) = p(xi |pai ) (4)
i=1
Naturally model the relationships of cause and effect

Allow multiway inference
Support mixed variables
Graphically represent the real world problem domain
Model derivation from the causal graph
Relationships with Environment
Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

contradictory findings are
omitted (Day-of-week)
Architecture-dependent Surfing Session Arrival Departure
Probability Duration rate
variables are omitted rate
User
(partners discovery) Elapsed

Time
Popularity
Bandwidth
Contribution
Failure
Rate
Ratio
Similar variables that can

be represented by one
variable are merged Partners discovery Streaming Quality Delay
(surfing probability, failure

Network
rates, session duration)
Our Bayesian network model
A mixed model of discrete Time-of-day Content type Elapsed time
and continuous variables

All continuous variables
are gaussian distributed Arrival
rate Session
Delay
duration
Content type has 3 states

(reality, fiction and sport)
Elapsed time has 2 states Departure
rate
Popularity
Bandwidth
contribution
(surfing, viewing) ratio
Time-of-day has 24 states

(chosen through Streaming
quality
simulations)
Simulation scenarios
GlobalBN
Global scenario:
One network for the whole
community Peer Peer
Trained over combined traces

Centralized estimations Peer Peer
Local scenario:
A dedicated network for each Peer
LocalBN
Peer
LocalBN
peer
Trained over individual traces
Local estimations LocalBN
Peer Peer
LocalBN
Simulation parameters
Bayes Net Toolbox (BNT) for Matlab
Traces generation for six kinds of fictional characters

(Johnatan, Emma, Stephan, Anna, Peter and ELlen)
through a semi-Markovian model [BUD+ 11]
Total population of 1000 users
Simulated duration in the global scenario: 40 days
Simulated duration in the local scenario: 200 days
Content duration: 2 hours
Results in the global scenario
We let the network estimate the duration of the current

session to evaluate its accuracy
Due to mixed traces an

average behavior is 50
Estimated session durations

learned 40
Short sessions are 30
overestimated 20
Long session are 10

underestimated
0
The overall accuracy is not 0 20 40 60 80
Actual session durations
100
good
Results in the local scenario

70
Estimated session durations

RMSE over ten days periord
40 J
E 60
35
S
30 A 50
P
25 L 40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time in days Actual session durations
Network learns from local traces

Consistent over different behaviors
Shows good accuracy
Takes long learning time
Learning time minimization
Training of a separate BN Traces
for each class of users Datasets
A classifier of users DS 1 , DS 2 , . . ., DS k
according to their
behaviors Training classifier Training BNs
Assigning of the Trained BN 1 ,BN 2 , . . ., BN

Classifier k
corresponding BN to each
user
Using the assigned BN for Classification Assigning BN
estimations User
User classifier
A Bayesian network Time-of-day Popularity
classifier
Based on the viewing
durations of users
Session
User Class
Includes all the related Duration
variables
Estimation of the user
class variable gives the Streaming
Content Type
Quality
required class
Classification error
4
x 10
15
Incorrect
Correct
Nomber of classifications
10
0
J E S A P L
User classes
For one half of the personas the error remains between 8%

and 9%
For the remaining half of the personas the varies between
15% and 24%
Considering the magnitude of probability

A classification with a higher probability shows more confidence
Classifications lower than a specific threshold are considered
unknown
Can only be used when the classification of each user is not
mandatory
Error for each class

Threshold Unknown(%)
J E S A P L
0.2 8.4078 8.4120 23.1187 7.7506 14.6849 18.1848 0.5239
0.3 8.2525 8.2191 22.9615 7.5964 14.4408 18.0751 1.3094
0.4 6.8669 7.7751 21.9523 7.2538 13.7849 17.0209 3.5000
0.5 5.7415 6.5227 18.9308 6.4466 11.4453 14.0411 8.4269
0.6 3.9206 5.9549 8.2426 4.4813 9.0944 12.5667 17.7131
0.7 2.8883 4.3833 6.5644 4.0328 7.9205 12.1466 22.5136
0.8 1.6991 3.7426 4.5367 2.8042 2.4455 7.6616 34.7510
0.9 0.8349 2.1315 2.5771 0.6825 0.9104 2.3290 51.8609
Considering the classification history

Takes into account current and previous classifications
Estimates the current class through
αj + 1
f (φj ) = (5)
|O| + 6
2
10
1
10
Percent error
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
1 5 10 15 20 25
History size
Reduces the classification error up to a negligible level

Conclusion
Our Bayesian network model is suitable for the learning and

estimation of peer-level variables in the local scenario
Global scenario is useful for the estimation of system-level

variables
It takes long to get trained in the local scenario
User classifier reduces this time significantly to one or a few

observations
Comparison through experimentation
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach
Comparison through experimentation Optimization for improved quality
Sender-driven stabilization strategy
Receiver-driven method has certain limits which do not

allow a significant amount of peers to move to stable peers
We propose a novel sender-driven approach based on swap
It pushes progressively the unstable peers towards the

outskirts of the tree
Works in a decentralized way
Comparison through experimentation Optimization for improved quality
Swap
Start
A
Join/Schedule
swap
B C
Continue
When the scheduled time is up
Choose stable +list

D E
inform other
children (list)
Swap with stable A

child
accepted Remove from List is Request the

No No E
as a child? the list empty? next peer B
Yes
Yes
Add parent
D C
Random join
End
Comparison through experimentation Experimental evaluation
Experimental environment
PlanetLab: A globally distributed testbed for networking and

distributed systems’ research
FreePastry: Open source implementation of Scribe
BNs and classifier trained over 60 days of traces
2 hours traces used for experimentation from day 61
Local scenario
60 PlanetLab nodes
Bitrate: 64 Kbps
Peers’ population throughout each

experiment
100
90
80
Number of online peers
70
60
50
40
30
WS
20 BN
EMA20
10
BR
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes
Population shows similar pattern during all experiments

Gradually increases during the first hour
Frame losses
5
x 10
70 12
WS WS
BN BN
Cumulative missed packets

60
Missed packets ratio (%)
EMA20 10 EMA20
BR BR
50
8
40
6
30
4
20
10 2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes Time in minutes
Consideration of user behavior reduces frame losses

Contextual approach shows better results than non
contextual one
Control overhead
350 2000
BN BN
EMA 1800 EMA
Cumulative control messages

Number of control messages
300 BR BR
1600
250 1400
1200
200
1000
150
800
100 600
400
50
200
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in minutes Time in minutes
BN produces a larger number of messages than other

approaches
Overall it incurs a small overhead (average 0.223 messages
per minutes by a peer)
General conclusion and perspectives
Outline
1 Context
Introduction
Performance issues
Related work
2 Modeling
Contextual approach
General conclusion and perspectives Closing remarks
Summary of the work
Synthesis of user behavior measurements and extraction of

the causal graph
Two kinds of models (contextual and non-contextual)
Users classifier to minimize the learning time of the

contextual model
Two stabilization strategies (receiver-driven, sender-driven)
Comparison of the two approaches through simulations and

experimentations
General conclusion and perspectives Closing remarks
Conclusion and limits
Conclusion
Consideration of user behavior significantly reduces the
frame losses and stream disruption
Other performance metrics (delay, streaming quality) are
also improved
Contextual approach appears to be more accurate than
non-contextual one
Sender-driven (swap) stabilization strategy is more effective
Limits
No support for dynamic behaviors
No consideration of malicious behavior
General conclusion and perspectives Perspectives
Future directions
Short term
Inclusion of other metrics such as bandwidth contribution
and streaming quality
Modification to predict next channel in cross-channel
systems
Feedback mechanism for dynamic behaviors
Extension of the semi-Markovian model to support channel
switching
Long term
Investigation of user-oriented topologies
Consideration of malicious behavior through trust
management
Application to resource allocation in C/S and CDN systems
Thesis publications
International Journals
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (to appear)
Elsevier Journal of Signal Processing: Image Communication (to appear)
International Conferences
12th IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), 2011
4th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), 2011
4th IFIP International Conference on Autonomous Infrastructure, Management and Security, (AIMS), 2010
12th IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Management of Multimedia and Mobile Networks and Services, (MMNS),
2009
National Conferences
Colloque Francophone sur l’Ingénierie des Protocoles (CFIP), 2011
10ìemes journées doctorales en informatique et réseaux (JDIR), 2009
Questions
Thank you for your attention...
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Towards User-aware Peer-to-Peer Live

Video Streaming Systems

Environnements de Réseaux Autonomes

Video traffic trends

Due to the availability of broadband technologies and more

40% 50% 61%

Video streaming architectures

With router support

Scalability, security and

Without router support

P2P live video streaming

End-hosts (peers) form a

P2P live video delivery methods

Push-based Pull-based Hybrid push/pull

Impact of user behavior

Churn-resilient structures and large buffers

Current approaches consider user behavior globally at the

Current models of user behavior metrics do not consider all

Current session duration can be estimated from a history of

Exponential Moving Average (EMA)

Averages previous sessions by giving exponentially

ESt = α × St−1 + (1 − α) × ESt−1 (1)

Aimed at the anticipation of user departures

Bayes’ Rule (BR)

Discretization of T into {t1 , t2 ...tk } such that

Make a list of stable

Remove from List is

Leave the Yes

12 computers in a LAN environment

Scribe: Push-based system

Bitrate: 256 Kbps

Arrival process: Poisson distribution (modified) [YZZZ06]

Total successful moves

Total successful moves

Conclusion and limits

Considering user behavior reduces frame losses which

Proactive re-arranging of peers put a small overhead

A large number of attempted moves have not taken place

Only two kinds of user behavior have been considered over

context that impact user

Variables that represent Bandwidth

Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

can be required Elapsed Bandwidth Failure

Popularity Contribution Rate

Modeling these variables

Naturally model the relationships of cause and effect

Model derivation from the causal graph

Relationships with Environment

Time-of-Day Day-of-Week Content Type

(partners discovery) Elapsed

Similar variables that can

(surfing probability, failure

Our Bayesian network model

A mixed model of discrete Time-of-day Content type Elapsed time

and continuous variables

Content type has 3 states

(surfing, viewing) ratio