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Australian Geomechanics Society

Australasian Tunnelling Society
Diaphragm Walls - Design and Construction
10th August 2010
Diaphragm Wall
- Principles and Applications
- Le Havre Port 2000
- The Sail
D-Wall : retaining, cut off, foundation

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall – Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application: retaining structure

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : TBM shaft, metro station,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : cut & cover tunnel, ramp,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : cut off

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : UG tanks, water station,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : car park, basement,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm wall – indicative figures
Geometry
Widths : 0.5 to 1.5m
Depths : 25 to 45 m are common (max 150 m)
Verticality: 1% is common

Material
Tremie mix concrete, 20 mm slump
Steel: 70 to 200 kg/m3

Properties
Moments: 1200 kN/m for 0,8 m wall; 4 000 kN.m for 1,5
m wall
Permeability: 10 E-7 m/s to 10 E-9 m/s

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre : Design
The site on
10/09/2001

PORT AUTONOME DU HAVRE

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre : Design

Plan View
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010
Le Havre : Design

Capping beam A reinforced Tie – rods Sheet piled as

with bollards and concrete between the rear wall
fenders front wall. walls.

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre : Design

Quay : 1600 lm Diaphragm Wall

42 m deep, 1,2 m wide, 150 kg/m3
67 000 m2, 80 000 m3 concrete, 12 000 t steel

Dewatering 180 wells, 1900 m3/dy

Anchors 5,600T
Sheet Piles 1,000T
Dredging 11,000,000 m3
Earthworks 3,000,000 m3
Civil Works 30,000 m3
Bored piles 500 nr, 17ml, 520 mm

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

PHASE 1
Preparation of working platform
Construction of Guide Walls
Installation of Well Points

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 2

PHASE 2
Construction of Diaphragm Walls

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010
Le Havre:

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 3

PHASE 3
Removal of the guide walls
Excavation in front of the wall during dewatering

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 3

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 4

PHASE 4
Cast capping beam and dock buffers

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 4

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 5

PHASE 5
Earthwork excavation behind wall during
dewatering

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 5

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Installation of sheet pile curtain
Lay lower layer of anchors

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Backfill to level upper anchor layer and
lay upper layer of anchors

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

Sea side

DWall 1,20 m

FF -7.50 Tie backs

Sheet piles

Land side

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Backfill to formation level, construct all civil
works, install bumpers, stop dewatering,
dredging, crane rail foundations and rails.

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: Now

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Now in Cotonou

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Now in Cotonou

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail @ Marina bay

Owner:
City Dvpt /American
International

Engineer:
Meinhardt

Main Contractor:
Dragages

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail@ Marina Bay

Site Area 9,090.9 sqm

Permissible GFA 118,182 sqm

Tower 1 No of floors: 70
Typical Floor GFA: 1,026 sqm
Height: 242m

Tower 2 No of floors: 63
Typical Floor GFA: 746 sqm
Height: 202m

Podium
No of floors: 7
Typical Floor Plate: 3,726 sqm

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail@ Marina Bay

Site Condition (1995)

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Issues
Site specificities
BH-5 • Thick marine clay (up to 35m
of Kallang formation = very
Existing soft to soft)
Buried Pier
• Fort Canning Boulder Bed
• UG obstacle = old pier below
Expected Fort Tower 1
the tower
Canning • MTR running tunnel & CS
Boulder Bed excavation along the site
Project issues
Tower 2
• To control movement of
MRT tunnels & CS Tunnel is
CST a REAL must
8m Canal • Very tight program = 6
months for foundations +
excavation

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Design Philosophy

Alternative solution by SB : Circular structure design

• naturally self stabilising and VERY rigid
• excavation possible with no jet grouting and no struting
+ staggered equipments working units
Î safe solution in term of deflection/displacement as well as program
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010
The Sail: Design

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Design
3D Finite Elements Design

• Predicted wall deflection is about 15mm

• Basal heave FoS ~2.21
• Movement of barrettes due to basal heave
~ 7mm
• Distribution of forces in the Y panel
considered

• Dissymmetrical loading due to soil variation

considered
• Dissymmetrical loading due GWT variation
considered
• Maximum differential excavation of about
0.5m allowed

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Foundation Plan
Temporar y
Retention
System Perimeter
• 3 symmetrical 32.2m diam
circular Dwalls,
• 29 m deep, 220 ml long
• 800 mm thick
• with cross walls.
T1
Barettes
e
Lin

• 79 Nos. of 1,2 x 2,8

ved
ser

• up to 67 m deep, incl 20 m in
T Re

SPT>100
MR
3 rd

Temporary
D-W all • all toes grouted ;

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Works

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Works

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Ultimate Load test

• 1 ultimate load test with smaller

barrette 600 x 2400 @ 2.5 WL
carried out – 2700 TONS
• 2 working barrette tests on 1000 x
2800 barrette carried out with
settlement <15mm @ 1.5 WL –
max 3660 TONS
• All the tests were done using
kentledge method

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Today

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Isle of Grain

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Conclusion

Le Havre Port 2000

Site opportunity : shallow water
Issue : optimisation (phasage/dewatering/quantities/..)

The Sail
Project constraint: tight program, neighb. structures
Issue : design, execution

Ronan Le Roy
rleroy@menardbachy.com.au

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010