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Lecture 19 - Single-Phase Squarewave Inverters PDF
Lecture 19 - Single-Phase Squarewave Inverters PDF
Lecture 19 - Single-Phase Squarewave Inverters PDF
1. Introduction
Inverter circuits supply AC voltage or current to a load
from a DC supply. A DC source, often obtained from an
AC-DC rectifier, is converted into an AC source of some
frequency. A uninterruptible AC supply is an example
where the 50 Hz AC power output from the inverter
replaces the 50 Hz AC mains supply when the latter is
lost due to a fault condition. Solar power is sometimes
stored in batteries for use at night or when sun light is not
available. Most sizeable machines used in the industry
are AC motors, so control of these motors is normally by
supplying such motors with a sinusoidal AC supply
which is variable in magnitude and frequency by the
inverter. Naturally commutated inverters, which were
discussed earlier, are capable of converting DC into AC
but these are based on phase controlled thyristor
converters. The existence of an AC supply is crucial to
the operation of such inverters since the ac supply system
is relied upon in the turning off the switching devices; in
other words, such inverters can not operate stand-alone.
There exists a class of inverters, the load commutated
inverters, which employ naturally commutated switching
devices. In these applications the load itself makes
available voltages which can reverse bias the thyristors
and turn these off naturally over the range of operation of
the load. Examples of such loads are resonant induction
heater supplies, overexcited synchronous motors and
other loads which operate with a leading power factor.
Lecture 19 - DC-AC converters (Inverters) 1 F. Rahman
ELEC4614 Power Electronics
Vd vo Id vo
Figure 19.1
For inverter circuits, the output voltage and current
waveforms, vo and io respectively, are assumed to be AC
quantities. These are normally stated in terms of their
RMS values. Deviations of these waveforms from their
fundamental and sinusoidal component are normally
expressed in terms of the THD (Total Harmonic
Distortion) Factors.
Lecture 19 - DC-AC converters (Inverters) 3 F. Rahman
ELEC4614 Power Electronics
Vd T1
C D1
2 R io L
Vd B A
C Vd vo
T2 D2
2
id
T1 T3
D1 D3
A R io L
Vd B
T4 + vo
D4 T2 D2
iL
+
v1
Id N1 L
vL
N2 v2
N1 R
Vd v1 –
T1 D1 T2 D2
Vd T1
C D1
2 R io L
Vd B A
C Vd vo
T2 D2
2
T 1
T 2
+ V d
/2
-V d
/2
IT 1
IT 2
ID 2
ID 1
T = 1 /fo
Figure 19.3
Lecture 19 - DC-AC converters (Inverters) 7 F. Rahman
ELEC4614 Power Electronics
2 Vd
2
T /2
Vd
Vo dt
T 0 2 2 (19.1)
and
1
4 Vd
2 sin n
vo
n 1,3,5,
n
2
sin nt
2Vd (19.2)
sin nt
n 1,3,5,...
n
2Vd
V1 0.45Vd
(19.3)
2
1
Vn
THD V1 n 3,5,7,
= 48.2% (19.4)
id
T1 T3
D1 D3
R io L
A B
Vd
T4 + vo
D4 T2 D2
Figure 19.4
T 1 & T 2
T 3 & T 4
+ V d
-V d
IT 1
IT 2
iD 3
& iD 4
iD 1 & iD 2
i d
T = 1 /f o
Figure 19.5
2 T /2
2
Vo
T 0
Vd dt
Vd (19.5)
4Vd
vo sin nt (19.6)
n 1,3,5,
n
R
t1
1 e L
Vd
I1
R R
t1
1 e L (19.13)
The zero current cross-over point tx is found from (10)
from the condition that at t = tx, i = 0. This gives
L R
t x ln 1 I
R Vd o sec. (19.14)
t1
1
P Vd i dt watts. (19.15)
t1 o
Figure 19.6
The secondary (load) voltage is given by
N 2Vd
vo during the +ve half-cycle (19.16)
N1
N 2Vd
or vo
N1 during the –ve half-cycle (19.17)
Vd
INV
Figure 19.7
Vd
DC-DC INV
Converter
Figure 19.8
The analyses of previous sections apply to such inverters;
Vd being replaced by vd, which is now continuously
variable. Because of the usually large filter capacitor at
the output of the variable DC supply, the inverter output
AC voltage can not regulated quickly.
id
T1 D1 T3 D3
R io L
A B
Vd
+ vo
T4 D4 T2 D2
Figure 19.9
T1
T4
T3
T2
+Vd
vo
- Vd
Figure 19.10
4Vd n
Von sin
2 n 2 (19.18)
4Vd
Vo1 sin
2 2 (19.19)
Vo Vd
(19.20)
Vo2 Vo12
THD 100%
Vo1 (19.21)