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Tectonic-Morphometry 2
Tectonic-Morphometry 2
Tectonic-Morphometry 2
The deformed Tertiary rocks and unconformably overlying Quaternary volcanic deposits
as product of Slamet volcano determine the development of morphometry of Pemali river
basin in SubDistrict of Bumiayu, Central Java and the vicinity. In this researched area
the morphometry developing in the area of distribution of these rocks units is studied as
tectonic morphometry, in terms of the effect of neotectonism on it, which caused damage
of infrastructure.
Again, tests of difference between two means of these variables and also bifurcation
ratio (Rb) and drainage density (Dd ) from two river basins developing in the respective
rock units are not significantly difference. The result suggests that the drainage basin
development is not affected by kinds of rocks but merely by the deformation pattern.
This phenomenon indicates the active recent tectonic movement generating similar joint
patterns in both Tertiary Halang and Kumbang Formations to that in the overlying
Quaternary volcanic deposits, which continuously intersecting the unconformity between
the rock units to the surface.
Key words : tectonic morphometry, neotectonic activity, drainage network, river basin,
drainage density, bifurcation ratio
Abstrak
Batuan Tersier dan endapan volkanik Kuarter yang tidak selaras di atasnya sebagai
produk Gunung Slamet, yang terdeformasi, menentukan perkembangan morfometri
Daerah Aliran Sungai Pemali di Kecamatan Bumiayu, Jawa Tengah dan sekitarnya. Di
wilayah riset ini morfometri di daerah penyebaran kedua satuan batuan itu dipelajari
sebagai gejala morfometri tektonik dalam artian pengaruh neotektonisme, yang
mengakibatkan kerusakan infrastruktur.
*) Prof. Dr. Febri Hirnawan, Post Graduate Program of Geosciences, Faculty of Geological
Sciences and Engineering, University of Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363
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Hasil-hasil uji regresi-korelasi antara azimuth segmen sungai dan kelurusan di kedua
satuan batuan yang berlainan usia tersebut adalah signifikan, yang menunjukkan nilai-
nilai tinggi dari koefisien korelasi masing-masing r1 = 0.999 dan r2 = 0.998, yang
memberikan kesimpulan kuat bahwa tektonik sangat berperan dalam mengontrol proses
perkembangan morfometri.
Selanjutnya, uji beda rata-rata terhadap kedua variabel itu dan juga terhadap nisbah
percabangan sungai (Rb) dan kerapatan pengaliran (Dd) dari dua DAS yang berkembang
pada masing-masing satuan batuan tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Hasil uji ini
memberikan kesimpulan bahwa perkembangan DAS tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis batuan
tetapi lebih oleh pengaruh pola deformasi. Fenomena ini menunjukkan bahwa tektonik
masa kini aktif sehingga menghasilkan pola-pola kekar yang sama pada Formasi Halang
dan Formasi Kumbang, dengan pada endapan volkanik Kuarter, yang secara menerus
deformasi itu telah memotong bidang ketidakselarasan antara kedua formasi dan
endapan Kuarter tersebut.
Kata kunci: morfometri tektonik, aktivitas neotectonik, pola pengaliran, daerah aliran sungai,
kerapatan pengaliran, nisbah percanbangan sungai.
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Tegal, Central Java, in which the than eight litho-stratigraphic units, but
Subdistrict of Bumiayu is located more Halang and Kumbang Formations
or less in the middle part of the area representing the sedimentary rock strata
(Figure 1). In this area indications of are studied together with the
recent tectonic activity occur, which are unconformably overlying Quaternary
exhibited by frequent shallow volcanic deposits of Slamet volcano.
earthquakes, followed by deformations,
such as joints, which cause damage of The objective of this study is to
roads, houses and other structures. examine if morphological development
Besides, landslides and other types of of river basin on Quaternary volcanic
rock mass movements frequently deposits is governed by the pattern
happen. and density of recent deformation.
In this area, Tertiary marine
sedimentary rocks are divided into more
If so, it would be the evidence of active basins, including those occurring on the
tectonism. If the tectonic movement is youngest rock unit. The morphometry of
active, both the Quaternary volcanic the rivers on this Quaternary rock unit
breccia unconformably overlying the would resemble that on the Tertiary
Tertiary sediments and the sediments rock unit due to the neotectonic activity
themselves should be deformed and or neotectonism. This hypothesis should
may serve as the recent surface be verified using morphometry and
deformation, governing all the deformation data.
morphological developments of river
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Outline of Geology and shaly claystones are commonly
found in the field. Sedimentary structure
Stratigraphy, structural geology, especially parallel lamination is
and geomorphology portraying the geo- observed. In many other areas,
logical condition of the research area outside the study area sandstone
are as follows. Two geochrono- and claystone exposures of the Halang
stratigraphic units, known as systems, Formation indicate complete sedi-
occurring in the study area are Tertiary mentary structures of a, b, c, d, and e
marine sedimentary rocks and the intervals belonging to the turbidite facies
unconformably overlying Quaternary model (Bouma , 1976 in Simandjuntak,
volcanic deposits. The Tertiary chrono- 1980).
stratigraphic system encompassing
Pemali-, Rambatan-, Halang-, Kum- The Kumbang Formation predo-
bang-, Tapak-, Kalibiuk-, and Kaliglagah minantly consists of sedimentary breccia
Formations are distributed in the south- and coarse sandstone beds inter-
western side, whereas the Quater-nary calation. Sedimentary breccia of this
system consisting of volcanic breccia, for-mation is characterized by massive
tuff, and lava is in the north-eastern side to poorly stratified beds, polymictic
of the study area (Figure 2). breccia, hard, dark brown color as a
result of intensive oxidation, carbona-
The following three formations ceous fine grain matrix, matrix sup-
are considered to represent the Tertiary ported (open fabric), poorly sorted
system as they are distributed in more clasts. The clasts consist of sandstone,
larger area, which are also directly claystone and andesitic fragments, and
covered by the Quaternary system. The are predominantly subangular to angular
Halang Formation (Upper Miocene- shaped and gravel to boulder in size.
Middle Pliocene) lies conformably on the
Pemali Formation (Lower to Middle The volcanic deposits of Qua-
Miocene), which consists of mudstone ternary system consists of breccia, lava,
and they serve as basement rock in the and tuff. Breccia is characterized by
study area. The Halang Formation massive or non-stratified to poorly
consists of sandstone and claystone stratified bed, black brownish color,
beds. This formation is distributed from monomictic breccia, clasts supported
western side of Majalengka Regency to and poorly sorted. The clasts are of
eastern side of Banyumas Regency. In igneous rock fragments, subrounded to
the upper part, this formation inter- angular shape and sand to boulder size.
fingers with sandstone and sedimentary Matrix is tuffaceous and sandy. This
breccia of Kumbang For-mation, which deposits are the product of the Slamet
is mainly distributed in the northern side volcano (Djuri, et al. 1996).
of SubDistrict of Bantarkawung.
Geological Structural configura-
Sandstone beds of the Halang tion of the study area is complex
Formation are characterized by well enough, which is generated by folding-,
developed stratification, and fine to thrusting-, and wrenching tectonic
medium grainsize, limy sandstone, movement, followed by normal fault-
sedimentary structures of graded ings. Anticline and syncline axes run
bedding and parallel lamination are from northwest to southeast and are
observed in several exposures. parallel to reverse faults. Wrench faults
Claystone beds of the Halang Formation run almost from south to north. In this
are characterized by well developed area the tectonism is active, which is
stratification, and grayish color. Limy characterized by frequent earthquakes
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followed by damage of infrastructure, Tertiary marine sedimentary rock
and frequent landslides in the rainy formations, known as Halang and
season. Kumbang Formation. That is why,
The geomorphology of the study area lineaments and river segments in these
represented by the drainage pattern formations were taken as samples
shows the tectonic effect on the representing deformation pattern
development of river segment azimuths generated in Tertiary sediments. On the
both in Tertiary- and Quaternary other hand in northeastern side the river
chronostratigraphic systems, which are and its tributaries flow on the
parallel to the lineaments. This Quaternary volcanic deposits, in which
phenomenon is tested in this research the samples of those existing variables
to verify if the neotectonism occurs. were also taken (Figure 3).
Tabel 1. a) Result of tests of difference between two means of obtained joints from the field and
lineaments from Satellite Imagery interpretation ; b) Test for joints taken from
exposures of Halang Formation (Tmph) and Kumbang Formation (Tmpk), both are
Tertiary rocks formations.
a) Joint samples from field vs lineament samples from satellite imagery interpretation
Tmpk joints
vs Tmph 89.571 92.625 77/88 0.379 1.975 accept Ho no difference
joints
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The linier regression formula construct- sub-basins of Pemali river basins were
ed from the analysis is Y = -1.227 + randomly taken from drainage networks
0.988 X, and the large coefficient of prepared from topographic map ob-
correlation r is 0.999 (Figure 4). This tained from Digital Elevation Model Map.
analysis suggests that river segment The numbers of the samples from the
development on Quaternary deposits is respective sub-basins on the Tertiary
governed by deformation pattern of the sediments and Quaternary volcanic
rock unit due to recent active tectonism. deposits are 25 and 16 (Figure 7).
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KELURUSAN vs SEGMEN
RIVER SEGMENT SUNGAI,
vs LINEAMENT, KUARTER
QUATERNARY
200
SUNGAI( ) (o
o
150 y = 0,9885x - 0,1227
SEGMENTS
R2 = 0,9981
100
SEGMEN
RIVER 50
0
0 50 100 150 200
O
KELURUSAN
LINEAMENTS ( (o)
)
Figure 4. Scattered diagram exhibiting significant relationship between river segments (Y)
and lineaments (X) in Quaternary volcanic deposits
KELURUSAN VS SEGMEN
RIVER SEGMENT SUNGAI,
vs LINEAMENT, TERSIER
TERTIARY
200
( ) (o)
o
SUNGAI
150
RIVER SEGMENTS
R2 = 0,9977
50
0
0 50 100 150 200
O
LINEAMENTS ( (o)
KELURUSAN )
Figure 5. Scattered diagram exhibiting significant relationship between river segments (Y)
and lineaments (X) in Tertiary marine sediments
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Table 3. Result of tests of difference between two means of azimuths of river segment
and lineaments in both Quaternary deposit and Tertiary sediments.
b) Results of t-tests
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fault on patterns of strike and dip of Earth Science, the American Geological
bedding planes and joints in Halang Institute, Tasa Graphic Arts, Inc.
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Geology, and Mining, Research Center Chida, N., Suzuki, Y., Watanabe, K., &
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Pertambangan, Puslit Geoteknologi), the surface fault rupture in Awaji Island
pp. 31-40*) associated with the 1995 Hyokogen-
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nambu earthquake, Jour. Active Fault between Osceola, Arkansas and Friars
Res., (14), 23-27. Point, Mississippi. Eng. Geology, (46),
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*) in Indonesian with English abstract
Splitz, W.J., & Schumm, S.A., 1997, Tecto-
nic geomorphology of Mississippi Valley
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