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Test 1 Short Answer Questions
Test 1 Short Answer Questions
1
Short
Answer
Questions
1. Compare
and
contrast
the
formation
and
location
of
oil,
coal,
and
natural
gas
reserves.
Oil,
coal
and
natural
gas
form
from
the
remains
of
plants
and
animals
trapped
in
sediment.
Coal
forms
from
large
amounts
of
land
vegetation
and
is
trapped
and
enriched
in
place
as
seams.
Different
types
of
coal
form
according
to
carbon
content;
lignite
or
brown
coals
has
the
lowest
carbon
content;
sub-‐
bituminous
and
bituminous
coals
have
higher
levels.
Anthracite
has
the
highest
carbon
content
and
is
considered
a
metamorphic
rock.
Coal
forms
in
swamps
where
continental
interiors
were
subsiding,
at
the
margins
of
shallow
inland
seas,
and
continental
margins
with
wide
continental
shelves.
Oil
and
natural
gas
combined
is
referred
as
petroleum
and
can
occur
together
or
separately.
Oil
forms
from
ocean
phytoplankton
trapped
in
shales
and
transformed
by
heat.
It
migrates
to
porous
sediments
and
as
it
is
less
dense
than
the
water
it
is
found
with,
it
becomes
separated
and
trapped
as
a
pool.
It
also
forms
in
association
with
geologic
traps
that
prevent
it
from
leaking
away
such
as
anticlinal
or
up-‐folds.
Natural
gas
is
petroleum
in
gaseous
form
at
normal
temperatures.
It
often
occurs
with
oil
as
associated
gas.
It
can
also
occur
separately
from
oil
as
non-‐associated
gas
and
likely
formed
under
freshwater
conditions.
2. Describe,
with
examples
the
source
and
extraction
of
nuclear
minerals
and
explain
how
different
isotopes
are
used
to
generate
power.
The
extraction
of
nuclear
minerals
involves
the
mining
of
the
mineral
Uranite
(U3O8)
either
in
open
cast
mines
such
as
the
Anaconda
Mine
in
New
Mexico,
or
underground
as
we
see
at
the
McArthur
mine
in
Saskatchewan.
During
the
transformation
of
radioactive
isotopes
(or
fission)
heat
is
produced.
The
heat
is
used
to
generate
steam
to
power
turbines
and
so
generate
electricity.
To
initiate
fission,
235
uranium
is
bombarded
with
neutrons
that
accelerates
decay
and
releases
heat.
235U
releases
heat
and
also
more
neutrons
that
induces
yet
more
fission.
However,
235U
is
the
least
abundant
of
the
three
isotopes
used.
238
U
and
232
Thorium
do
not
maintain
a
chain
reaction
like
235U.
Therefore
either
is
placed
in
a
pile
with
235U
that
is
already
undergoing
fission.
This
converts
238U
to
239
Pn
(Plutonium)
and
232
Th
to
233
U.
This
takes
place
in
a
breeder
reactor
and
the
new
isotopes
can
maintain
a
chain
reaction.
Most
nuclear
power
plants
use
235U
with
breeder
reactors
being
less
common
as
they
are
also
considered
less
safe.
Fill-in
the
blank
Questions
1. As
sea
ice
in
the
Arctic
melts
the
ALBEDO
of
the
surface
decreases.
PAGE
1
OF
7
2. The
effect
of
vegetation
on
atmospheric
carbon
dioxide
levels
is
an
example
of
a
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK.
3. Quartz
is
an
example
of
a
MINERAL
.
4. Total
energy
consumed
by
humans
on
Earth
is
measure
in
TERRA-‐watts.
5. OIL
is
the
most
commonly
used
fossil
fuel.
6. Non-‐associated
gas
form
under
FRESHWATER
conditions.
7. Kerogens
are
found
in
oil
SHALE.
8. PLUTONIUM
is
a
bi-‐product
from
reactions
in
a
breeder
reactor.
9. Underground
storage
of
nuclear
waste
occurs
in
a
GEOLOGIC
DEPOSITORY
that
may
be
located
in
a
shield
region.
10. The
common
type
of
wind
turbine
has
a
HORIZONTAL
AXIS
rotor
Multiple-choice
Questions
1. A
system
where
there
is
an
exchange
of
energy
but
not
matter
is
referred
to
as
a/an:
a. Dynamic
system
b. Stable
system
c. Open
system
d. Closed
system
X
e. Metastable
system
2. The
interaction
between
a
population
of
predators
and
a
population
of
prey
demonstrates
which
of
the
following?
a. A
closed
system
b. An
isolated
system
c. A
negative
feedback
X
d. An
open
feedback
e. A
positive
feedback
3. If
a
system
crosses
a
threshold
it
may
not
return
to
its
original
state
but
creates
a/an:
_______________________.
a. Noise
b. Complexity
c. Metastable
equilibrium
X
d. Steady
state
equilibrium
e. Entropy
4. Rainfall
in
Taiwan
is
indirectly
responsible
for
which
of
the
following?
a. Floods
b. Volcanic
eruptions
c. Earthquakes
X
d. Tornadoes
e. Melting
sea
ice
5. Which
of
the
following
is
a
type
of
metamorphic
rock?
PAGE
2
OF
7
a. Basalt
b. Gypsum
c. Limestone
d. Granite
e. Marble
X
6. The
Critical
Zone
is
the
zone
between
the
outer
extent
of
vegetation
to
the
___________________.
a. solid
rock
b. soil
surface
c. atmosphere
d. groundwater
X
e. lowest
extent
of
vegetation
7. The
relative
movements
of
the
Earth’s
crustal
plates
is
referred
to
as:
a. determinism
b. metamorphism
c. earthquakes
d. tectonics
X
e. volcanism
8. The
production
of
which
material
in
ancient
Greece
led
to
atmospheric
lead
pollution?
Typo
in
question
so
everyone
gets
a
point
a. Tin
X
b. Gold
X
c. Silicates
X
d. Lead
X
e. Copper
X
9. Igneous
rocks
that
cool
above
the
Earth’s
surface
are
referred
to
as
_______________
rocks.
a. Extrusive
X
b. Intrusive
c. Clastic
d. Metamorphic
e. Carbonates
10. What
mineral
is
the
primary
source
for
lithium?
a. Carbonates
b. Spodumene
X
c. Tantalite
d. Coltan
e. Quartz
11.
What
animal
is
under
threat
due
to
the
illegal
mining
of
coltan
in
the
Democratic
Republic
of
Congo?
PAGE
3
OF
7
a. Crocodiles
b. Rhinoceros
c. Chimpanzees
d. Gorillas
X
e. Elephants
12.
A
coarse-‐grained,
crystalline
igneous
rock
that
is
the
source
of
valuable
minerals
is
referred
to
as
a/an:
a. Pegmatite
X
b. Petalite
c. Columbite
d. Apatite
e. Tantalite
13.
The
watt
is
expressed
as:
a. 1
Joule
per
hour
b. 10
Joules
per
minute
c. 1
Joule
per
minute
d. 1
Joule
per
second
X
e. 10
Joule
per
second
14. The
rising
level
of
carbon
dioxide
in
the
atmosphere
is
shown
in
the
_______________
curve.
a. Lewis
b. Keeling
X
c. Joule
d. Edison
e. Hubbert
15. Which
of
the
following
is
an
example
of
a
greenhouse
gas?
a. Neon
b. Oxygen
c. Water
Vapour
X
d. Carbon
Monoxide
e. Argon
16. Which
of
the
following
types
of
fuel
is
referred
to
as
non-‐renewable?
a. Nuclear
X
b. Solar
c. Wind
d. Tidal
e. Bioenergy
17. The
second
most
commonly
use
source
of
energy
world-‐wide
is:
a. Oil
b. Coal
X
PAGE
4
OF
7
c. Natural
gas
d. Hydroelectricity
e. Nuclear
18. Bioenergy
is
often
distinctive
from
other
sources
of
energy
because
it
is
the
only
source
that
is
largely
___________________.
a. renewable
b. non-‐renewable
c. non-‐commercial
X
d. passive
energy
e. secondary
energy
19.
Solar
cells
are
examples
of
which
of
the
following
type
of
energy?
a. Heat
b. Electromagnetic
X
c. Chemical
d. Kinetic
e. Charged
20. Which
of
the
following
is
the
result
if
volatile
substances
evaporate
from
developing
oil
in
loose
material?
a. Oil
shales
b. Lignite
c. Tar
sands
X
d. Unassociated
gas
e. Associated
gas
21. Which
of
the
following
is
the
highest
quality
form
of
coal?
a. Bituminous
b. Sub-‐bituminous
c. Tar
d. Anthracite
X
e. Lignite
22. Which
of
the
following
is
an
example
of
a
reservoir
for
carbon
sequestration?
a. Deep
coal
seams
X
b. Shallow
lakes
c. Shield
rocks
d. Ice
sheets
e. Swimming
pools
23.
Which
of
the
following
factors
is
in
part
responsible
for
the
formation
of
coal?
PAGE
5
OF
7
a. Crustal
plate
movement
b. Swampy
vegetation
X
c. Marine
plankton
d. Beach
deposits
e. Formation
of
anticlines
24. Which
of
the
following
characterizes
Hubbert’s
Peak?
a. It
is
reached
once
we
begin
to
find
alternative
fuels
b. It
is
immediately
preceded
by
slow
rates
of
extraction
c. It
is
followed
by
a
rise
in
demand
accelerating
extraction
d. It
is
reached
once
half
of
the
oil
reserve
is
used
X
e. It
is
preceded
fluctuating
and
variable
levels
of
extraction
25.
The
capturing
and
burying
of
carbon
emissions
is
referred
to
as:
a. sequestration
X
b. scrubbing
c. carbonate
sharing
d. carbon
tax
e. geomicrobiology
26.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
most
effective
isotope
used
to
generate
electricity?
a. 238Uranium
b. 235Uranium
X
c. 233Uranium
d. 232Thorium
e. 239Plutonium
27.
The
disastrous
nuclear
accident
in
the
Ukraine
in
1986
occurred
at:
a. Kiev
b. Chernobyl
X
c. Three
Mile
Island
d. Chalk
River
e. Sellafield
28. The
largest
open
cast
uranium
mine
is
located
in:
a. Alberta
b. Saskatchewan
c. Arizona
d. Texas
e. New
Mexico
X
29. Which
of
the
following
terms
identifies
the
most
dangerous
and
damaging
aspect
of
radiation?
a. Radioactive
decay
b. Radioactive
tracer
PAGE
6
OF
7
c. Gamma
rays
X
d. Beta
particles
e. Isotope
30. Which
of
the
following
minerals
is
used
to
produce
the
most
efficient
photovoltaics?
a. Cadmium
b. Lithium
c. Silicon
X
d. Titanium
e. Copper
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