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TEST

 1  
 
Short  Answer  Questions  
1. Compare  and  contrast  the  formation  and  location  of  oil,  coal,  and  natural  gas  
reserves.  
 
Oil,  coal  and  natural  gas  form  from  the  remains  of  plants  and  animals  trapped  
in  sediment.  Coal  forms  from  large  amounts  of  land  vegetation  and  is  trapped  
and  enriched  in  place  as  seams.  Different  types  of  coal  form  according  to  
carbon  content;  lignite  or  brown  coals  has  the  lowest  carbon  content;  sub-­‐
bituminous  and  bituminous  coals  have  higher  levels.  Anthracite  has  the  
highest  carbon  content  and  is  considered  a  metamorphic  rock.  Coal  forms  in  
swamps  where  continental  interiors  were  subsiding,  at  the  margins  of  
shallow  inland  seas,  and  continental  margins  with  wide  continental  shelves.  
Oil  and  natural  gas  combined  is  referred  as  petroleum  and  can  occur  together  
or  separately.  Oil  forms  from  ocean  phytoplankton  trapped  in  shales  and  
transformed  by  heat.  It  migrates  to  porous  sediments  and  as  it  is  less  dense  
than  the  water  it  is  found  with,  it  becomes  separated  and  trapped  as  a  pool.  It  
also  forms  in  association  with  geologic  traps  that  prevent  it  from  leaking  
away  such  as  anticlinal  or  up-­‐folds.  Natural  gas  is  petroleum  in  gaseous  form  
at  normal  temperatures.  It  often  occurs  with  oil  as  associated  gas.  It  can  also  
occur  separately  from  oil  as  non-­‐associated  gas  and  likely  formed  under  
freshwater  conditions.  
 
2. Describe,  with  examples  the  source  and  extraction  of  nuclear  minerals  and  
explain  how  different  isotopes  are  used  to  generate  power.  
The  extraction  of  nuclear  minerals  involves  the  mining  of  the  mineral  Uranite  
(U3O8)  either  in  open  cast  mines  such  as  the  Anaconda  Mine  in  New  Mexico,  
or  underground    as  we  see  at  the  McArthur  mine  in  Saskatchewan.  
During  the  transformation  of  radioactive  isotopes  (or  fission)  heat  is  
produced.  The  heat  is  used  to  generate  steam  to  power  turbines  and  so  
generate  electricity.  
To  initiate  fission,  235  uranium  is  bombarded  with  neutrons  that  accelerates  
decay  and  releases  heat.  235U  releases  heat  and  also  more  neutrons  that  
induces  yet  more  fission.  However,  235U  is  the  least  abundant  of  the  three  
isotopes  used.  238  U  and  232  Thorium  do  not  maintain  a  chain  reaction  like  
235U.  Therefore  either  is  placed  in  a  pile  with  235U  that  is  already  
undergoing  fission.  This  converts  238U  to  239  Pn  (Plutonium)  and  232  Th  to  
233  U.  This  takes  place  in  a  breeder  reactor  and  the  new  isotopes  can  
maintain  a  chain  reaction.  Most  nuclear  power  plants  use  235U  with  breeder  
reactors  being  less  common  as  they  are  also  considered  less  safe.  
Fill-­in  the  blank  Questions  
 
 
1. As  sea  ice  in  the  Arctic  melts  the  ALBEDO  of  the  surface  decreases.  

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2. The  effect  of  vegetation  on  atmospheric  carbon  dioxide  levels  is  an  example  of  a  
NEGATIVE  FEEDBACK.  
3. Quartz  is  an  example  of  a  MINERAL  .  
4. Total  energy  consumed  by  humans  on  Earth  is  measure  in  TERRA-­‐watts.  
5. OIL  is  the  most  commonly  used  fossil  fuel.  
6. Non-­‐associated  gas  form  under  FRESHWATER  conditions.  
7. Kerogens  are  found  in  oil  SHALE.  
8. PLUTONIUM  is  a  bi-­‐product  from  reactions  in  a  breeder  reactor.  
9. Underground  storage  of  nuclear  waste  occurs  in  a  GEOLOGIC  DEPOSITORY  that  
may  be  located  in  a  shield  region.  
10. The  common  type  of  wind  turbine  has  a  HORIZONTAL  AXIS  rotor  
 
Multiple-­choice  Questions  
 
1. A  system  where  there  is  an  exchange  of  energy  but  not  matter  is  referred  
to  as  a/an:  
a. Dynamic  system  
b. Stable  system  
c. Open  system  
d. Closed  system  X  
e. Metastable  system  
 
2. The  interaction  between  a  population  of  predators  and  a  population  of  
prey  demonstrates  which  of  the  following?  
a. A  closed  system  
b. An  isolated  system  
c. A  negative  feedback  X  
d. An  open  feedback  
e. A  positive  feedback  
 
3. If  a  system  crosses  a  threshold  it  may  not  return  to  its  original  state  but  
creates  a/an:  _______________________.  
a. Noise  
b. Complexity  
c. Metastable  equilibrium  X  
d. Steady  state  equilibrium  
e. Entropy  
 
4. Rainfall  in  Taiwan  is  indirectly  responsible  for  which  of  the  following?  
a. Floods  
b. Volcanic  eruptions  
c. Earthquakes  X  
d. Tornadoes  
e. Melting  sea  ice  
 
5. Which  of  the  following  is  a  type  of  metamorphic  rock?  

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a. Basalt  
b. Gypsum  
c. Limestone  
d. Granite  
e. Marble  X  
 
6. The  Critical  Zone  is  the  zone  between  the  outer  extent  of  vegetation  to  the  
___________________.  
a. solid  rock  
b. soil  surface  
c. atmosphere  
d. groundwater  X  
e. lowest  extent  of  vegetation  
 
7. The  relative  movements  of  the  Earth’s  crustal  plates  is  referred  to  as:  
a. determinism  
b. metamorphism  
c. earthquakes  
d. tectonics  X  
e. volcanism  
 
8. The  production  of  which  material  in  ancient  Greece  led  to  atmospheric  lead  
pollution?  Typo  in  question  so  everyone  gets  a  point  
a. Tin  X  
b. Gold  X  
c. Silicates  X  
d. Lead  X  
e. Copper  X  
 
9. Igneous  rocks  that  cool  above  the  Earth’s  surface  are  referred  to  as  
_______________  rocks.  
a. Extrusive  X  
b. Intrusive  
c. Clastic  
d. Metamorphic  
e. Carbonates  
 
10. What  mineral  is  the  primary  source  for  lithium?  
a. Carbonates  
b. Spodumene  X  
c. Tantalite  
d. Coltan  
e. Quartz  
 
11.  What  animal  is  under  threat  due  to  the  illegal  mining  of  coltan  in  the  
Democratic  Republic  of  Congo?  

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a. Crocodiles  
b. Rhinoceros  
c. Chimpanzees  
d. Gorillas  X  
e. Elephants  
 
12.  A  coarse-­‐grained,  crystalline  igneous  rock  that  is  the  source  of  valuable  
minerals  is  referred  to  as  a/an:  
a. Pegmatite  X  
b. Petalite  
c. Columbite  
d. Apatite  
e. Tantalite  
 
13.  The  watt  is  expressed  as:  
a. 1  Joule  per  hour  
b. 10  Joules  per  minute  
c. 1  Joule  per  minute  
d. 1  Joule  per  second  X  
e. 10  Joule  per  second  
 
14. The  rising  level  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  atmosphere  is  shown  in  the  
_______________  curve.  
a. Lewis  
b. Keeling  X  
c. Joule  
d. Edison  
e. Hubbert  
 
15. Which  of  the  following  is  an  example  of  a  greenhouse  gas?  
a. Neon  
b. Oxygen  
c. Water  Vapour  X  
d. Carbon  Monoxide  
e. Argon  
 
16. Which  of  the  following  types  of  fuel  is  referred  to  as  non-­‐renewable?  
a. Nuclear  X  
b. Solar  
c. Wind  
d. Tidal  
e. Bioenergy  
 
17. The  second  most  commonly  use  source  of  energy  world-­‐wide  is:  
a. Oil  
b. Coal  X  

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c. Natural  gas  
d. Hydroelectricity  
e. Nuclear  
 
 
 
18. Bioenergy  is  often  distinctive  from  other  sources  of  energy  because  it  is  the  
only  source  that  is  largely  ___________________.  
a. renewable  
b. non-­‐renewable  
c. non-­‐commercial  X  
d. passive  energy  
e. secondary  energy  
 
19.  Solar  cells  are  examples  of  which  of  the  following  type  of  energy?  
a. Heat  
b. Electromagnetic  X  
c. Chemical  
d. Kinetic  
e. Charged  
 
20. Which  of  the  following  is  the  result  if  volatile  substances  evaporate  from  
developing  oil  in  loose  material?  
a. Oil  shales  
b. Lignite  
c. Tar  sands  X  
d. Unassociated  gas  
e. Associated  gas  
 
21. Which  of  the  following  is  the  highest  quality  form  of  coal?  
a. Bituminous  
b. Sub-­‐bituminous  
c. Tar  
d. Anthracite  X  
e. Lignite  
 
22. Which  of  the  following  is  an  example  of  a  reservoir  for  carbon  
sequestration?  
a. Deep  coal  seams  X  
b. Shallow  lakes  
c. Shield  rocks  
d. Ice  sheets  
e. Swimming  pools  
 
23.  Which  of  the  following  factors  is  in  part  responsible  for  the  formation  of  
coal?  

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a. Crustal  plate  movement  
b. Swampy  vegetation  X  
c. Marine  plankton  
d. Beach  deposits  
e. Formation  of  anticlines  
 
24. Which  of  the  following  characterizes  Hubbert’s  Peak?  
a. It  is  reached  once  we  begin  to  find  alternative  fuels  
b. It  is  immediately  preceded  by  slow  rates  of  extraction  
c. It  is  followed  by  a  rise  in  demand  accelerating  extraction  
d. It  is  reached  once  half  of  the  oil  reserve  is  used  X  
e. It  is  preceded  fluctuating  and  variable  levels  of  extraction  
 
25.  The  capturing  and  burying  of  carbon  emissions  is  referred  to  as:  
a. sequestration  X  
b. scrubbing  
c. carbonate  sharing  
d. carbon  tax  
e. geomicrobiology  
 
26.  Which  of  the  following  is  the  most  effective  isotope  used  to  generate  
electricity?  
a. 238Uranium  
b. 235Uranium  X  
c. 233Uranium  
d. 232Thorium  
e. 239Plutonium  
 
27.  The  disastrous  nuclear  accident  in  the  Ukraine  in  1986  occurred  at:  
a. Kiev  
b. Chernobyl  X  
c. Three  Mile  Island  
d. Chalk  River  
e. Sellafield  
 
28. The  largest  open  cast  uranium  mine  is  located  in:  
a. Alberta  
b. Saskatchewan  
c. Arizona  
d. Texas  
e. New  Mexico  X  
 
29. Which  of  the  following  terms  identifies  the  most  dangerous  and  damaging  
aspect  of  radiation?  
a. Radioactive  decay  
b. Radioactive  tracer  

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c. Gamma  rays  X  
d. Beta  particles  
e. Isotope  
 
30. Which  of  the  following  minerals  is  used  to  produce  the  most  efficient  
photovoltaics?  
a. Cadmium  
b. Lithium  
c. Silicon  X  
d. Titanium  
e. Copper  
 
 
 

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