Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7 (2018) 198–203

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Beni-Suef University
Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bjbas

Full Length Article

Effect of health teaching on post partum minor discomfort

Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan ⇑, Yousria Ahmed El Sayed, Gehan Ghonemy
Nursing Obstetric Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Background: Postpartum period is a time of vast change for women both physically and psychologically.
Received 23 July 2017 During this period, women needed to information regarding minor discomforts and how to deal with
Received in revised form 17 October 2017 them.
Accepted 18 October 2017
Aim: Evaluate the effect of health teaching on women experience of minor discomfort during postpartum
Available online 10 January 2018
period.
Design: Quesi experimental (pre and posttest one group) design was selected for this study.
Keywords:
Sample: A convenience sample of 150 subjects was selected according to certain criteria.
Postpartum
Minor discomfort
Setting: Postpartum unit at Maternity University Hospital, Cairo Governorate.
Health teaching Tool: Semi-structured Interviewing sheet, maternal knowledge regarding postpartum minor discomforts
follow up tool.
Results: Subjects age ranged from 20 to 40 years with 44% completed secondary school education, 9.3%
reached high level of education, also, the study conveyed a level of improvement regarding breast
engorgement, after pain, urinary retention, constipation and episiotomy pain. Sixty-four point seven of
subjects mention that they weren’t aware of expected minor discomforts during postpartum period
before health teaching was given. After the teaching, only 0.7% of subjects were not aware of postpartum
minor discomforts.
Conclusion: Teaching helped to improve the women’s knowledge regarding postpartum discomforts.
Recommendations: Health educational package on postpartum discomforts should be given on discharge
should be written in clear and comprehensive explanation supported by drawing pamphlets especially
for illiterate one.
Ó 2017 Beni-Suef University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Postpartum period is the time from the delivery of the placenta
through the six weeks after the delivery. Most of the changes of
pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has
reverted to the non-pregnant state and it is a very special phase
in the life of a newly delivered subject and her newborn. It is the
most critical, transition and life changing event which filled with
strong emotions, physical changes, new and changed relationships,
assumptions and adjustments into the mother role (Abd el-Razek,
2013).
Maternal and newborn physiological adjustments and impor-
tant psychosocial and emotional diversifications for all family
members. The nurse plays an essential role in promoting and
improving post partum outcomes, not only as a health care provi-
der but also as an administrator, manager, educator, researcher
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mhmody18@yahoo.com (Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan).
and counselor. Nurse will need to have the appropriate knowledge
and skills to determine when to be proactive with regard to under-
taking specific observations where these might be required. There-
fore, the nurse must be able to identify signs of morbidity that
require further investigations and discuss the future management
of these with the women. Nurses will never know the quality of
care they offer until if it is being assessed through patient satisfac-
tion. But also for providing vast teaching to women after delivery
and before they discharged from the hospital based on bio- psy-
chosocial needs further provide anticipatory assistance and coun-
seling (Abd el-razek, 2013).
Postpartum minor discomforts may occur resulting from all sys-
tems adaptation. Common postpartum minor discomfort includes
after pain, perineal pain, constipation, urinary distention, lactation
problems. Immediate and effective care during and after birth for
these problems can make the differences in postpartum
adaptation.
From the research investigator at El Manial University Hospital
over the period of two years, there is no one provide health
teaching related to minor discomfort which post-partum subject

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.10.004
2314-8535/Ó 2017 Beni-Suef University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan et al. / Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2018) 198–203
experienced during this period which may affect their health status
that interfere in their family relations and dealing with her baby. In
Egypt, there are scattered published studies about importance of
health teaching about improving of minor discomfort during post-
partum period and indirectly improving subject quality of life.
Accordingly this proposed study adds to data base knowledge of
researches about most common problems which faced subject dur-
ing this period.
Mirzaee et al. (2013) reported in their study that 91.6%, 90.3%
and 83.5% of women had at least one problem at one week, six
weeks and twelve months following delivery, respectively. Many
of these problems could be resolved through education and raising
awareness. Another study conducted in health care centers of Iran
by Mirzaee et al. (2015) to assess the maternal knowledge on sub-
mit postpartum care. They discovered that most of women had
slight expertise about four dimensions of health, breastfeeding
and nutrition, contraceptive methods, infant care and they
reported that inadequate information, low awareness, loss of
skilled personnel at healthcare centers, monetary problems, lack
of access to healthcare services and low quality of services are
among factors stopping women use of postpartum care. Accord-
ingly this study adds to data base knowledge of researches about
most common problems which faced subject during this period.
Those, The Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (2014)
reported that Subject spend a little time in health facilities follow-
ing births. One-third of subjects are in the health facility for less
than five hours after birth. Overall, 57% of subjects spend less than
a day in the health facility after the birth
2. Aim of the research
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of health
teaching on subject’s knowledge regarding postpartum period
minor discomfort.
3. Research hypothesis
Subject who will receive health teaching will reported a
decrease of postpartum minor discomfort.
4. Material and computation
4.1. Design
Quesi experimental (pre and posttest one group) design was
adopted in this study to achieve the stated aim. This is one type
of experimental design, often described as non randomized, pre-
post intervention studies which used to evaluate the benefits of
specific interventions.
4.2. Sample
A convenient sample of 150 postpartum subjects was recruited
for the study based on hospital statistics (2015) which revealed
that the hospital received approximately 8500 VD postpartum sub-
jects per year; so the sample size was calculated by the following
formula:
Yamanes formula :
n ¼ N=1 þ NðeÞ2
n = sample size & N = Population size & e = Margin of errors which
is ±5% & Confidence level = 95%.
Inclusion criteria: Postpartum primi women, full term preg-
nancy, vaginal deliveries with or without episiotomy, free from
any medical and obstetrics complications and at least can read
and write.
199
4.3. Setting
The study was conducted at the postpartum unit at Maternity
university hospital, Giza Governorate affiliated hospital providing
free health care for the mothers during antenatal, natal and postna-
tal period as well as gynecological patients.
4.4. Tools for data collection
1- Personal background Semi-structured Interviewing sheet.
This tool was designed by the researcher & it was included
data about a) Demographic data such as age, place of resi-
dence, income, educational level, occupation, b) Obstetric
profile such as number of gravida and abortion.
2- Maternal knowledge regarding minor discomfort tool (pre
and posttest): to determine level of subjects’ knowledge
regarding minor discomfort during early partum period. It
included questions about minor discomfort during postpar-
tum period. Tool was include three scores, score three means
correct answer, score two for false result and score one for
unknown. The results of that responses were statistically
analyzed.
3- Postpartum minor discomfort follow up tool (Fahmy, 2004):
This tool was designed by the researcher through an exten-
sive review of recent literatures. This tool included only (5)
items from minor discomfort during postpartum period
which included in present study as breast engorgement, per-
ineal discomfort, urinary retention, constipation and after
pain. The scoring system as form of Likert scale for improv-
ing symptoms from 3 scale (score 3 means relived discom-
fort, score 2 means not detected discomfort and score one
means become worth). The researcher was followed up each
subject every week through period of 3 weeks postpartum
through phone calls.
5. Ethical consideration
A primary approval was granted from the Ethical Research
Committee at faculty of nursing Cairo University to undergo the
current research on June 2015. Informed written consent was
taken from each postpartum subject who was willing to participate
in the research and the researcher emphasized that, their partici-
pation in the research is entirely voluntary, and that she has the
right to withdraw at any time without giving any reason and with-
out affecting her care. At the same time, pregnant subject were
informed that, the research posed no risks or hazards on their
health. Measures were taken to assure confidentiality as coding
of data and participants were ensured that the collected data will
be used only for the purpose of the research.
6. Procedures
The study was conducted through 3 phases:
1- Preparatory Phase: An official permission to conduct the
proposed study was obtained from the hospital administra-
tors. As well as, all participants and healthcare providers
were informed orally about the purpose, importance and
benefits of the study. Additionally, they were aware that
the researcher is a master candidate at the Faculty of Nurs-
ing; Cairo University. Also, it included review the recent lit-
erature to construct and prepare tool for data collection. The
researcher met the postpartum subjects at postpartum unit
and obtained their acceptance to be recruited in the study,
200 Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan et al. / Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2018) 198–203
as well as to gain their cooperation; and the researcher
explained the nature and aim of the study, its importance,
and its benefits to them.
2- Interviewing phase: It was implemented in 2 steps: A) His-
tory taking. B) Knowledge assessment. The researcher was
introduce herself to the postpartum subjects and explained
the purpose and nature of the study to obtain informed writ-
ten consent as well as to gain their cooperation
A. History taking assessment step: Each postpartum woman
was interviewed to collect data related to:
- Personal and demographical data such as age, place of resi-
dence, educational level, occupation, telephone number (for
continues follow up).
- Obstetric profile such as number of gravida, abortion.
B. Knowledge assessment step: The researcher obtained base
line assessment to subject knowledge using maternal
knowledge regarding minor discomfort tool (pre and postt-
est). Pre and posttest for each subject take 10–15 min.
3- Implementation phase: The researcher was provide health
teaching regarding minor discomfort, one session which
was take 30 min in Arabic language, in a group for all avail-
able subjects undergoing the inclusion criteria and accept to
participate in the study.
4- Postpartum minor discomfort follow-up: Follow up of the
subject every week for three consecutive weeks from dis-
charge using post-partum minor discomfort follow up tool
by phone calls. The responses monitoring as following: If
symptoms present (yes or no), symptoms relived (yes or
no), symptoms detected (yes or no), compliance for given
data (yes or no) & reason for incompliance.
7. Statistical analysis
Data management was done by coding and entering responses
into the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), version
21 for analysis. The researcher checked all data to avoid any dis-
crepancies. Data were examined for coding and entering errors.
Frequency and percentage were used for numerical data as well
as mean & standard deviation for finding the difference between
normally distributed numeric data. Wilcoxon test and Friedman
test were used. For finding the difference between categorical data
non-parametric contingency coefficient test was used. Probability
(p-value) less than .05 was considered significant and less than
.001 considered as highly significant.
8. Limitation of the study
During the field work of the study some obstacles were raised
as:
Table 1
Subjects Knowledge Related To Known Postpartum Minor Discomforts (N = 53).
Reported Minor Discomfort Pretest
No. % No.
Colic 38 71.7
Hemorrhoid pain 7 13.2
Episiotomy pain 5 9.4
Fatigue 10 18.9
Breast engorgement 8 15.1
Constipation 0 0.0
Retention of urine 5 9.4
Vulval discomfort 4 7.5
Cracked nipple 0 0.0
N.B: The numbers are not mutually exclusive & The test Based on negative ranks.
1. Some subjects didn’t answer my phone calls.
2. Some subjects developed risk factors not a minor discomforts as
HIN, PPH.
3. Time allowed in the selected area to discuss most of the ele-
ments mothers was not enough.
9. Results
Demographic characteristics: The study subjects’ age ranged
from 20 to 40 years with mean age 25.78 ± 4.233 years. Slightly
more than half (52%) of them were in the age group 20–24 years
while few (3.3%) of them were in the age group 35–40 years. As
regards subjects’ education level, the table reveals that less than
half (46.7%) subjects can read and write, while few (9.3%) of them
reached to high level of education. Also, less than half (42.7%) of
them lived in rural areas. The age at marriage was from 20 to 35
years with mean of 21.16 ± 4.148. In addition, the majority (86%)
of subjects were married in the age range of 20 < 25 compared to
13.3% were married in the age range of 30 < 35. The majority of
the subjects (98%) were housewives. Most (80%) of the study sub-
jects reported that they hadn’t enough family income. Further-
more, more than half (60%) of them lived in a family house
rather than a private one. Only about one-third (30%) of them
had health insurance.
More than half (64.7%) of the study subjects mentioned that
they didn’t aware of expected minor discomfort during postpartum
period before health teaching compared to very few (0.7%) of them
still didn’t have knowledge after session was given. Level of raising
knowledge of postpartum minor discomfort was in the group 20-
and there was highly a significant correlation between the age
group & postpartum minor discomforts (p-value = .009).
In relation to subjects’ knowledge; Table 1 revealed that the
subjects reported in the pretest that they had colic, fatigue, breast
engorgement, hemorrhoid, episiotomy pain, retention of urine,
vaginal (71.7%, 18.9%, 15.1%, 13.2%, 9.4%, 9.4%, and 7.5% recep-
tively). After health education session, the table revealed that the
subjects had colic, hemorrhoid, retention of urine, breast engorge-
ment, cracked nipple, episiotomy pain (84.9%, 75.7%, 71.4%, 62.3%,
56.6%, 55.3%, 54.7%, 47.2%, and 28.3%, respectively). These results
showed a highly significant difference between the pretest & postt-
est (p = .000).
Postpartum Minor discomfort follow up.
Table 2 demonstrated that there was a significance improve-
ment of subjects’ knowledge related to breast engorgement after
conducting the health teaching session during three consecutive
weeks of assessment as reported by 13.1% in the first week,
28.2% in the second week and 74.5% in the third week. Results
reported a significant effect of health teaching on subjects’ knowl-
edge regarding breast engorgement given with the progress of time
follow up (p = .000).
Posttest Wilcoxon Test P value
%
45 84.9 10.539 .000
40 75.5
30 56.6
15 28.3
33 62.3
29 54.7
38 71.7
25 47.2
83 55.3
 Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan et al. / Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2018) 198–203 201

Table 3 disclosed that there was a significance improvement of Table 6 revealed that there was a significance improvement of
subjects’ knowledge related to after pain; after conducting the subjects’ knowledge related to episiotomy pain; after conducting
health teaching session during three consecutive weeks of assess- the health teaching session over three consecutive weeks of assess-
ment as reported by 25.5% in the first week, 54.5% in the second ment as reported by 51.7% in the first week, 59.3% in the second
week and 77.9% in the third week. Results reported a significant week and 75.9% in the third week. Results reported a significant
effect of health teaching on subjects’ knowledge regarding after effect of the health teaching on subjects knowledge regarding epi-
pain given with the progress of time follow up (p = .000). siotomy pain given with the progress of time follow up (p = .000).
Table 4 revealed that there was a significance improvement of
subjects’ knowledge related to urinary retention; after conducting
10. Discussion
health teaching session over three consecutive weeks of assess-
ment as reported by 37.2% in the first week, 58.6% in the second
The following discussion will focus on the findings related to
week and 75.9% in the third week. Results reported a significant
previously suggested hypothesis: ‘‘Women who will receive health
effect of health teaching on subjects’ knowledge regarding urinary
teaching will report a decrease of postpartum minor discomfort”.
retention given with the progress of time follow up (p = .000).
The current study revealed that fifty-two percent of the study
Table 5 shown that there was a significance improvement of
subjects were in the age group (20-) for this reason their knowl-
subjects’ knowledge related to constipation; after conducting the
edge was markedly changed regarding the minor discomfort dur-
health teaching session over three consecutive weeks of assess-
ing postpartum from pretest to the posttest & this change
ment as reported by 49.7% in the first week, 64.8% in the second
showed a statistically significant difference (p-value = .008). More-
week and 74.5% in the third week. Results reported a significant
over, Timilsina and Dhakal, (2015) reported in their study ‘‘which
effect of health teaching on subjects knowledge regarding consti-
conducted in Emirates” that there was a significant association
pation given with the progress of time follow up (p = .000).
between level of knowledge regarding postpartum minor discom-

Table 2
Health teaching effects on subjects’ knowledge regarding breast engorgement (n = 145*).

Responses 1st week 2nd week 3rd week Friedman test P value
No. % No. % No. %
Improve 19 13.1 41 28.2 108 74.5
Cant not decide 96 66.2 91 62.8 35 24.1
Get worse 30 20.7 13 9.0 2 1.4 139.9 .000
Total 145 100.0 145 100.0 145 100.0
*
Five missed cases in the first, second and third weeks.

Table 3
Health teaching effects on subjects knowledge regarding after pain (n = 145*).

Knowledge 1st week 2nd week 3rd week Friedman test P value
No. % No. % No. %
Improve 37 25.5 79 54.5 113 77.9
Cant not decide 89 61.4 59 40.7 25 17.3
Get worse 19 13.1 7 4.8 7 4.8 111.047 .000
Total 145 100.0 145 100.0 145 100.0
*
Five missed cases in the first, second and third weeks.

Table 4
Health teaching effects on subjects’ knowledge regarding urinary retention (n = 145*).

Responses 1st week 2nd week 3rd week Friedman test P value
No. % No. % No. %
Improve 54 37.2 84 58.6 110 75.9
Cant not decide 60 41.4 36 24.8 15 10.3
Get worse 31 21.4 24 16.6 20 13.8 70.955 .000
Total 145 100.0 145 100.0 145 100.0
*
Five missed cases in the first, second and third weeks.

Table 5
Health teaching effects on subjects’ knowledge regarding constipation (n = 145*).

Responses 1st week 2nd week 3rd week Friedman Test P value
No. % No. % No. %
Improve 72 49.7 94 64.8 108 74.5 31.43 .000
Cant not decide 41 28.3 23 15.9 11 7.6
Get worse 32 22.0 28 19.3 26 17.9
Total 145 100.0 145 100.0 145 100.0
*
Five missed cases in the first, second and third weeks.
202 Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan et al. / Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2018) 198–203
Table 6
Health teaching effects on subjects’ knowledge regarding episiotomy pain (n = 145*).
Responses 1st week 2nd week
No. % No.
Improve 75 51.7 86
Cant not decide 37 25.5 31
Get worse 33 22.8 28
Total 145 100.0 145
*
Five missed cases in the first, second and third weeks.
forts and selected demographic variables as educational level (v2
= 48.75 & p-value = .00) and occupation (v2 = 5.008 & p-value =
.024). Moreover, Namutebi (2013) reported that increased mater-
nal age and having secondary school education were found to be
positively associated with knowledge of at least one maternal
minor postpartum problem. On the contrary, the study conducted
by Tiwari and his colleagues on postnatal mothers in India showed
that there was no significant relationship between age in years and
knowledge scores of postnatal mother. Besides Mirzaee and his
colleagues (2013) showed no significant relationship between
age and postnatal mother knowledge (P > .05. Finally Timilsina
and Dhakal (2015) reported that there was no association between
postnatal mother knowledge and other demographic variables.
The present study findings revealed that less than two thirds of
studied postpartum women didn’t have any knowledge regarding
postpartum minor discomfort .This finding was in agreement with
Kumbani and Mclnerney, (2010) who found that the majority of
the participants (73%) didn’t know any problems that could occur
during and after the birth in Malawi. Also, Missiriya (2016)who
conducted study on postnatal Mothers’ reported that 70% of post-
natal mothers had inadequate knowledge and 30% had moderately
adequate knowledge and no one had adequate knowledge. In addi-
tion to a study conducted by Adam (2015) on ‘‘Assessment of
Mother’s Knowledge Regarding Postpartum Self-Care in National
Ribat University Hospital” reported that the majority of the partic-
ipants responded with inadequate knowledge regarding perineal
care, breastfeeding, awareness of minor, discomfort danger signs,
rest and exercise. But they had good knowledge about suitable diet
during puerperium.
In relation to episiotomy pain; The present study findings
revealed that after conducting health teaching session among three
consecutive weeks of assessment, more than three quarters of the
subjects reported about improvement in their episiotomy pain.
While only, 17.2% of the subjects informed about getting worse. This
finding congruent with study findings of Gadiya et al. (2014) who
conducted a study about ‘‘Effectiveness of Planed Teaching Program
on Episiotomy care” on 60 primipara women; the result of the study
indicated that there was a highly significant difference between the
pre-test and post-test scores (p-value = .000), this showed that the
planned teaching program on episiotomy care was effective.
In addition to the present study was in agreement with
Mohamed and El-Nagger (2012) who studied effect of self perineal
care instructions on episiotomy pain and wound healing of post-
partum women conducted on 80 postpartum at El-Minia General
Hospital. The results revealed that the instructional guideline had
a significant effect on studied mothers by decreasing in the level
of perineal pain at 4, 24, & 48 h and seven days postpartum
between the two groups. There was a significant differentiation
between sample in relation effect of pain with walking, sitting,
and urination at 24 & 48 h, and at seven days postpartum.
Breast engorgement: The present study findings revealed that
after conducting health teaching session, three quarters of the sub-
jects informed about improvement in the breast engorgement. On
the other side, 1.4% of the subjects informed about getting worse.
3rd week Friedman Test P value
% No. %
59.3 110 75.9 30.896 .000
21.4 10 6.9
19.3 25 17.2
100.0 145 100.0
This result in congruence with Eapen, Sara Fernandes and
Philomena (2013) who reported that information booklet was
highly effective in improving knowledge of the postnatal mothers
by providing an information booklet on home remedial measures
for breast engorgement and there was a significant difference
between pretest and posttest knowledge (p < .05). Similarly,
Pavithra et al., (2015)reported that the structured teaching was
effective in improving the level of knowledge on the prevention
and management of breast engorgement among the postnatal
mothers and the difference between the pre and post test scores
was highly significant at p-value < .05 level.
In relation to urinary retention, the present study findings
revealed that after conducting health teaching session, more than
three quarters of the subjects reported an improvement in the uri-
nary retention; while, 13.8% of the subjects informed getting
worse. This result in congruence with Anger and Mehta (2012)
who conducted a study about ‘‘Evaluation and Management of
Postpartum Urinary Retention” and reported that practice mea-
sures consist of oral analgesia, namely NSAIDS aimed at reducing
perineal and periurethral edema, early ambulation, providing the
mother with privacy, warm baths. These measures alone have been
shown to resolve temporary urinary retention in 60% of postpar-
tum post-operative women. Similarly, Wan and his colleagues
(2016) reported that continuous primary nursing care increased
satisfaction with nursing care and reduced postpartum problems
for hospitalized women and showed a significantly lower occur-
rence of postpartum urinary retention.
In relation to after pain .The present study findings revealed
that after conducting health teaching session, more than three
quarters of the subjects informed about improvement in the after
pain; while, 4.8% of the subjects informed about getting worse.
Danasu and Praimathi (2016) who conducted a study about
‘‘Assessment the effectiveness of nursing care on reduction of after
pains among postnatal mothers in Iran”; the results revealed that
nursing care like fundal massage, and alternative leg raising exer-
cise was an effective intervention to reduce the after pains among
post natal mothers.
Bouhours et al. (2011) reported in their study about ‘‘Effect of
Postnatal Home Visits on Maternal/Infant Outcomes in Syria” that
the intervention consisting of home visits aimed to educate, sup-
port, and counsel women who had recently given birth has effec-
tive effects to manage postpartum minor discomfort especially
after pain and constipation.
The present study findings revealed that three quarters of the
subjects informed about improvement in the constipation; while
on the other side there was 17.9% of the subjects informed about
getting worse. This result in congruence with Dukas et al. (2013)
who conducted study about ‘‘Association between Physical Activ-
ity, Fiber Intake and other Lifestyle variables and constipation in
a study of women‘‘ and reported that moderate physical activity
and increasing fiber intake were associated with substantial reduc-
tion in the prevalence of constipation in women.
Finally, the results of the current study reported that the health
teaching which aiming to educate, support, and counsel women
 Heba Talla El Ashmawy Shabaan et al. / Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2018) 198–203
who had recently given birth had effective effects to manage post-
partum minor discomfort as after pain, constipation, urinary reten-
tion, breast engorgement and episiotomy pain.
11. Conclusion
The results of the current study revealed that 64.7% of the post-
natal subjects had inadequate knowledge regarding postpartum
minor discomfort and their management; however one time teach-
ing helped to improve their knowledge by different levels. The
knowledge gained was supported the postnatal subjects for early
identification of discomforts and preventing further complications.
Health teaching aimed to educate, support, and counsel subjects
who had recently given birth had effective effects to manage post-
partum minor discomforts as after pain, constipation, urinary
retention, breast engorgement and episiotomy pain.
12. Recommendations
1. Increasing maternal knowledge awareness related to physiolog-
ical changes and minor discomforts during natal, antenatal and
postnatal to control this discomfort is recommended.
2. Health educational package on postpartum discomforts should
be given on discharge and should written in clear, simplified
and comprehensive explanation about methods of reducing
minor discomforts supported by drawing pamphlets especially
for illiterate one.
203
3. Policy makers must enrolled health teaching about postpartum
minor discomforts into their system of care.
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