UML - Class Diagram

Lecture 02: Class diagram
Doan Trung Tung, PhD
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AD OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1
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PLAN
 Class diagram
 Relationships
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
 From requirements to Class diagram
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What is a Class Diagram?
 A class diagram describes the

types of objects in the system and
the various kinds of relationships

that exist among them.
 A graphical representation of a
static view on static elements.
 Richest notation in UML
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Objects
 Objects have three responsibilities:

o What they know about themselves – (e.g., Attributes)

o What they do – (e.g., Operations)
o What they know about other objects – (e.g., Relationships)
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Class
 A class is a template (specification, blueprint) for a collection of

objects that share a common set of attributes and operations.
MovieClubMember
Class attributes
operations
Objects
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Class notation in class diagram
Class name
private
Attributes
protected
public Methods
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Generalization relationship
 A generalization connects a subclass to its superclass. It

denotes an inheritance of attributes and behaviors from
the superclass to the subclass and indicates a

specialization in the subclass of the more general
superclass.
 Can be viewed as “is a” relationship
Student Person
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 UML permits a class to inherit from multiple superclasses,

although some programming languages (e.g., Java) do not
permit multiple inheritance.
Student Employee
TeachingAssistant
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 Abstract class
Shape
draw()
Circle Rectangle
draw() draw()
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 Discriminator
Discriminator
Doctor
Female
role
Person Nurse
Gender
Male {complete}
patient
Physical-
therapist
Patient
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Associations relationship
 Relationships between instances (objects)

 Association describes a link, a link being a connection
among objects between classes.

 Can be viewed as “has a” relationship
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Associations relationship
 Properties
o Name
o Role
› The specific role of the association
o Multiplicity
› Indicates the number of objects that are connected
o Type
› Plain association, aggregation, composition
o Direction
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Associations
Example: A Person works for a Company

Role
employee employer
Person Company
works for
Association Name
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Associations
 Multiplicity: specify properties of the number of links that

can exist between instances (objects) of the associated
classes.
Association name
Class1 Class2
multiplicity multiplicity
 Multiplicity notation
o*  0, 1, or more
o5  5 exactly
o 5..8  between 5 and 8, inclusive
o 5..*  5 or more
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Associations
 Multiplicity example
o A Student can take up to 5 Courses.
o Student has to be enrolled in at least one course.

o Up to 300 students can enroll in a course.
o A class should have at least 10 students.
Student Course
10..300 takes 1..5
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Associations
 Multiplicity example
o A teacher teaches 1 to 3 courses (subjects)
o Each course is taught by only one teacher.

o A student can take between 1 to 5 courses.
o A course can have 10 to 300 students.
1 teaches 1..3
Teacher Course
1..5
takes
Students
10..300
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Self association
 An association that connects a class to itself is called a

self association.
1
Employee
manager
Responsible for worker
0..10
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Multi associations
 A cricket team has 11 players. One of them is the captain.

 A player can play only for one Team.
 The captain leads the team members.
Captain
Team
Member 1 0..1
Player Team
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11 member of 1
Captain
1
Leads
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Aggregation
 A specialized form of Association in which a whole is

related to its part(s)
 Can be viewed as a “part of” relationship

o Whole – parts
o Container – contents
Can they be association?
o Group - members
Engine
Car
Transmission
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Composition
Can they be aggregation?
 Special Aggregation
 Strong ownership
Scrollbar
Window Titlebar
Menu
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How to identify aggregation / composition?
 Lifetime of part is bound within lifetime of composite

o There is a create-delete dependency
 There is an obvious whole-part physical or logical

assembly
 Some properties of composite propagate to parts (e.g.,
location)
 Operations applied to composite propagate to parts (e.g.,
destruction, movement, recording)
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Why aggregation / composition?
 Assists in identification of a creator

 Operations applied to whole should usually propagate to
parts
 Identifying whole - parts supports encapsulation
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Dependency
 Change in specification of one class can change the other

class. This can happen when one class is using another
class.
 Always directed
 Caused by class methods
o local variable, parameter, return value
Circle
Point
Move(p:Point)
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Dependency
 Dependency relationship can be used to show

relationships between classes and objects
circleA:Circle
Circle
circleB:Circle
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Realization (implementation)
 A realization relationship indicates that one class

implements a behavior specified by another class (an
interface or protocol).
 An interface can be realized by many classes.
 A class may realize many interfaces.
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Realization
 Example
Keyboard
brandName <<interface>>
numOfKeys TypeWriter
ctl()
pageDown() keyStroke()
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Constraint rules and Notes
 Constraints and notes annotate among other things

associations, attributes, operations and classes.
 Constraints are semantic restrictions noted as Boolean

expressions.
Customer 1 * may be
Order
{ total < $50 } canceled
id: long { value > 0 }
Constraint Note
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Common mistakes / confusions
When drawing Class Diagram

o Draw classes immediately
o Hard to differentiate relationships

› Associations or
› Aggregation or
› Composition?
o Attributes or classes?
o Inheritances or Interfaces?
o Draw all dependencies?
o…
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From user requirements to Class Diagram
“A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system

and the various kinds of static relationships that exist among
them”
 Make a list of objects found in user requirements

 Group similar objects into class
 Define relationships between each two classes
o Multiplicity
o Type (generalization, association, realization, dependency)
o Name, direction, …
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User requirements …
Zounds international (Audiovisual sales) Has A number of
(sub) divisions such as Purchasing, NetSales, Stock, Retail
etc. ‘Retail’ has outlets (e.g. in Malls and High street stores).
NetSales has both ‘Hard’ (CDs, DVDs…) and ‘soft’
(downloads) sales. Retail and Netsales co-operate to
produce ‘Personal mixes’ that they burn onto CDs to
produce items for individual customers. Customers may
open an account to facilitate the payment for multiple
transactions or they may just buy goods in individual
purchases paying by cash, cheque or card. The staff selling
the good are recorded.
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Zounds international (Audiovisual sales) Has A number of
(sub) divisions such as Purchasing, NetSales, Stock, Retail
etc. ‘Retail’ has outlets (e.g. in Malls and High street stores).
NetSales has both ‘Hard’ (CDs, DVDs…) and ‘soft’
(downloads) sales. Retail and Netsales co-operate to
produce ‘Personal mixes’ that they burn onto CDs to
produce items for individual customers. Customers may
open an account to facilitate the payment for multiple
transactions or they may just buy goods in individual
purchases paying by cash, cheque or card. The staff selling
the good are recorded.
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A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

is a sub-division of Zounds international but also a parent
of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

has no parent division. Retail staff display and sell traditional
stock items (CD, DVD) in the retail outlets to customers
(these people may also be staff). The netSales staff maintain
and sell copies of ‘softstock’ (digitally encoded mediaware
that they are licensed to distribute) direct to customers (or
staff). The company’s retail outlets purchase ‘SoftStock’ for
the mixes.
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A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

is a sub-division of Zounds international but also a parent
of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

has no parent division. Retail staff display and sell traditional
stock items (CD, DVD) in the retail outlets to customers
(these people may also be staff). The netSales staff maintain
and sell copies of ‘softstock’ (digitally encoded mediaware
that they are licensed to distribute) direct to customers (or
staff). The company’s retail outlets purchase ‘SoftStock’ for
the mixes.
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Objects
• Divisions • Hard sales • Customers
• Subdivisions • Soft sales • Staff
• Retails • CDs • Retail staff

• Netsales • Mixes • Netsale staff
• Purchasings • Items
• Stocks • Goods • Accounts
• DVD
• Transactions
• Purchases • Cheque
• Cash
• Card
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Classes
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The divisions and subdivisions each have a single manager and may
have staff. Staff are employed by Zounds international and are
assigned to exactly one division. There are many types of staff and
their assignment/role (Cleaner, NetSales, Manager) may vary during
their time with ZI. All subdivisions have only one parent division but
parent divisions may have many subdivisions. Theoretically all the
parent divisions have control over all their subdivisions, though in
practice this is seldom enforced for the mundane ‘day-to-day’
running of the company. All Sub-divisions are cost centres,
maintaining their own accounts but constrained to follow a
centralised accounting model with a standard way of maintaining
the balance and transaction history and recording transactions.
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The divisions and subdivisions each have a single manager and may
have staff. Staff are employed by Zounds international and are
assigned to exactly one division. There are many types of staff and
their assignment/role (Cleaner, NetSales, Manager) may vary during
their time with ZI. All subdivisions have only one parent division but
parent divisions may have many subdivisions. Theoretically all the
parent divisions have control over all their subdivisions, though in
practice this is seldom enforced for the mundane ‘day-to-day’
running of the company. All Sub-divisions are cost centres,
maintaining their own accounts but constrained to follow a
centralised accounting model with a standard way of maintaining
the balance and transaction history and recording transactions.
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OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Classes and relationships
Do you agree with type of associations?
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Hidden objects/classes
 Web pages
 Windows Remember class UITool?
 Dialogs
 “Data Access” Classes
…
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Exercise
The ABC bookstore offers a Web system that allows its customers to
search, reserve, buy and rent books online. Any customer can visit the
bookstore’s official Web site to search for book details, but only the
registered customers (hereinafter, members) can reserve, buy and rent

books online. The required information for a membership is the
customer’s detail information such as name, address, a unique social ID,
phone number, e-mail address, and credit card number. Once the
registration is completed, the system will send the confirmation notification
to the customer’s e-mail address. The ABC bookstore offers services for
both hard-copied books and electronic books. The rental service is
applied for hard-copied books only. For hard-copied books, a customer
can search for book information and reserve the books that he/she wants
to buy or rent. The reserved time is 1 day. After the customer made the
reservation, he/she must go to the bookstore to pick up the books within
the reserved time. Otherwise, the reserved books will be released to
other customers. To pick up the books, the customer must present the
reservation number to the bookstore’s staff and pay for the books. 40
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Exercise
The rental period is 7 days for each book. To return the books,
the customer can either go to the bookstore during its office
hours (8:00 to 22:00) to return them to the staff at the counter
service, or use an automated self-service book return box that is

located in front of the bookstore and is available for 24 hours.
The book return box has a barcode reader attached to it. The
customer has to use the bar code reader to scan a barcode of
each book and then put the book into the book return box. If the
customer returns the books later than the return date, he/she will
be charged at $10 per day per book via his/her credit card. The
late-returned fee will be shown in his/her membership account.
In case of buying books online (both hard-copied books and
electronic books), the customer must make payment using
his/her credit card and also provide a shipping address for the
books delivery.
Draw class diagram (use CRC first). Make your own assumptions if needed 41

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Lecture 02: Class diagram

Doan Trung Tung, PhD

 From requirements to Class diagram

 A class diagram describes the

the various kinds of relationships

 Richest notation in UML

 Objects have three responsibilities:

o What they know about themselves – (e.g., Attributes)

 A class is a template (specification, blueprint) for a collection of

 A generalization connects a subclass to its superclass. It

the superclass to the subclass and indicates a

 UML permits a class to inherit from multiple superclasses,

permit multiple inheritance.

 Relationships between instances (objects)

among objects between classes.

Example: A Person works for a Company

 Multiplicity: specify properties of the number of links that

o Student has to be enrolled in at least one course.

o Each course is taught by only one teacher.

 An association that connects a class to itself is called a

 A cricket team has 11 players. One of them is the captain.

 The captain leads the team members.

 A specialized form of Association in which a whole is

 Can be viewed as a “part of” relationship

 Lifetime of part is bound within lifetime of composite

 There is an obvious whole-part physical or logical

 Assists in identification of a creator

 Change in specification of one class can change the other

 Dependency relationship can be used to show

 A realization relationship indicates that one class

 Constraints and notes annotate among other things

 Constraints are semantic restrictions noted as Boolean

When drawing Class Diagram

o Hard to differentiate relationships

“A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system

 Make a list of objects found in user requirements

A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

A sub-division may also be a parent division e.g. Zounds UK

of Zounds Sweet (specialising in musical confectionary). ZI

• Retails • CDs • Retail staff

Do you agree with type of associations?

registered customers (hereinafter, members) can reserve, buy and rent

service, or use an automated self-service book return box that is

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