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A C3 B Q Q£llQI~ 6i?IQeJ_69 6~~Yll~~ 6~Q QOG' 6~~i A (3 B Q 6~Q ii?lfCll'<l I

A C3 BQ 6~Q A n B «l 0 6Q9 'i'IQI '<l.~Xi' ~'<l I ~e.Ji~ An B = {x Ix E A (3 x E B}
-<JOl6Q x e A (3 x e B Q ~cl 62Q~ x, A (3 BQ «JICJIQGi QtJIQl'n' 1 ~mi~ x,

A (3 B QQQ 6«1~,Q QtJIQl'n' I
A B
(Q~ 1.3)
N
An B
A n B ~ 6Q~~~6Q «!Yll~Q 6Q~l~.g 'i'IQI '<l.~1£11Q~ I
l . I
a
ru~ A (3 B 6~~ Yl~6Q 6QIQ~ ~1~100 Q£11QI~ (Common Elements)~ 2.Jl'<I,
t
6G"69 A C3 B 6~~i ~Q6~ 6~~ (Disjoint set) ~lfCll'<l I ~2.JT~ A n B = <1>
QQli?QQ- 6 : A= {l, 2, 3} (3 B = {l,3,5}
o
626Q, An B
r = {1,3}
P
QQli?QQ- 7 : A = { a,b,c} (3 B = { a,b,c,d,e} 626Q,
i a
A n B = {a,b,c} n {a,b,c,d,e} = {a,b,c}
d
QQli?QQ- 8 : A = {p, q} (3 B = {r, s, t} 626Q;
.O
A n B = {p, q} n {r,s,t} = <j> ~e.Ji~ A (3 B 6Q~,'i'Q ~616~Q1
6~Q ~a~m 6Q6G'6QI~ 6\2.J'I :
w
(l) fJQ A c B !'' w
(3) ~'n'4 6«1~, 6Q 6Ql61Q QtJIQl'n' 'ti' eJ_Ql2 6fJ6Ql61Q 6«1~, A «129 '<l21Q 61i'Q
62Q I ~e.Ji~ A n <j>
(4) A n B Q
= 
QYl~ QtJIQl'n' A (3 B g69%i' 6Q~,Q «llCJIQGl QtJIQl'n' 621QeJ_Ql2
AnBcA(3AnBcB
6~QQ ~QYI :
e 61i'Q g~QI ~Y1Q'n'Y1Q1 I ~e.Ji~ A n B = B n A
e 6~Q g~QI Q26fJIQ1 ~e.Ji~ A , B , C 6fJ6Ql61Q 6«1~, 696Q
(A n B) n C = A n (B n C)
151

QQl2Q~- 9 : A = {a, b, c } B = { b, c, d, e } (3 C = {a, b, c, d} 626Q
QctiiiC'.I 6£1 , (A n B) n C = A n (B n C)
'<l~l~I~ : A n B = {a, b, c} n {b, c, d, e} = {b, c }

:. (A n B) n C = {b, c } n {a, b, c, d} = {b, c } .. .. .(i)
q_g~ B n C = {b, c, d, e } n {a, b, c, d} = {b, c }

: . An (B n C) = {a, b, c } n {b, c } =: {b, c } .. .. .(ii)
(i) (3 (ii) ~ (A n B) n C = A n (B n C) (g01~Q)
Q~~ ~QYI (Distributive law) :

06gQQ A , B (3 C 9§6Q@ 6Q~_I -696Q
(a) A u (B n C) = (A u B ) n (A u C)
C'.121i~ Q 6£JIQ 6~Q g~QI~ Q~g Q6Q '<JQ

0 0
(b) A n (B u C) = (A n B ) u (A n C)
C'.1211~ 6~Q Q 6!(]1Q g~QI~ Q~g Q6Q I

0
Q 0 ~~1rng~ 6~~6Q <qJ_sig (x) 6£11Q (+) ~ Q~g G6Q C'.1211~ x(y+z) = xy + xz;
01~ 6£11Q <qJ_Slg~ Q~g Q6Q g12; QIQSl x + (yz) :t. (x +y )(x + z) I §~ 6Q~, 9~6Q
«J 6£11Q (3 6~Q g~Ql~Q t:JQVJQ~ Q~g QQ211'§ I
0
Q<i'l2Q~- 10 : A = {I , 2, 3, 4 } B = {3, 4, 5, 6} (3 C = {I , 3, 5} 626Q

«J 6£11Q
0
(3 6~Q g~QI .6~g6Q Q~~ §Q0~QQ «19% 1 8Q1~1 QQ I 1
'<l~l~I~: Au (B n C) = {l , 2, 3, 4 } u ({3 , 4, 5, 6} n {l , 3, 5})

= {l , 2, 3, 4 } u {3,5} = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5};
(A u B) n (A u C) =( { I, 2, 3, 4 } u {3, 4, 5, 6}) n ({ 1, 2, 3, 4 } u { 1, 3, 5})
= {1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } n {1, 2, 3_, 4, 5}
= _{l, 2, _3, 4, 5}
:. A u (B n C) = (A u B) n (A u C) .. ... ... (i) ( g01~Q)
C'Jcil~ Q 6£11Q 6~Q ~~QI§! Q~<n' Q6Q I

0
6«12~£1 A n (B u C) = ( 1,2,3,4) n ({ 3,4,5,6 } u {1,3,5})

= _{1,2,3,4 } n {l ,3,4,5,6} = { l ,3,4 };
16)

(An B) u (An C) = ({ 1,2,3, 4} n { 3, 4, 5, 6}) u ({ 1,2,3,4 } n { 1,3,5})
= {3, 4 } u { l , 3}={ 1, 3, 4}
:. A n (B u C) = (A n B) u (A n C) ...... .. (ii) ( gY11~9)
C'.l eii~ EllrQ C(] 0 6~1g g~rnjf Q~g QE>Q 1
(iii) ~~Q (Difference) :
«l 0 SI : ~~ A (3 B ~Q~ 6~~' 6g6Q A 6~~Q 6~~ QOl~l~~~Q B 6Q

~12~ 6~01~~ 6~Q g()g 6~~~ A C'.J~Q 8 (A difference B) ~~l~l'<I '{)Q
0
A W~Q
B ~ A - B ~ IQI q_§9 QQl~I'{] I C'.leJi~ A - B = {x Ix E A (3 x e B}
N
B 6C(]£',6Q El~Q grnQ1g~~Q A 6Q g12f§, 6C(]Yl!g~ GgQ B C'.J~Q A 6C(]~ £i Q09 I
C'.JeJi~ B - A = {x Ix E B (3 x e A}
l . I
a
~~ ~g6Q QQ~ 8Q~Q6Q A - B 6C(]£'~ 6~~ ~g ~IQI g<;;1'6ig QQl~IQ~ I ~g6Q
6 Q~ l 'iM~rng1;1 QIQI
4
~§9 6C(]£'£i
' ~
A - B
rA
t B
o
P• o
A - B
i a A - B
d
(i) A (3 B 8QQQ 6lrQ1 6'<1~ ii) A (3 B XJQQQ C'.1616lrQ1 6'<1£', A - B = A
.O
w
w
(iii) B c A (iv) A c B, A - B = <t>
(A - B 6'<1£',£i ~g%'<1£', )
~~12QG1-
w
11 :
(~g 1.4)
A = f I, 2, 3, 4} (3 B = { 3, 4, 5, 6} 626Q, '{]016Q,
A - B={ l ,2,3,4} - {3,4,5,6} = {l, 2} '{]Q"B-A = { 3,4,5,6}- { 1,2,3, 4} = {5, 6}
6~~ ~~Q ~~~la 6{iil6g{iil gei~ :
I. 6Ql 61~ '{]Q 6'<1£1, A GIQ A - A = <!>
2. ~g 1.4 <OJ. '<121 'i~~6~ A - B c A C3 B - A c B
171

!(]~ A (3 B 6!(]6Ql61Q 21iil~ 6'<1~ 6~6Q
(A - B) (') (B - A) = <!>,
A B
(A - B) (') (A (') 8) = <!> -<JQ 0
(~~ 1.5)
(B - A) (') (A (') B) = <!>
~ei1~ A - B, B - A (3 A (') B E>'Cl~~a £JQ~Q ~Q6i'~1 I (~~ 1.5 600)
~~ ~~ 1.5 ~ -<121 ~VJ~ 6fl,

A - .B =A - (A (') B), B - A =B - (A (') B)
'g~9'1 : 6'<1£', W'j}Q ~~Q@ ~Y1~§nm ~6QI ~eir~ A - B *B - A
QIQ61 A = { 1, 2} (3 B = {2,3} 626Q A - B = { 1} (3 B - A = {3}
'<IQ0 6'<1~ Wj}Q ~~QI~ '<l26fllQ1 ~62° I A - (B - C) * (A - B) - C
Q'ti'l2Q61 ~~8, A = {1,2}, B = {2} (3 C = {2,3} 626Q,
A-(B-C)= {1,2} (3 (A - B)-C= {1}
2'.J~~,~~1 ".' 1(a)

1. Q1&g1~ 6~ ~~ QI~ ~g~~1g q_Q61 QQ I
(i) a .. . {a,b,c} [E, ~. c, =] (ii) d .... {a,b,c} [E, ~. c, =]
(iii) {a,c,b} .... {a,b,c} [E, ~. =, *] (iv) {a,a,b,c} ... {a,b,c} [E, ~. =, *]
(v) {a} .. {a, b, c} [ =, c , E, :::>] (vi) {a,b, c} ... {a} [=, c, E, *]
2. A= {1 ,2,3} , B = {3,4,5 } (3 C = {5,6} 626Q §Y]Q'il!~ 6'<1£', ~~~ §~861 QQI
(i) B u C (ii) A u B (iii) A u C (iv) B (') C (v) A(') B (vi) A r1 C
(vii) B - C (viii) A - B (ix) A - C (x) C - B (xi) B - A (xii) C - A
3. A= {1 ,2,3,4}, B = {4,5,6,7}, C = {6,7,8,9} 626Q §Y]Q'il!~ Q§y,1gbii"Q '<lm~I
8Q1~1 QQ I .
(i) Au B = Bu A (ii) B (') C = C (') B

(iii) A u (B u C) = (A u B) u C (iv) A(') (B (') C) =(A(') B) (') C
(v) A u (B (') C) = (A u B) (') (A u C)
(vi) A (') (B u C) = (A (') B) u (A (') C)
(vii) A - B *B- A
(viii) (A - B) - C *A - (B - C)
(8)

J
4. ?,)Y,16Q «l_QG g6G%i' 6Q~,, Q~~1 ~~6Q QW£11QeJ_QI 6QQ 6Q~, Q2 Q~I~?
(i) {x I x2 - 1 = O} [<!>, {1}, {-1}, {1,-1}, {O, 1}]
(ii) {x Ix Q 0 ~YI~ 6 ~6tllal ~GQ q~ £161~ Q ~YI} 0
[<1>, {l, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 4}, {1, 3, 5}]

(iii) {x IX '(]Q f<N Q61g Q 0~YI <3 2 < X < 4.} [<!>, (2), (4), (2,4))
(iv) {x Ix E N*, x ::;; 3} [{O, 1, 2}, {O, 3}, {1, 2}, {O, 1, 2, 3}]
5. A = {a, b, d, e, p} (3 B = {b, p, a, n, m, x, y}, C = [n, x, z, s, t) 626Q
(i) (A - B) u (A n B),
N
(ii) (A u B) n (B u C)
(iii) (A n B) u (B - C) 6Q~,~I~~ GIQQI g611~16Q 6Q~ I
A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, e, i, o, u} 626Q Q-a11~ 61(],
l . I
a
6.
t
(i) (A - B) n (A n B) = <j>, (B - A) n (A n B) = <j>, '-QQ0
r
(ii) (A - B) n (B - A) = <1>
o
7. ?,)Y,lQ~G 6Q9, <q]_~QQ 6~<q' 0g ~~g QQ I
(i)
(iii)
(A n B) u (A - B),
(A u B) - (A n B)
i a
(ii)
P
(A n B) u (B - A)
d
8. '(]Q QQl2Q61 E)gQ Q-a11~ 61(]-
.O
(A - B) u (B - A)= (Au B) - (A n B)
( 6!ClQOl6Q A <3 B g6G~Q QQWI 6<C19)
w
9. !(]Q I"= { 1,2,3,4, ..... ,n} ~'(] 6G6Q 120 - 116 '-QQ0 116 - 120 6Q9, ~QS! GIQQI g611~16Q
w
6Q~I
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1.5. <aYiei<a ~~Q (Symmetric - Difference) :
'<1°&1 : !ClQ A C3 B 6!Cl 6~~~ 2Q~ 6'<1~, 66\6Q A - B C3 B - A 6'<1~,

~QQ ~rn~1g~1g~ 6gQ ~Ob\ 6'<l~i A C3 B Q '<l~ai'<I- tl~Q 6'<1~ i~l!Cll'<I <3
'<121~ A ti B Q0 6QG ~IQI «l_QG QQl!(]l'-Q I ~eJ1~ A !i B = (A - B) u (B - A)
A ti B 6Q~,~ Q~l~Q 6Q~l~~~1g~ ~IQI Q-a11£11Q~ I
Q~ 1.6 ~ VJ~6!Cl, A . ti B = (A u B) - (A n B) ca A
(0~ 1.6)
B
(9)

~eJi~ (A u B) 6Q~Q 6£1~ Q<tJIQlg~~Q (A n B) 6Q g12i§, 6«1~1g~ 6gQ Q09
6«1~,~ A «'lrn:N~l Wj1Q B ~21£11'-Q I
~Ql2Q€1- 12 : A = {I, 2, 3, 4} (3 B = {3, 4, 5, 6} 6gQ A !). B 6«1~ g~fo. QQ I
'<l~l~I~ : A - B = {I, 2} (3 B- A = { 5, 6}
: . A!). B =(A - B) u (B - A)= {I, 2} u {5, 6} = {I, 2, 5, 6}
9Qw '<l~l~I~: A!). B = (A u B) - (B n A)
= ({1, 2, 3, 4 } u {3, 4, 5, 6}) - ({ 1, 2, 3, 4 } n {3. 4, 5, 6})

= {I , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} - {3, 4 } = {l , 2, 5, 6 } (Q@Q)
<aY'lei<a ~~Q <aa~1a 6Q6~6Q1~ ~214
£JQ A (3 B 6£l6QlGI~ QQ~

.... 6«1'01'
(i) «1Ylth'<l- W.ilQ ~§QI ~Y1Q??Y1Q1 I ~eJIQ A !). B = B !). A
.(ii) «'IYlthQ W.ilQ ~§QI «l26m£11 I

~eJIQ (A !). B) !). C=A !). (B !). C) ( 8Q1~1 QQ 6<tt~)
1.6. "<IQ 6'<l~Q ~Qq_QQ 6<Cl~ (Complement of a Set) :
<Cl 0 &11 : £lQ 'E Q~l8Q 6«19, (3 A '<1~%1 '<IQ ~86«1~ 6Xi'6Q, E 6«19,Q 6£lQ Q81<ttl~~Q
A GC.Cm,6Q g12i§ 6<a2Y11g~ 6gQ QOX>' 6«19£ A 6«19,Q 8Qq_QQ 6«1~ ~21£ll'<I (3
'<121 A' Q6'ii'9 ~IQI «J..99 621QeJl'<I I

~eJIQ A' =E -A = {x I x E E (3 x ~ A } E
A Q 8Qq_QQ 6«19, A' ~ 9~ 1. 7 6Q
QYll~Q 6Q~I~@ ~IQI «J._99 621Q~ I r:t:i (0~ 1. 7)

~QI~€!- 13 : E = {x I x E N, x $ 10} '<JQ 0
A = {x I x E N, l < x $ 5} 6gQ A Q 9Qq_QQ 6«1~,~ §~fo QQ I

<a~l~I~ : E = {xix E N , x $ 10} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {x I x E N, I < x $ 5} = {2, 3, 4, 5}
:. A Q 8Qq_QQ 6«19, =A' = E - A == {I, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (Q6lQ)
110)

I
£lQq_QQ 6'<1~ '<lftRl'lQ 6Q6@6QI~ @21~ :
l. A (3 '-Q21Q 8Qq_QQ El«l~, (A') «JQQI ~61E>U'Q1 I ~eJI~ An A'= <1>
2. A (3 A' Q «1°El~IQ El«!~, E)2g~ Q418Q El«l~, (E) I ~eJI~ A u A' =E

3. A E>Ql~'-Q El«!~, El2E>Q, A Q 8Qq_QQ El«!~, A' Q 8Qq_QQ El«!~, A ~El~ I
~eil~ (A')' =A
4. <1>' = E (~94El«l~, Q 8Qq_QQ El«!~, Q418Q El«!~ E)
(3 E' = <1> ( Q418Q El«l~,Q 8Qq_QQ E>«l~, ~94 El«!~, <1>)
..... <' .....
1.7 ~flQl<rt' ~Qfl (De Morgan's Laws) :
Y1El9QQ E '-QQ Q418Q El«!~' (3 A ' B El«l~QQ '-Q21Q ~8El«l~\. I
. IN
l
'q
(A u B)' = A' n B' ... (i) '-QQ0 (A ·n B)' = A' u B' ...(ii)
-.q2 ??afl ~a ~YiQI~ (De Morgan) ?;\Qfl g1f1E>Q ~Q29 I (i) ~ ~IE>fl ~~E>U' El~
«1°El~IQ Q 8Qq_QQ El«l~" 8Qq_QQ G«l~, ~QQ GU'Q
r t a
(ii) ~ l'~ElU' G~ E>U'QQ 8Qq_QQ
o
(3
E>Q~" 8Qq_QQ GQ~,Y119~ Q El~IQ I 0
i a P
Yl69Q~: ~Qq_QQ ty~QI (Complementation) 62~ «1°6!(]1£1, GU'QGQ
'<1°GrnQE>Q 8QQ619 ~-.q I GQ9 ~2 1.8 (a) E>Q (A u B)' G«l~,~ GQG9Q Qfll~Q E>Q~I
(3 GU'Q,
~tilmED d Dti
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w
(Au BY
~2
A' B'
~~
A' n B'
~2
A' n B'
w
l.8(a) l.8(b) l.8(c)
~2 A' (3 B' 6«1~,~Q~ gQQ Q~ (3 ~l~?iQ E>Q~I~~ ~IQI Q'511rnQ~ I

l .8(b) 6Q
w
~121 8QVJQGllQ1 GQ~I~~ ~IQI A' n B' q_~9 El21Q~, ~121 l.8(a) «12 «lf1191
~2 l.8(c)6Q A' n B' ~ C<J9a ~IE>Q Q'511fC'JIQ81E>Q I q9Ql (A
~~~8 QIE)Q ~flQl~~Q ~9m ?;\Qfl (An B)' = A' u B' Q «19491 GQ~ ~~
0
u B)' ;::: A' n B'
fll~f16Q g§81Q9 QQl~IQ 816Q I
Y112 ??aY! (ii) Yi~ ?;\QY! (i) Ql21~%Q 'YY1161 QQ 62Q I

(A u BY;: : A' n B' ........ (i)
A (3 B 8QQE>Gl ~eJl~E>Yl A' (3 B' 6Q'Q!_eJ_GQ
(A' u B')' = (A)' n (B)' =A n B (·: (A')' =A '-QQ 0

(B')' = B)
(11) '

QQQ £11.qjQ £1Qq_Q~ 6Q~, 6~6Q
~ ((A' u B')'Y = (A n B)' ~ A' u B' = (A n B)'
:. (A n B)' = A' u B' .....(ii) (~:w11~g)
QQli'Q'1- 14 : E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,"9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ~Q0 B . = {4, 5, 6, 7} 6~Q §rn;1i~'ii ??aYI 2Q~Q Qg~g1
g§rnw ~'
~fll~I~ : ~016Q A u B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} u {4, 5, 6, 7} = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
:. (A u B)' =E - (A u B)
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - { 1,2,3,4,5,6;7} = {8, 9} ....... (i)
A'= E - A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} - {l, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {6, 7, 8, 9}
B' = E - B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} - {4, 5, 6, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 8, 9}
A' n B' = {61 7, 8, 9} n {1 , 2, 3, 8, 9} = {8, 9} ... (ii)
(i) C3 (ii) ~ (A u B)' = A' n B'
~~£1Qt69 ~rn;1i~'ii ~gm §QY!Q «m4Gll g§£JIQ~ ~1£11Q rn§91
~~~,~~1 - l(b)
1. ~Q~~ g6m~ g~ £l!Q «19194 gQQYllg'ii YI~~ 6~ gQQ~ QI~ 6Q~ I
(i) £IQ E = {1,2,3,4,5} C3 S = {2, 4} !'~ 6Gl69 S' = ....... .

(a) {1, 3} (b) {1,4,5} (c) · {1,3,5} (d) {1,2,5}
(ii) £IQ E = {a,b,cJd} C3 T = {a,b} 6Gl69 Tu T' = ....
(a) E (b) {a, b} (c) {c, d} (d) 
(iii) £IQ E = {a,b,c,d} C3 T = {a,b} 6969 T n T' = ...... .

(a) E (b) {a, b} (c) {c, d} (d) 
(iv) (A u A') - (A' n A) = - - (a) A (b) A' (c) E (d) 
(v) E -A' = - (a) E (b) A (c) A' (d) 
(vi) (E - A) u (E - B) =-
(a) A u B (b) (A u B)' (c) (A n B) (d) (A n B)'
(vii) A' n B' = -
(a) A u B (b) (A u B)' (c) (A n B) (d) (A n B)'
[12)

(viii) (A - B) u (B - A) =-
(a) A u B (b) A .L\ B (c) A n B (d) B
(ix) (A - B) u (B - ·A) =-
(a) (A u B) - (A n B) (b) (AuB) - (A - B)
(c) (A-B)-(AnB) (d) (A-B) n (B - A)
(x) (A u A')' = - (a) A (b) A' (c) cp (d) E
(xi) (A' u B)' = - (a) A n B (b) A u B (c) A' n B' (d) (A u B)'
(xii) (A u B)' = - (a) A' u B' (b) (A n B)' (c) A' n B' (d) E - (A n B)
2. ~~Q<Q!G Q§Y11~.- YI~~ 6~ Q9 ~~~ QI~ 6Q~ I
(i) (A - B) u (B - A) = (A u B) - (A n B) (ii) A L\ B ~ B L\ A
(iii) (A u B)' = A' u B' (iv) (A n B)' = A'
. I N
u B1 (v) <!>' = E
l
(vi) E' = cp (vii) A u A' = (viii) A n A' =E
(ix) (A u A)' = E .
3. (i) E =Z
(x) (A n A)' = cp
r t a
626Q, QYI~ q~ Q 0~41Q 8Qtl_QQ 6Q~~ ~~Q QQ I
(ii) E - A = B 626Q, B n A (3
P o
B u A 6Q~ ~QQ 8Qtl_QQ 6Q~,~~~ 6Q~ I
i a
(iii) 6Q~, A (3 '<l21Q 8Qtl_QQ 6Q~6Q ~eJl~6¥1 5 (3 6 ~ Q81QI~ f.l_6Q Q418Q
d
6Q~ E 6Q f.l_QI Q81QI~ Q 0~41 ~Q QQ I
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4. QQl2QG1 ~IQI ooJ~ 6~, "QY!e.Q Wj)Q ~~QI ~YIQ~Q1" I
5. ~Q Q418Q 6Q~ E = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, A= {a, b, c} '<JQ° C = {b,f,g,h}
w
6G6Q ~~Q<Q!G Q§ ~~QQ QG4GI ~§rnQ~ QQ I
w
(i) (A u B)' = A' n B' (ii) (A n B)' = A' u B'
w
6. . '<IQ QQJ2QG1 ~IQI §rn;11~'1i" ~QYI ~QQ ~G4GI g§rnQ~ QQ I
1.8 2Q~ 6<Cl~Q ~16~"1Q ~€10'9 (Cartesian product of two. sets) :
QY!g~ ~l~l'li" ~41?i§6Q 6£11£1'<1 Q£~ '<121Q ~l~l'li" (x,y) ~IQI ~~IQ Q~lxll'<I I
(x,y) 62Q~ Ql@Q Q 0 ~41Q '<IQ ~?ig 6£11~ (Ordered Pair) I
fl()gQQf :
(i) £JQ X <3 y 2Q£1 Ql@Q Q 0 ~41 6G'6Q, (x,y) ~?ig 6£11~ ~(gl'i.9 ~W19'ii'6Q ..qQ
Q~; Yll~ {x, y} 6£11£1'<1 6Q~ £ll~IQ ~Q6Q@ Q81Qlg· ~~ I
[13]

(ii) £IQ x ·* y i''<l, 6~6Q '611g1~ 941~G6Q (x,y) (3 (y,x) ~Q~ qeJQ Q£~ '<l_QIQ
a1~1§1 Q~ {x, y} (3 {y, x} 6'<1£1, ~Q~ <()~1g1

9.~. : 2Q~ ~~~ 6£11~ (x 1, y,)·(3 (x 2, y 2) '<l~lg 626Q !CJQ x1 = x2(3 Y1 = Y2 62Q I
'<l2 ~~ · 6£11~ Q ~IQ611S? 6gQ ~Q~ ~6l~g4 6'<1£1, A (3 B Q Ql6~£11Q ~610'~
A x B «J,ij QQll(]IQ 81QQ I
~6gQQ A (3 B 2Q6QI~ ~6l~g4 6'<1£1, (3 a e A, b E B I
'<l016Q (a,b) '<JQ ~~~ 61(]1~, 6£JQ016Q a (3 b S? rn~Jl~6~ s~g6£11~ (a,b) Q !:Jem '
Q81°~ '<lQ0 ~~m Q81°~ fil211(]1'<l 1
~ 0 &1 : !ti~ A 2Q~ ?1~~~4 6<a~, 66'69 A Q QOIQl~fll~i !:J2Jfl QOl ~

0
(3 B
C3 B Q QtJIQl~l~i ~6'1Q Qt:ll 0~ 11Em 6~6Q 6stl66'~~-<J I
0
A C3 B 6<a~ ~QQ Ql6~~1Q ~~0'9 A x B <a 0 6QGI ~IQI q~g i-<1 I ~gQl
A x B = {(a,b) I a e A (3 b e B }
6'<12tJQ B (3 A 6Q£1, ~QQ Ql6~9Q £1619'Q B x A = {(b,a) I b E B (3 a E A}
QQl2Q61 «J~tl A = { 1,2} (3 B ~ {3,4,2} 626Q

A x B ={(1,3), (1,4); (1,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,2)}
(3 B x A = {(3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (2,1), (2,2)}
£IQ A 6Q m Q '614Q Q81Qlg eJl'<l
0
(3 B 6Q n Q '614Q Q81Qlg ell'<!, ~ell~
0
IAI = m (3 IBI = n 6g6Q Ql6~91Q £1619'Q A x B (3 B x A ~6~4Q 6Q~6Q mn <() 0~4Q

Q81Qlg Q26Q I
QQl2Q~- 15 : £IQ (x + 1, 2) = (3, y - 1) 6~6Q x (3 y Q ~lg ?;\~Q QQ I
<afll~I~ : (x + 1, 2) = (3, y - 1)
~g6£11~ ~QQ Q~lggj ~ 81QQI X + 1 = 3 .'<JQ 0
2 =y - 1
:, X =2 '<]QO y =3
QQI~~- 16 : A = {1,2,3} (3 B = {3,4,5} G26Q A x B '<IQ 0
B x A ?;iEtiQ QQ I
<afll~I~ : A x B = {1,2,3} x {3,4,5}

= { (1,3), ( 1,4 )~ ( 1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5)}
'<]Q0 B x A = {3,4,5} x {l,2,3}
= {(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3)}
[14)

QQli?Q'1- 17 : A = {a,b,c} 626Q A x A 2'.le.191 A 2 §Eda QQI
'<JYll~I~ : A x A = (a,b,c) x (a,b,c)

= {(a,a), (a,b), (a,c), (b,a), (b,b), (b,c), (c,a), (c,b), (c,c)}
A x A ~ A 2 ~6t:l Yl¢.J 6Q~1£JM I
1.9. i'Q~ G<Cl~ A ~ B Q ((J 0 6~1Q E)((J~Q GtJl~lg '<] 0~41 (3 '<li?IQ g6QIQ ·:
Q£1£:JIQ4 : ~~ U!QQ A C3 B <CJ<CJ1fl G<Cl~, 696~ IA v Bl = IAI + IBI - IAnBI
gY11'1 : ~16~ A (3 B Q Qt:JIQI~ ~~i qeJG? QIQ6Q Q~91 I g1~ «1°~41 ~QQ
6£JIQg9 IAI + IBI 6~91
N
9QY11~ £JQ A 2Q~ t:JQVJQ6~Q1 6~~ 6~69 W6Yl A n B 6«1~ QQg QQ91
I
(3 B
l .
(3 '<121Q Qt:JIQI~ ~~~ Q~91 I
a
g~ 62Q~ A v B 6«J~Q Qt:JIQlg ~ 0~41 6Gil6~ 629?
r t
A (3 B Q Qt:JIQlg~~~ qeiGil Ql96Q Q~91 QYIQ6Q ~IYIS? QQQ A (3 B 6«1£1,6Q
o
f.!.91 QICJIQtS! Qt:JIQlg ~~S? 2QeJQ Q~91~ t:l~~ I
P
Yll~ A v B 6Q~ QQg 696~ A (3 B QQQ6Q f.!.91 QICJIQtS! Qt:JIQlgS? 2Q eJQ
ia
6Q~I~ g 6~Q eJ6Q 6Q~l~91 '<121 ~16Yl ~1~6~ I (~~ L3 6Q~)
d
:. A u B 6«1£1,Q Qt:JIQlg «1°~41 =
. O
A 6Q£1,Q Qt:JIQlg «1°~41 +B 6Q~, Q Qt:JIQlg «1°~41-A n B 6Q~Q Qt:JIQI~ «1°~41
~ IA v Bl =
w
IAI + IBI - IA n Bl
~9~1 : £JQ IAI = m, IBI =n '<l9° IA n Bl = r ~'<l 6~69
w
IA Li Bl = m + n - 2r 629 I
w
~eJi~ IA Li Bl = IAI + IBI -21 An Bl (§6~ 8Q1~1 QQ 6Q~)
~~~~I~ : £JQ A (3 B 6«1£1,~Q ~tS16~Q1 6~69 A n B = <!> ~ IA n Bl =0
: . A (3 B . ~'16~1 6i?6Q IA v Bl = IAI + IBI 6i?Q I
g~e;Q 6Q6g~~'<l g.qJQ «JYllCJI~ t:JIQ .IA v Bl = IAI + IBI - IA n Bl ~Q g6QIQ

001£JIQ~ I t:JQQQ1 @Ql2QtS!~~~ 6Q~ I .
Q~li?QQ- 18 : A (3 B 6'<l~~a Q418Q 6'<1£1, E Q ~Kl6«1£: I £JQ IEI = 100,

IA v Bl = 70 -<JQ 0
IA Li Bl = 60 ~'<l, 6t;'6Q IA' u B'I §~~ QQ I .
'<JYll~I~ : W6Yl ~lt1 6£1, IA v Bl = IAI + IBI - IA n Bl. .... (i)

-<JQ
0
IA Li B = IAI .+ IBI - 2 IA n Bl .... (ii)
[IS)

(i) ~ (ii) Q6QIQ Q6Q IA u Bl - IA ~ Bl = IA n Bl
=> 70 - 60 = IAnBI => IAnBI = IO

:. IA' u B'I = l(AnB)' I = IEI - IAnBI = 100 -:- IO = 90 (QG"lQ)
Q~l~'1- 19 : Q~GQ 0QQ QA.I Qlllll~gQIQ Q~m Q 6Yll£' QQ4 Q 0~41 750 I 6QQ~
Q~OOOQQ Q QQ4 Q 0~41 250 (3 6W~ QFilll~ g'O'IQ Q?100 QQ4 Q 0 ~41 350 I 696Q 6Q6~61
0
QQQ Q~GQ QQ (3 QQI~ g'O'IQ Q?1§ Q QQ4 ~£'§ g4Q QQ I S
((]~l~I~ : 6Q~ ~~3? Q~4 QQ I

S- M
(~g 1.9)
M 11 S
Yi()~QQ Q~gQ 0QQQ QQ4(;i," ()Q£', '<]Q0 Ql'illl~g'O'IQ Q?1§Q QQ4(;i," 6Q~ £leJl~6Yl
M (3 S I .
E)gE)Q QQQ Q~gQ 0QQ (3 Ql'illl~gQIQ Q?1§Q QQ4<.n" 6<;(]~ = M n S

Q~GQ 0QQ ~A.I Qlllll~g'O'IQ Q?1§Q QQ4Yll~(;i," 6Q~ = M u S
g.qil~Ql6Q IM-SI = 250, IS-Ml = 350 (3 tM u SI = 750

6Q~ ~~~ ~~~ 6£1, (Mu S) = (M - S) u (Mn S ) u (S - M)
~GQl 0 IM u SI = IM - SI + IM n SI + IS - Ml
=> 750 = 250 + IMnSI '+ 350
=> 750 = 600 ·+ IM n SI
=> IM n SI = 750 - 600 = 150

:. 150 ~61 QQQ Q~GQ 0QQ (3 Qlllll~'O'IQ Q?1§Q QQ4 ~~§I ( QG"lQ)
Q~l2Q'1- 20 : 6"161Q 6~6116Q 50 961 ~l~(;i," YI~~ 22 ~61 'Sl£',Q~ (3 22 ~61

~6~, E)~Q§ I '<lciYl«U~ 5 ~61 ~I~ QQQ 'Sl£',QQ (3 ~6Q£' 6~~f.l.6Q 6Q69 ~61 ~lg
q£',9Q QA.I ~6Q£', 6"161Q~3? 6~~§ ~12°' g4Q QQ I
((]~l~I~ : Y16~Q E = 6~6116Q el.QI QYl'!J ~l~(;i," 6Q£'_1
f = q£',QQ 6~~eJ.QI lrl~<;;' 6Q£'" C = ~6Q~ 6~~f.l.QI lrl~<;;' 6Q~ I

'<1016Q E 3? Q41(JQ 6Q£', ~6(J gW£11Q~ I
g~l~f(]IQ; I E I = 50, I F I = 22, ICI = 22
QQQ q£',QQ (3 ~6Q£', 6~~f.!.QI ~l~Yll~(;i," 6Q~~ 62Q~ F n C
(16)

It
\
IF n Cl =5 (QQ) F Fn c~__
c__
~ l.10 ~ Q!aY QQ I
' ~16~ g16]_6!tl , I F u C I = IFI + ICI - IF n Cl
= 22 + 22 - 5 = 39 (~ 1.10)
6!JQ U'l~Yl16g ~~Q{iil QA.I S6Q~ 6~61Q~~ 6~~§ g12' 6QY11g~Q 6Q~,~ (Fu C)'
:. l(F u C)'I = IEI - IF u Cl = 50 - 39 = 11
:. 6~6116Q '5Z~Q{iil (3 S6Q~, 6~61Q~~ 6~~ gl'J_QI U'I~~ Q 0~YI 11 I
Q~l2Q61- 21 : 1000 g6J Qy§~ YlcU6Q 400 g6J 2Q1, 380 g61 Q Q1g1 0
(3 80
~61 QQQ 2Q1 C3 Q 0Ql~16Q QeJIQl~I 621Q rnQ§ I 6g6Q 6Q6g ~61 '<l 2Q~ Ql~l6Q
.I N
l
< - ~ - <
Qe.JIQIQI 621Q rnQ~ g12 gEUQ QQ I
<Cl~l~I~ : r16gQQ QYl£lQ 6Q~, E = 1000 g6J Q4§~ 6gQ QQg 6Q~, I
6~6Q IEI = 1000
r t a E
2Q16Q QeJI 621Q 812l>J.QI Q4§~ 6Q~, A (3
Po
ia
Q Q1g16Q \ii'le.JI 621Q rn2t>J.QI Q4§~ 6Q~, B (~~ I.1l)
0
d
g~IE'Qt6Q IAI =400, IBI = 380 '<lQ0 IAnBI = 80 ( QQQ 2Q1 (3 Q0 Qlg1 Ql~l6Q
O
Qe.JI 621Q812C!!_QI Q4§~ Q 0~41)
.
2Q1 Qf'l.I Q0 Qtg16Q Qe.JI 621Q812l'J.QI Q4§~ 6Q~, =A u B.
w
~I~ IA u Bl ,; IAI + IBI - IA n Bl = 400 + 380 - 80 = 700
w
:. 2Q1 QI Q0 Q1g1 6Ql61Q~6Q QeJI 621Q 812 g (!!_QI Q4§~ Q 0~41
w
= l(A u B)' I = IEI - IA u Bl = 1000 - 700 = 300
:. 2Q1 QI Q0 Q1g1 6~61Q~6Q Qe.Jf 621Q 812 g (!!_QI Q4§~ (() 0~41300 I (QQQ)
~~-a11~~1 - 1(c)
I .(a) ~Q<Qt.g g6m\ii'I g~6Q Q2'.Jl!tl1Qe.!_QI Ql~IQ4 Q~Q~~Q Y1~2 6~ QQQ QI~ t>J._gY'flfg
q_Q61 00 I
(i) IAI = 3 C3 IBI = 4 626Q A x B .Q Q81Qlg Q 0~41 -
[(a) 7 (b) IO (c) 11 (d) 12]
(17)

(ii) IAI =3 626Q IA x Al = -
[(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) '<l~!.Yl~~ 6~61~~ ~62' I]
(iii) IA u Bl = 15, IAI = 12 (3 IBI =6 626Q IAnBI = -
[(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12]

(iv) IA u Bl = 10, IAnBI =0 (3 IAI =4 626Q IBI = -
[(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 12]

(v) AnB = $, IAI = 10, IBI = 3 626Q IA u Bl = -
(a)3 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 13
(vi) IAI = IBI =5 (3 IAnBI =3 626Q IA~ Bl= -
[(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 8]

(vii) IA u Bl = 10 (3 IAnBI =3 626Q IA~BI =-
[(a) 10 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) O]
(viii) IA - Bl = 5 l3 IB - ·Al = 7 626Q IA ~ Bl = -
[(a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 5]

(b) ~6~YQ 6~~6Q x (3 y Q Ylliril §~Q QQ I
(i) ~Q (2 - x, 5) = (4, y+2) (ii) ~Q (2x+3, 3y-4)= (7,5)
(iii) ~Q (x2, y2) = (4,9) (iv) ~Q (x+y, x-y) = (3,,1)
(c) ~Q A= {l, 2, 3} (3 B = {2, 3,4} 6~6Q §Y,lQ~~ 6'<1£1,Ylliril~ X11QQI 8~6Q

6~1
(i) {(x,y) I (x,y) e A xB (3 x < y} (ii) {(x,y) I (x,y) e B xA (3 x < y}
2. A (3 B 6'<l£1, ~Q €11Q IAI = 60, IBI = 40 (3 IMBI = 70 626Q A (3 B Q QICJIQ61

0
Q€11Qliril '<l ~YI §~8GI QQ I
3. A (3 B 6'<1£1, ~Q €11Q IAI = 80, IBI = 30 (3 IA u Bl = 100 626Q IA~ Bl 6Q6X1

~Q QQ I
4. 6QI~ 6~6116Q 100 6161 ~I~~ Yl~2 40 ~61 ~Y£1Q Q&aliril (3 52 ~GI ~IG11Q&al~
~~Q~ QQ~ I ~Q 23 ~61 ~I~ QQQ Q@QS? ~~Q~ Q~eJI'§ 6X16Q 6Q6WG1 ~I~
~2 ~ Q@Q2 6~61~~3? ~~Qiril QQ§ ~12' ~Q QQ I
(18)

5. QIYl'O'~ Qg QQ~IQQQ 80 'iii'Gl ~lg Q~G QI Q&lll'ri'6Q gem 6~611 'n'~Q QCQ1(')_6Q I •
6«1Yll'n''il' YlcU~ 50 ~'61 Q~~6Q, 1o 'iii'Gl QQQ Q~~ (3 Qlll!l'ri'6Q ~em 6'fil611 tr;i~Q
rnQ~6~ 1 696Q ~Q6~~61 6QQQ Qlll!l'ri'6Q ~em 6~611 tr;i~Q 81GC'J.61ii1?
200 'iii'61 6~1Q Q Ql'iii'1 QI (3~~16Q QeJIQIU1t ~Q81Q~, £1~ 80 'iii'~ 6QI~
0
6. 6QQQ
(3~W (3 70 'iii'61 6QIQ 6QQQ Q Ql'iii'16Q QeJI 621Q81Q§, 696Q ()Q69961 QQQ
0
(3~~1 (3 Q 0 Ql91t)~ QeJI 621Q£11Q§?
7. 100 'iii'Gl ~Q Q'5JQ'ii' Yl~~ 75 'iii'61 ~QQ~'ri' ~191Q Ql£i4'filY1 (3 60 961 Q.Q .~.
\
Glkl4~Y1 GQCQ!QI~ G<Jk/ QQ§ I 6~6Q 6G69~61 ~ QQQ Gl£i4~Y1 6Q~QI~ G«l'i
QQ§ 1 (iQ6~~61 6QQQ ~QQ<Qi~ 9191~ Ql£i4~Yl 6QCQ!QI~ 8<JQ QQ§ ?
N
8. 6Ql~'-Q 26~~Q 40 961 8Sii!IY11'W'il' Yl~~ 15 'iii'61 6QQQ 2§ 6~Q§ (3 20 961 6QQQ
. I
~6Q~, 6~Q§ I xl~ '<12 8Sii!IY11'ri''il' YlcU~ ~W16@ 2§ Q~I ~6Q~, 6~2 eJIWS, 696Q
l
6Q69961 8Siill 2Q (3 ~6Q~, ~QQ 6~1Q 6~Q§, §El]Q QQ I
9. 100 'iii'61 6QIG\? YlcU~ 18 961 GIQ Q~I ~~Q 'O'QIQQI 91~'n'l2i§; §~ 25 'iii'61
GIQ (3 ~~Q QQQ 'O'QIQQI 91~~§ I £IQ 6'<1Yll'n'~ YlcU~ 55~61 ~~Q 'O'QIQQI
r t a
'iii'l~eJl~I~, 696Q 6Q69961 GIQ 'O'QIQQI 91~~§, §El]Q QQ I
P o
ia
10. ~Q 6'21611~?50 961 li'l~1~ YlcU~ 22 961 Q19 ~~§ (3 22 961 'n'l'O' {;]~§ I '<l('J_Yl<U~
J-
6~9- . 5i :(a'Gt~ ~1~1 QQQ Q19 (3 .'Wl'O' fil~§ I 696Q 6Q69961 ~1~1 Q19 Q~I 'n'l'O'
d
-. ~ -· ~· :....)~ · ~ 0
. - -
6~61«1~ ~~~ 'n'l2 ~Q 1 69,§.,~61 · »:"1~1 ~2 2Q~ YlcU~ 6QQQ 6QI~~ ~lal QQ~,
, - - -
.O
§El]Q QQ I ... --.. :;:-<·.
6QI~~ Q6Ql'ri'1Q 21iil mllYll ~ 8QQIQ '~~IQ' (3 ~§ 'O'~eJl0~ 8QQIQ '«!Yll~'

0
w
11 .
89§ I R)Q 50 ~ 8QQIQ ~Q 21iil~ ~~IQ8~ YlcU~ 6Ql61~~ t:J9§ 'n'I~ ~Q 0 125~
w
8QQIQ QQQ ~QQQIQ9 81(1§ 696Q Q~ Q6Ql'fi'1Q 8QQIQ «1°~41 §El]Q QQ I
w
12. 2 Q~I 3 ~IQI QQl'iii'4 200 ~ QGl'ri' «1°~41 Yl<U~ 140~ qiqi (3 40~ 6 ~IQI QQl94 I
696Q 6Q6~ 6Q@ ~qiqi «1°~41 (3 6Q696QI~ «1°~41 3 ~IQI QQl94 §El]Q QQ I
•••
(19] PA-03/07/17

•
( REAL NUMBER)
2.1 Q£l~~QQI (Introduction) :

01gQ '<ll!i'l%'1Q C'.J<QJ£1§6Q '<1°~41 9£19Q Q~QI '<1Q6~~ I '<l 0 ~41Yllg~ Q4Q21Q 0~~ 6Q6Q
<-
. QQe/@I, 9121Q C'.Jl6@1~g1 l'.'.1§ 9£1g I '<J§§ 01~ 91~QI QQQIQ 6~, C'.JIQ~4G91
.
~ij 621Qe/@I C3 '<1°~41 9£19 Qgl l'.'Jl0Q '<J '<1Q%'1Gl 8QGigl GQl~IQ81QQ g12 I
. -
'ftij6l '<1°~41 9£19Q
'<1°~4101W rn.J6Q ~eJ60 C'.Jl~a1'§ Q€Jg '<1°~41 (Counting Numbe~) §~1 ~IQl9Q
0
<Cl ~41 (Natural Numbers) I ~'i~G 626@ 1,2,3, 4, 5,... I '<'!YI@ Q6Jg '<1°~41Q G'<l~Q '<1°61ii'9
N C3 ~21Gl 91QGI ~611Q16Q 6@~QI N = {I , 2, 3, .... } I
'<l21 86Q ~.ll~ell'§ Q.4 '<1°~41'i~ ~Q0 '<'!YI@ ict.-0 '<1°~41

(Integers) Y)lg~ 6«1£1,Q «l 6Q9 z 0
'<JQ" z = {...., - 3, -2, - 1, 0, I, 2, 3, ..... } I W~Jl9, «10@ Q6Jg «1°~41, 0 ( ~g) '<JQ «10~ Q611Y.!Q 0
84 Q 0 ~41Q 6«1£1 I ~016Q Q61ijl~6~1£14 6~ N 6«1£1,6Q 0 ( ~g) Q81Qlg9G 6gQ Q~IQ Q6@ C'.!160
(...... \ (...... Cl..
\ ~
0 0
N * 6'<1£1 81QeJIQ C3 '<l21G '<l g'<llQ6' ~IQl9~ {(] ~416{(]~, N * lii'21~1'<l I Qg 6«1£1Q 91QQI
~ ' Cl..
~611Q16Q N * = { 0, I , 2, 3, ..... } 6bll~l~l'<l I
~fi,Qlf ! ~g ( 0) ~Q 0 Q6Jl8Q Q.~fa 0 ~41 ( ... - 3, - 2, -J) ~l~Jg l!i'!IQ91Q~ l'.'.JQQlg I ~~'i~
( ~1~1Q 5986Q 9~) 91~ ~IQI Q~g '~~~eii'I~' Q.@G6Q Q6118Q «1°~41 QeJI Q6~~ QQ~~ 1
Q_~ «i 0 ~41 6'<1£1, Z Q «1°~'<1IQ61 62X( '<'!YI@ OQ6~Q '<1°~41 (Rational Numbers) 6'<l~Q
~ ~
~ij I 6~6Ql61«1 8Q6Y!Q «1°~41Q Q418Q 62_8 qp ~6£1, 6~Q016Q
-
p C3 q ~~«1°~41 (3 q
<
:1; O I '<'!YI@
£JQ60Q «1°~41 6«1£1,Q «1°6Q9 Q l'.'.16£1 ~QO Q = { ~ : p (3 q ~~ '<1°~41 (3 q :!; 0 }
[ 20]

6~6§161~ ~~ 1(] 0 ~41 H~J 6Ql~'<l t.JQ6~Q 1(] 0 ~41 I CJ'nll8G t.lQ6~Q <(] 0 ~41Q ~ij Q~ Q_QIG'nl I
'<JQIQ Q91Q'nl C(]gQG8 ~l~~Q 3000-2000 ~~21Q £1£1611 I
'<l016Q Y16'nl Q~QI Q09, 6~ , N c N* c Z c Q

N 6<(]£1" Z 6<(]£1, (3 Q6<(]£1,Q 6~6§161~ ~~ QtJIQl'nl x (3 y 6'nlQ 61(]Y11~ m.J6Q 6~1Q( ~~161)
(3 iq]__61'nl Q~QI Qt.JQ QQl~l'<l 9121 ~16~ ~1~61r I '<l2 Q~Ql~l'nl~ ~EJl~6Y1 + (3 x 6Q~ ~~l~l'<l I
~~~ 6~G11Q C(]Q~ Q~G ( Ql~Q~G ) Q_'9Q6Q '<l2 Q~QI ~Q6Q@Q Ql~Ql~§Q CJYl (algebraic
properties) «lr1.!&6Q ~16Ql~'nll QQl~IQ~ I Q 61(]£1,Q Q.'nl8 C(]~l(]IQ61 QQQI ~QG)_ 6<(]2 Ql~Ql~§Q
CJYl ~~<ii ~Q61 QQQI Q0G, I
- -- <
2.2 N 6~~,6Q 6~1Q (3 ~~g g~QIQ 91~QI~~~ ~~
N
QEJ6Y1 Q61'nl <(]0 ~41 6<(]£1, N Q QlgQl~§Q CJYl ~~{ii ~16Ql~'nll GQQI I '<l016Q Q4Q~9 <(] 61ii'G
0
m, n (3 p. Q6G4G 6£1@-<J 6Ql~'<l Q61'nl <(] 0 ~41 I ~EJfo, m, n, p EN
l . I
a
- <
6XJIQ ~~QIQ ~YI : .
1. ~0~& ~A(Closure property): m+ n EN

r t
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2. !{Flfilf?P/£11 CIFI (Commutative property) : m + n = n + m
~61~ ~~QIQ ~YI

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3. ~"()£1/(;11 Clrl (Associative property) : m + (n + p) = (m + n) + p
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4. ~0~& CIA: m n EN ~EJlG, ~Q~ Q61'nl <(] 0 ~41Q iq)__Gl<JQ '<lQ QGl'nl «1°~41 I
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( m x n Qr!.I m.n {ii mn bl_6£l 6Q~l~l'<l I)
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5. !{Fl filf?P/£11 CIFI: mn =nm
6. ~"()£1/(;11 CIA: m(np) = (mn)p
w CIA (Identity property) : ~61'nl Q~Ql6Q <(] ~41 l ( '<lQ) ~6S!Q

0
7. ?:J()(;}fil (3 m. l = m I
1 ~ ~~ ~Gl~IYJ.~ ~E>Q~ (Multiplicative Identity) ~21Xll'<I I
"" < - -
8. file&f? CIP/ (distributive property) : m(n+p)= mn+mp ~EJIG, ~Gl'nl Q~QI 6~1Q Q~Ql<il
Q~g QQEJl'<l I
Q61~ '<l0 'd1416Q ~YI (Order) :
N 6<(]£1,Q Q£11Qlg~~Q ~~9 (ordered) I ~EJfo, ~Q~ £161~ <(] ~41 m (3 n Q~IQ6Q 61ii'OO ~
0
(3 6GQ't1 <(Jig G2QI C(]gQ I n ~6£1~1 m Q~ 626Q m > n Qr!.I n < m 6QI@ 6Q~l~l'fi> t.IA: 6(]6Q!G1~ l:iKllQlg m EN * 626G O+m = m I
0 ( ~~)~ 6Xl1QlijQ ~6Q~ (Additive Identity) ~21Xll'<I I
N * 6«1£',ElQ ~\'.:i' El1fQ~QI 6~1£1 t3 ~Gig Q~QIQ Qyig Cl~ Q_id «1"~41 6«1£', Z 6Q «194 CJ£'§ I
'<IGQ,Q4G1G CJIQ 6Ql£1'<1 CJY1 YI~ «104 621QeJl'<l I 0121 ~86Q QCJIQQI I ,
o£//b/ fl~EJ/ fltfiJ"' 6'6rnt!F11 t/A(lnverse property) : 6~6§161~ Q_id «1°~41 m £llQ '<121Q
Q6QIY11 (inverse)~ -m (3 -m E z '<IQ" m + (-m) = O = (-m) + m I
rn (3 -m £1QVJQQ Q6Ql911 CJ£'§ I
'<3°'6141 0 Q Q6Ql911 - 0 (3 - 0 =0
Z El<C1£',~ rnJ ~~G CJeJfo, .. . -4 < - 3 < -2 <-I < 0 QIQ ty§Ql~Q «1°Slll 'Y'ii'QGI <agQ 621Q tJIQQI I
91600~ 6~, ~6£1@ Q_id «l 0 ~41Q Q6Ql£10~ '<IQ 'tl_id «1"~41 I 6GSJ. Q6QIQ Q~Q@ Z 6«1£',6Q
«1°~@ QQ91 £11~g Q6Q; 911~ QGQIQ 'Y~QI «126~1£11 QFl.I ~YI QQY1Q1 ~62 I .
~fi94 : Q_~<C1°~41911g(;i," tJIQ §8~~g Qg ~~Q «104 I
(i) -(-m) = m (ii) (-m) (-n) =mo (iii) 0 x m = m x 0 = 0

<
E>"'E>~"' ~~~qlti ~IQGll :
(a) QQ~U'1Q ~~§ (Euclidean algorithm) : ~Q 6Yll £11~6Q 6 £1 6£1~QQ_ CJ~ t3 '<121~
3 ~Gl 8Ql'i Ql~QI~ 629 606Q, 'Y6G4Q {)Ql~2 ~ QQ E)t:Jg,~Q 6QQ 62Q I QIQGl 3 x 2 =6 I
911~ ~Q 6911 t11~6Q 10 ~ 6t:Jg,QQ_ CJ~ 6t;'6Q ~GI~ §6g1£1 QQ 6QQ 6QQI 86Q CJIQ GQ@'<J Q~QI
Q2Q I QIQGl 10 =3 x 3 + I I '<JQ CJIQGll 2"' gq~~10. 8\'.:i'§ I "<121 Q418Q ~8 QY_16Q ~NU"l 62QI I
p > I '<IQ, <.(,JllYllQQ «1°~41 (3 n '<JQ tt.id «1°~41 62E>Q n = mp + r

~ < -
<
6~QOl6Q m (3 r Q_~ «1°~41 (3 0 s r <p - -
I n = mp + r 8Q'YQl<a1£' (Jgg4 ( CJeJIG, "<18Q '<JQl~Q
£1Q~Ql'51 g12') I QQl2QGI <.(,]£l.8 p = 4, n = 1 I 626Q 11 = 2 x 4 + 3 (3 '<1016Q m = 2, r = 3 I '<12
8~G6Q n Gll~4 (devidenJ), p Gll~Q (divisor), m GllQO~ (quotient) (3 r GllQ6<al~ (remainder
QA.I residue) I 0019, Ql~4 = (Ql~{ii') x (QIQO'~) + QIQ6~~ I
·'<IQ 8~§61 Gll£1 'Y~QI (division) Q q]ij I ~Qr= 0 (Ql£16-al~ =O) 6G6Q CJl6Y1 Q2eJIQ n
<a 0 ~41§ p ~IQI QGll~4 I
[ 22]

0
(b) q~ "~'2.~ ~ 'd141 (Even and Odd Numbers) :
6~Q q_~ «1°~41~~Q 2 ~IQI Q~llir4 6((J~~Q qtql ((1°16141 I 0. ± 2. ± 4, ± 6 ... <y694Q 6£1@'<!
- < - ~ < -
6£11~'<1 q~ ((1°~41 [± 2 Q C'1<:1 2 Q~l - 2) I ()G~1 ~l1l <(1°~41~~Gi' 2 ~IQI QQ1'0?4 ~W E;((J~~Q C'1qtql
<a 0 io141 (3 I ± 1, ± 3. ± 5.... Q941Q C'1qtql <a 0 ~41 I
0
6£1@'() q~ <a ~41~ 2m, (m E Z) (3 C'1 !(,l_tql ((1°~41<i1 2m+I , (m E Z) ('JIQIQ6Q ~QI~ QQIOl'<I I
~Q~ <Cl ~41 9Q~Q 6~§Q (relativ ely prime) !JQ 6~W1lg\;i," 0.1(11.~ I I W~Jfo, m (3 n 9Q~Q
0
6~§Q O~ (m, n) = I I 2. 3; 5, 8; 8. 9 e!IQ £1QYJQ 6~QQ <a 0 ~41601~1 ('..!£'§ I
(c) 6~Q~ C3 6~Q~ ~ 0 'd141 (Prime & Composite Numbers):
1 C'16£1~1 ~~Q '<IQ ~l@Q~ 1(1°~41P6Gi'Q~ I (3 P ~IQI QQl94 62Ge!61iil, 1(1°~41~ '<IQ 6~§Q
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<Cl ~41 t ·C'.JeJfo, '<IQOIGJ.. ~26)Q ~IQQQ «1°~4@ 6~c;;,Q <a 0 ~41 OQ '<121Q I (3 6«12«1°~41 Q~ ('.Jg4
0
6§161~ QQIQQ g e!Q I . . .
l .
.
I
a
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, t 9, 43 ... Q941Q ~694\ii' 6<011~'<1 6<011~'<l 6~§Q «1°~41 I
~94 ( 1) : ~694Q Q61g «1°~tll~ G«l gE)9 (3
r t
I GQIQQ~Q Q261iil '<12 ~Q()Q@ GQl'U'Q<i1
o
· gQ614. QQIQQ (Trivial factors) <i121£ll'<l I
rnJ ell'<!
i P
01~ 6~QQ «1°~41~§QQ '<l2 gQE,14 GQIQQ Q%%' '01614 Q'iJ_IQQ (Non - trivial factors)
a
I @~4 QQ 60, 6~c;;,Q <a 0 ~%J_§QQ 6QQ9 gQ6J~ GQIQQ ell'<! I§~ 6~QQ «1°~4101gf.;\Q
d
gQ614 '<IQ0 £1614 Q@Q ~QIQ .GQIQQ 2Jl'<l I
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~fi94 (2) : £1Q1~1
QQ 6Q~ IOIQ§ 60, I 6J.. 1000 '(1~6Q 168 ~. 1000 GJ..2000 0~6Q
135~' 2000 £J.. 3000 0~6Q J 27 ~ ' 3000 6J.. 4000 ~~6Q 120 £' (3 4000 6J.. 5000 0~6Q 119~
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6~c;;,Q <a 0 ~41 C'.J~ I ~Gl06Q G¢11Q<ii' <a 0 ~41 ~lcri'~Q G<a~, 2'.l<alfl I
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@~4QQ 60, c;J6941ii' <;JIQIQQ <a 0 ~41 ( l ~~), '<JQ El~l~Q «1°~41 C'12JQI '<l211il_ 61ii'691ii' 6~§Q
w
<a 0 ~41Q ~618'~6Q ~QI~ QQIOIQ£116Q :
02JI : 6 =2 x 3, 24 =2 x 2 x 2 x 3, 94860 =2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 17 x 31 Q041Q I
~IQIQQ «1"~41Q '<l2 'S:llii'IQ QQIQQ1QQ61 (Jgg4 (Un ique) ; ~cll9, 6§161QJ ~!QIQG «l 0 ~411il_
~Q~QIQ ()~QQ ((1°~41Q gQIQQQ ~618'Q6Q ~Ql<§l lii'Ql~IQ <;;1£116Q I C'.IQ~4 ~Y16Q t]QQ@i;;-.
QQl~IQ816Q; '1211 : 6 =2 x 3 =3 x 2 I '<l2 9e.14 gY.l G9£11<ti'46Q QOQ~ '1121§ Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic QI Unique Factorisation Theorem g106Q C'.J§2~ I
1 Gl~ tfJ6~4{i? t;JIQIQG ((] 0 ~41 Zl~~4 QllQ'6Q GYil~{i? QJ 0 ~41Q ~~tf~GQ tfJ~I~
QQl'11Q£116Q I
Y16~Q~ - 1 6Ql~'<l 6Yil9~ ((] 0 ~141 ~6~ I
[ 23]

6~QG Q0~41Q 6?il~G Ql~Yllg~Q QQIQ§~g b)._8~ filGI~ (standard) QI (i.'16gl§(i.'I'\
(Canonical) Q8
<-
G21~1'<1
....
1
2.3 £JQ6YlQ Q 0 ~41 (Rational numbers) :
~~Yl 6~Gl1Q QQ~ QQG' ( Ql~QG') ~~QQ ~la ~~IQ6Q 8Q6Y1Q Q0 ~I '<l~l&GQ ~16Ql~I
p .,,
QQl~IQ(>JQI I ~QGl GQQI <'.llQ<Q4Q 6~, '<JQ 8Q6Y1Q «J 0 ~41Q Q418Q b)._8 q 6~QOl6Q P (3 q
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'<IQ0 8~ 0
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69q <'.116Yl 81QQI, N c Z c Q
£JQ6Yla Q0 ~41Yll~'!. 6~Q QQ~ g~a1 :
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0
I ~9Ql
0
X,
p r
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6~1Q ci§a1 : x + y = E. + ~ = ps qs+qr e Q .'
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Q6QIQ ci§a1 : x - y =
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E.q - ~s = ps - qr e
qs
Q·
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~ p r pr
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s = -qs E Q ·'
* 0, <'.leJfo, r * 0 696Q Y=t = qr e Q

x £. ps ·
2QG1 ~~QI : ~Q 8Q6Y1Q '<1°~41 y
<'.19'<1Q 8Q6Y1Q '<1°~41 6'<1~, Q ~ Q'O'IQ G6Q 'O'IQ~~IQ ~~QI ( 6~1Q, Q6QIQ, ~Gig (3 2QG1)
Q0 ~ ~QYl 81~g QQ~ I 6GW 2QG1 6~Q6Q Ql~Q Ql6Q QQ(>.!QI 8Q6YlQ Q ~41~ <'.16l~g4 62QI 0
<'.11004G I
E>~IQ (3 ~Gig ~~a1 ~a rnQ' §~Q~g Q19Ql~9Q §ayi~~Q '<194 1 '<IOl6£l x, y, z e Q
I
6~1Q ~~QIQ §a~ :

(i) Q"i'& f;iaFT: X + y e Q
(ii) gFT@f;iFT£J1 f;iaFT: x +y = y + x
(iii) Q~(j£//'11 f;iaFT : :x + (y + z) = (x + y ) + z
(iv) f!J(j{;1fi' {;iaFT: x + 0 = x ('0' ~ 6~1QIYJ.Q <'.16QQ ~21~1'<1 I)
(v) ~(jfiJ/F11 f;iaFT: x + (-x) = 0 (x (3 -x 8QQQQ 6~1QYJ.G Q6Qlrn I)
[ 24]

i"~ g~QIQ ~Q~ :
(vi) ~ ~.fJF!: xy E Q
(vii) ~~~F1.fl1 ~.fJF!: xy = yx
(viii) Q~£J/bl1 ~.fJF!: x (yz) = (xy) z
(ix) !J6Qfi' ~.fJF!: x. l = x ( l ~ 'i6Jglf.1Q ~6QQ ~21~1'<J I)
~ ~ ~ I ~ I
(x) fi'6fil/F11 f?.fJF! : x(x "# 0) Q Q6@1Y11 - (QA.I x- 1)
x
(3 x•-
x
=I
I ~
(x (3 -; ~6X>'YQ ~QQQQ 'i6Jglf.1Q Q6@1Y11 I)
6ft11Q C3 ~€!~ g~a1~aQ ??afl :

(xi) 94g §a~ : x(y + z) = xy + xz,
. IN
6~ 6~~ Q~IQlg 'i~ Q~6QI~ 6'11Ql~'1', ~t;igl~Q 612.11 ~g §Q91 ~IQg ~~69
al
6~~ 6~~-~ 6Ql~'c:a£1,EiQ c;ax;iy Ei2Q g eJ_@I I
(ii) : a+ a+ a+ ..... .(n e.JQ) = na
i a (3 a X ax a X ..... (n e.JQ) = a"
d
"a"' <a 0 6QQ~ ~e.JEiYl £J'Ql~1 Q~61Bll Rene Descartes QYQ21Q QQeJ_Ei@ I
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~QEiYlQ <a0 ~YI 6«1£1, ~~Q (Ordered) I ~QE>Q@ ~Q6Y1Q c:a0 ~YI x (3 y Q~l~IQ eJ_Ei@ ~'ii!lgl
QQ Q2 Ei2Q (i) x>y QA.I (ii) x < y QA.Ix= y I '<l211i1 ~YJ.~1 §Q91 (trichotomy law) 1i121~1'<1 I
w
w
Y16gQQ x = qp (3 y = ~; p, q, r, s E Z (3 q "# 0 (3 s "# 0 I x (3 yQ
T ~ ~ ~
QEiQIQXJ''iill g~~61 QQ ~YJ.~1
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gQYl~ gQl~I QQQI «12~ I '<JOl6Q ~IEiYl q (3 s Iii c.Jglf,JQ ~Ii} «1°~YI ~6~ E)gQG~ I
~<a01g91 «1A.1&1Q §Y)YJ, §QYl<qJ_~\i1 @~Y QQ -
p r ~ ~
(i) x < y QI - < - ~Q (3 EiQQ'iill ~Q ps <qr ~e.JQI ps - qr< 0
q s
p r ~ . ~
(ii) x > y QI q> ~ ~Q (3 GQQ'iill ~Q ps >qr ~e.JQI ps - qr> 0
I 3 7 - 18 II I 3
QQl2Q61 CIQg • -- - = -42= - - <
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[ 25]

~8QiJg <'.J((]Yllli,'QGJ ~~Ii,' '<Jb'4 <'.J£1~ ()~Q 016Q X, y, Z E Q
(a) x < y (3 y < z 626Q, x < z, ~21 '<J 0 ~YJ1 §aYJ (law of transitivity)
(b) x < y 6\!16Q , x + z < y + z,
(c) x < y (3 z > 0 6\!16Q , xz < yz,
(d) x < y (3 z < 0 6\!16G, xz > yz,
I I I I
(e) 0 < x < y 626Q - > - (3 y < x < O 626Q, - > -
x y y x
£JQE)~Q <a 0 ~41Q fJ~El! (Density)

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6'16~€1~ ~Q~ £JQ6YIQ '<1°~41 Y1~9@1 ~'<1°~4 £JQ6YIQ '<1°~41 eJl' a +a < a + b
=> 2a <a+ b => ~ x 2a < t (a+b)
a+b
=>a< - - .. .. ... ... ( 1)
2
q~ a a+b<b+b=>a+b<2b => }<a+b) < Ix2b

a+h
=> - - < b ... ... .. .. (2)
2
· a+ h
(I) (3 (L) ~ a< - 2- < b
81Q6Q (g911~g)
~2 8~§~ 'ii'%"lfJ.IQ g6QIQ Q()Q, a (3 b 91~001 ('.J((] 0 ~4 Q 0 ~41 ~~Q I ~2 gG11ilill16Q Q~g a
(3 b 91~'ii'oQ1 6Q6gQ '<1°~41 §'f]GQ Q<'.JIQQI I
a -'· b a+ X1 a+ x ~ &icQ 0C1

x1 = -~-. x2 = - 2 - , x_,= -r-"'°····· 0
{5(.,Q ~41~1~Q 0~416Q~l6Q~ll(JIQ~ I
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a x3 x, x1 b

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(~~ 2.1)
9169~Q x (3 y ~Q6£JI§ 8Q6flQ '<1°~41 (3 x < Y I x <'.J68~1 ~26)Q (3 y <'.J68~1 ~b'Q '<] 0 ~41§
~(x+y) == z,; 6'<1286i J-cx+z =z 1) 2 (3 icz,+y) =z.1 0¢J6Q x<'.J68~1 ~26lQ (3 y <'.J68~1 ~b'Q
[ 26 J

~IQ ~Q~ ~Q6~Q ((] 0 ~YI I '<JQ ((] 0 ~YI z, , z2' ZJ .. Q9410-r_ x (3 y m.1ca ~Q6~Q ((] 0 ~41 ~21~1'<1 I
'<I~~~§~ QIQA.IQ ty6QIQ lii'Q ~1~6Q ~16~ 6Q~QI 6~, X (3 y ~Q6~Q ((]0 ~YI CCi:Q m.J6Q ~((] 0 ~4
~Q6~Q ((]0 ~41 QQY~lg I '<JQ Cl~~ ~Q6~Q ((] 0 ~YI 6((]£1,Q Qg~ ~21~1'<1 I '<1016Q Q~Y QQQIQ Q2JI
6~ x < z1<y, x < z2<y Q~IQ I '<l~I g~6Q Q~Q 621Q~ I
x < y 6~0 y - x > O· z - x = x + y - x = y - x > 0 I ( .. z = x + y )
"- ., 2 2 ., 2
<fJ_QQl 0
Z
1
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~ ~ x+y y-x <
6((]2~Q y-z 1 =y--- = -->0 I <fJ_gQ1° y>z 1 ~211~, x<z, <y;
2 2
6((]Q~Q c;;i~l~IQ£116Q 6~ x < z2 < z, < y (3 x < z1 < z3 < y I
QQl~Q'1- 2 : -1 I ~~6Q §§6£11~ Q611Y.}Q ~Q 6Ql£1 Cl91YJQ qQG~Q ((] 0 ~41 §£L~61 QQ I
N
(3 (3
~Wll~I~ : Q611YJ'ii' ((]"~YI ~IQ x =-1 (3 y =0 §~l~IQ

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I ( ·: '<1016Q ~I < 0 < l )
l
r t a
o
z =. z,+y = -t+o= __!. I
P
3 2 2 4
ia
CJglYJQ ((] 0 ~YI £11Q x = 0 (3 y :: 1 §~l~IQ I
0+t
d
x+y 0 +1 I x + z, l
:. z =-2-=-2-""2• z2 =-2-=-2-=4
. O
~ 1 3 I ~
<fJ_gQl0 - } (3 } ~~6Q ~QIYJ~ ~QE)~Q ((] ~YI ~Q
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0
w
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[ 27]
PA-03/07/17

~~9tl : x (3 y 8QE)Y1Q '<lo~41 E)~E)Q (x ± y)2, (x ± y)3, x2- yz, x3± y3 Q ~1~1Q '<191~ 'iQ
0
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x2 + 2xy + yz = x.x + xy + xy + yy
= x(x+y)+(x+y)y=x(x+y) + y (x+y) (Q~~ §QY!)
= (x + y) (x + y) = (x +y) 2 ('<] 0 &;11) I rnYll~G')
2.4 £]QE)91Q ((J 0 ~'11Q ~~~(i? Q£] :

t.-
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q ~IQI QIQ 11.'E)Q E)QE)G'Q 6~QE)Q QIQ Q§Q@Q t:JQ'<IYll{J Q6£1 (3 ~IQ E)QE)G'Q E)~~GQ QIQ 'SJ~QIQ
8Q'<IY11£] E)QGQ 626Q Q QE)£1 ~JQ I QQl2Q61 Y,jb)_t:l,
. I I 1 3 ~ .,, ~ ~ ~ ~
(1) 2=0.5, 4 =0.25, 5 =0.2, =0.12 ~IQ; G~Q G~Q QK>i ~IQ 800Y11£] Qb'eJM I
25
.. ) ~
( II
I
3 = 0.33333 ...., 7 = 0.14285714285714, 65 = 0.83333 ......... QG'41Q;
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E)f(JQ
E)~~E)Q QIQ 'SJ~Ql§Q 8Q«101{j ~01 Q6£1 ~12' I

'SJeJYI E)~~E)Q Q<til~Q b)_t:J§ «1rnY1 QI '<]Qij (terminating)§~ ~G'1Q G~~GQ \(jQI ~«11Y1 QI
~QQij (non-terminating) Q~~Q Q£,1«1°~41 I
E)f(Jg OO~Q Q£,1'<1°~416Q ooflQ ~ 8~1 E>Q@'-Q ~{.il' QI \(jQICJQ ~~I~ QIQl=l.IQ ~lit;!QE)Q
~IQQjQ ~\(j G'l21'16~gsq§~ ~~fi~ Q~'<l 0~lll (Recurring Decimals) '121fJl'-Q I
rJeJI : 0.3333 .... = o.3, 0.14285714285714 ... = 0.142857, 0.8333 .... = o.83 QG'41Q I
Q~4 QQ, qoo1~ 62Qe!QI ~{,il''OJ.~ eJGQ 01~ E)Q~ \(j21 Q86Q E)Ql§\(j QIQ GQQ qool~'i
'i~lrJIQ~ I
91E)~~ : 'SJ694Q 8Q6Y1Q «1°~41 ~Q§ b)_86Q 'SJQl~G' 621Q816Q !(Jell :
'<l'<.1191 oofi'ii' (terminating decimals) b)_8 \(jQO
~'<llYI E)~gsq§Q ~~~'ii' (non-terminating and recurring decimals) Q8 I

Go..
'<I~~ ~186~ E)rJ, gE)~Q '<3~191 00~ Q~~lll '<19° ~~ ~'<JWI ~2J9 G~gs~
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006~Q «1°~41 ~2~ I ·
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~en: 0.5 = o.5000 .... , 0.31 =0.310000 .... Q941Q 1
OO?lG ~8~ 8Q6~Q ~8~ 8QQ~g «Jf'!.~lQ g~ QQl2QGI~~~ 6Q~ I

QQl~Q - 4 : (i) 0.58 (ii) 5.7 (iii) 1.32 (iv) 0.712 Q 8Q6~Q Q8 §Q861 QQ I
c.. c..
<Clfll~l~ : (i) 0.58 <a<am Qiai0Q Q~<a0 ~41 I :. 0.58 =

1~ = ~~ (Q~Q)
(ii), (iii) (3 (iv) '(]~6Q fJQI Qiai~Q Ql~~~Q ~«J1~ 6~gsqg9 Q~~Q Q~«l 0 ~41 I
(ii) ~E>gQQ x = 5.7 = 5.7777 .... => !Ox= 57.7777 ....
. IN
~9Ql
al
0
lOx - X = (57.7777 ..... )- (5.7777 ..... )
t
52
r
=> 9x = 52 => x = - I (~)
9
o
( iii") ,., ("'\("'\
T16nllTQ -
= 1.323232.....
X: l.32
P
=> lOOx = 132.323232..... .
ia
:. lOOx - x = (132.323232 ..... ) - (1.323232 ..... )
131
=> 99x = 131 => x = -
d
I (QOO)
99
~6gQQ x = 0.712 = 0.7121212 ....
O
(iv)
.
=> IOx = 7.121212....... => lOOOx = 712.121212 ......
w
:. 1000x - lOx = (712.121212 .....) - (7.121212 ..... )
705 141
=> 990x = 705 => x ~ I (~)
w
=
990 198
"' §~861 g 621Q£llQQ §6~
( 1OOOx - 1OOx, 1OOx - 1Ox QI 1OOx - x ~IQI 'x' Q ~lg QIQ§
w
8Q1~1 QQ 6Q~ )
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68Jggq§Q Q~0Q Q~<a ~411ii_ 8Q6~Q <a ~41 ~86Q 8QG19 QQ62Q I
0 0
· -<J21Q 9£JQ19 Q~~ rn.1 <a94 1~69%i' 8Q6flQ <a 0 ~411ii <a<a1~ Q~~G Q~ <a0~416Q QI ~<am
(3 68Jggq§Q OO~Q Q~ «1°~416Q '(]QI~ QQ62Q I
QQl~Q • S : <aQ~ GQ : (1.19) 2 + 2 x 1.19 xl.79 + (I.79)2
<Clfll~I~ : 00 8Q'f]G1~6Q 1.19 = 1.2, 1.79 = 1.8 I rn6\ii' 8Q1~1 QQ 600)
~ 8Q'f]QI~ = (1.2) 2 +2 x 1.2 x 1.8 + (1.8) 2 = (1.2 + 1.8) 2 = 32 = 9 (Q~Q)
[ 29]

1. ~~ ~E>Q (F) C3 6~ ~6Q (T) 6Q~
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(i) -1 ~IQI -201 QQ1~4 (ii) l ~IQI 0 QQI~ (iii) 0 ~IQI: 5 QQI~
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(vii) 0 '<IG Q61g Q 0 ~41 (viii) - ~ '<JG £1Q6Yla «1°~41

(ix) a, b e N 626.Q ab e N (x) a, be N 626Q a-be N
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(ix) £J.61g ~~al .... ~~al~ Q~g G6Q 1
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3. g~QQ16' ~66'4~ ~~ £11Q ~~6l '<JBIQ4 ~6lQ~ 6~ ~6lQ~~ QI~ I
(i) n, me Z 626Q gf]Q~g Yl~bJ.. 6QOO ('.JQgy ?
(a) m+ neZ, (b)m-neZ (c)mxn·ez (d)n.meZ
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[ 30]

(iv) g~Q~Xl' fl~£)_ 6QQ~ '<1\l'4 7
(a) x < y <3 y < z 6\f6Q x < z I

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( c) ~ Q<;i~Q tJQQQ1'61 <'.JQQ~ ~62 I
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w
(ix) g~Q'Q19 ~~£)_ 6QQ g§~ ~<(194 ?
w
(a) P <3 q 6~QQ 626Q 6«l~lg~Q Q.QI.~ =1 I
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( c) P <3 q 6~QQ «1°~41 626Q p + q fl~ '<IQ 6~QQ '<1°~41 I

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4. Q9 q~ «'1°~41 6~QQ ~6£1 ~ ? QIQ61 «12 QGlQ Q~ I
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6«l~~Q 6Q~ I
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6. E)QQ E)QQ Ql~IOOG? CJ~~~ £1QE)Y!Q Qo~41 ()((]~, Q ()Q Q94, Y!IQ ~4 Qo~41 E)((]~()Q ~((]614
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7· x (3 Y ~q'q\ 626Q ~YllGl G?Q 6~, xy ~q'q\ Y!IQ x + y q'q\ I
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15 ~6£1~1 ~~Q (3 1()() Olq ~gQ ()~~ q_4 Qo~41 ~~G?Q QICJIQ61 bt_£l 3n +2, n E Z
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11. 0.131 '<1°~41~ £.q t:lQ()Y!Q Q£16Q

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14. {- : n '<Iii? QGJg Q0~41 (3 n ::; 15 } E><.Cl~,6Q ~26lY1 (3 ~9Yl £1Q()Y1Q <.Cl0 ~41 ~a E>Q~ I
n .
4 <3 s rnJE>Q 4 E>QI~ £1Q6YIQ Q ~41 g~Q G?Q

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18. ~YllGl ~Q I
(i) o.9 =1 (ii) 1.29 = 1.3 (iii) 2.349 =2.35
19. £1Q6~Q ~'tl6Q ~(iill~ (iilQ I
(i) o.I (ii) o.D (iii) 0.89 (iv) 0.37 (v) 0.123 (vi) 0.32l
(vii) -0.54 viii) 6.89 (ix) -0.12 (x) 0.01305
20. ~Q4 §GJ..'tlGl G?Q ( q_.Q Q gj41 §rJ.I Q~ <.CJ gj41 GJ..£J6Q) I
0 0
(i) 0.6+0.3 (ii) o.6-(0.3) x 2 (iii) (0.6) 2 +(0.3) 2+2X (0.6) X(0.3)
(iv) (0.6)2 +(0.3}2-2x (0.6) x(0.3)+0.6 (v) (0.6)2 - _(0.3)2
(vi) (0.6) 3 +(0.3)3 +3x (0.6) x(0.3) ·
(vii) (0.6)3 -(0.3) 3 -3x (0.3) (0.6)x (0.6-0.3)
[ 32]

\lQ6YlQ ((] ~~1 6((]~
0
2.5 Q Q ~Ql9~ (Inadequacy of Rationals) '<19° ~\lQ6YlQ
((1°~~1 (Irrational numbers) :
'<JQ c.Jgl~Q Ql~Q QQ'Y]_<m' c.Jgl~Q Q~I Q@~Q 621Qrn6Q I '<1016Q ~1691 6QQQ c.Jgl~Q
QQ'Y]_<m'~~ Q'O'IQ Q~6~ I J1 = I , Ji. = 2, J9 = 3 Q9410 W691 ~1~6~ I I , 4, 9, 16,.... Q9410
OOQI~ (Square number) I '<l2 QQ Q~rng{;i;' 8QQ6Q ~1691 fJQ 2, 3, 5, ... Q941Q Q QQY]_Q
6~1 I '<l~~ OOQI~ g 621Q<'.l_QI~ :<l'fll~ J2,J3,./5 ....'9)_68 6Q'Q1_QI I '<l'Tll~ 'fl~ 2 1n, 3 112 ,
1 12
5 ~H6Q 6Q<Qj_ ~Ql£>1QQlfJl'<l1 QQY]_<m' ~~!CJ.I «12 ~16'fl 8Q~9 I 2 Q QQY]_<m' §~861 Q6Q ~16'fl
6~: 2 = 1.4142135623730950488 .... 6«128£1J3=1.7320508 ...., JS= 2.236068 ...
Q941Q I QQY]_Q §.rjQ6Q Q£il~Q Q~ 86Q 6fJ69 ~CJ_Q lJlg 8fJ4~ §.rjQ Q6Q 91~ '<l2 ~~QIQ
8Q«l'fllq £169 g12°1 ~ell~ OO~Q QI~~ 'fl~ 6Q6Q 2 6~ggq~ 62Q g1t)'1 9J_9Ql 0 '<l «l 0~41~~Q
8Q6'f1Q «1°~41 626Q g1t)' I
.I N
l
.J2, J3, J5 , 2J2 WQ «1°~41 Q~~ 6~~6Q QQ_§ ell'<l I 6«1<'.l_~ 6Q696QI~ §~6Q q_~g
t a~2
62Qll A ,
«l'fl~QI£' ~~~6Q mLB = 90°,

r
(i) ABC «l'f16Ql611 I
o
AB =BC= l '<JQQ 626Q, rn~.116QIQ'<l_ Q881Q4 ~9fJIQ1 C
P
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(~~
1
JAB 2 + BC 2 )
a
AC= .J2 '<lQQ 62Q I (-:AC= 2.2)
~IQ£>14Q Cl91qQ QQY]_Q~ J3 62Q I

d i
(ii ) x 2 - 3 = 0 «l'f11QQ61 Q «l'T11Cll9 8Q6'f1Q «1°~41 6«l~,6Q 81QQI 912' I QIQ61 '<l016Q
. O
6XMJ.. ~~ Ql~OO g.qJ911W «l911Cll9 QQQI 6Q6Q .J2 ,J3 ,J5 QOYIQ 8Q «1°~41 QQ_§6Q I
fJl21 8Q691Q «1°~41 6«19, Q Q QrnQl0 9 621Q 81Q§ I QQl2Q61 ~~8 : x2 - 2 = O, x2 - 5 = O
w
G.94100 «l911Cll9 Q 6«19,6Q 0 ell'<l I 69GJ.. 8Q691Q «1°~41 6«19, Q Q «J g«llQ61 ~94~ ~IQ£>14Q I
0
w
QQ9119 J2 «1°~41~ 8Q691Q ~62' 9121Q OIQQ grn61 (Logical proof) «l~!&6Q ~16QIQ01
w
OOQI I
J2 «] 0 ~41~ 8Q691Q ~6Q '<l21Q ~91161 rnQ' §Y)Q<QJ.9 CllQ6ll~~Q WQ£>14Q I
p "' ~
(i) '<JQ 8Q691Q «l 0 ~41Q Q418Q ~'tl q 6!JQOl6Q p (3 q Q «l1CllQ61 QQ_I~ l (3 '<l21 Q4019
"' 2 3 ~ ~ ~ "'~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~94 Q~ g62 I - - QmlQ QQ~IQO 92~ I '<l911g{;i;'Q QQ~IQO c:i99 - I
... 4 ' 6 ~ ... ~ 't:. 2
(ii ) C'.J69Q 6~cgl6Q '<IQ Q'tlrnQ4Q ~91161 QbQICllQI@ 8~ (Method of contradiction)6Q
OOl!Jl'<l I '<IQ 'tl~§6Q C'.Jl91~ !JQ 6Ql~'<l Q§ «104 6QIQ grn61 QQQI~ ell'<!, 696Q ~1691 Q§~~
~«194 6QIQ ~261 QQ C'.J'2]«lQ 626Q -<IQ Q6QICllQI~ (fJl21Q ~2611Q ~62) 6Q 8Q&Q1~ 6Q~I
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QQ "'~'IQ I '<J~Q C'.l~2611Q 8Q~§ rJQ Qq6~ 6~6Q Yl~~ ~1QIQ QQlrJIQeJ_QI ~eJY, "~§§ ~~y .
~ 62 ~ 8Q~YIQ OOQI~ 62Q I '<l016Q QQY1161~ Q11-d 621Qell'<J I Q~gQ 6~6116Q '<l 2 8 &>g6Q
C'.l6~ Q881QYQ ~0161 QQQ 1
~~~4 : 6Ql~'<J QQ Q 0~41 q~ ~Ii.I ('JlfJ_~ 621Q816Q I 1, 9, 25, .... QQ «1°~Yl~~Q ('JlfJ_~
4, 16, 36 .... ~ Q 0~YI IQJ_~Q q~ I '<l2 Q 0 ~YI IQJ_~Q 6Q~ C'.Jl6Yl W 81QQI 6fJ "a2 '<IQ lfl~ «l ~YI
0
(3
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Q~ICJY?lQ ~Q6Q QQl~Q I
Q£]£ll~4-l : J2 '<JQ 8Q60Q Q 0 ~41 ~6QI (~9g1 : Q6QICJIQI~ 8&>§Q !J6QIQ6Q !JY1161
{iX))lrJIQ~ I)
~~161 : 06gQQ J2.'<JQ 8Q6f1Q Q 0~41 I
:. J2 = ~, (p, q E Z (3 q ;e·Q) .... . (i) ( 6rJQ016Q p '(]Q0 q Ylctl6Q 1 Qygm ('Jgy 6~61Q
'<lltJIQ611QJ_61g1QQ g1Q' 1C'.Jelf~ P (3 q l(]QVJQ 6¢il~g 1)
• < < p2
(1) Q QQQ 81.q]Q QQ 6g6Q 2 =2q => 2q2 =p 2 .... (ii)
2q 2 '<JQ q~ «1°~41 621Q~QI~ p 2 flctl '<JG q~ «i 0 ~q1 I

0
<igQl 0 p flctJ '(IQ lfJ_~ Q ~41 I
f]()gQQ p =2n .... (iii) ( 6rJQOl6Q n -<JG q~ Q 0 ~YI)
(ii) (3 (iii)~ 2q 2 = (2n) 2 = 4n 2 => q2 = 2n 2 •••• (iv)
0
C'.JeJi~ q2 '<JQ lfl~ Q ~YI I 6~6J. q 'GQ XJ._~ Q ~41 I ~g'(]Q q = 2m
0
..... (v)
(iii) (3 (v) '<JQ§' OOIQ Q6Q 81QQI, p (3 q g6GYOO ()QI~ 6£11~ 'J_~ '<1°~41 I C'.JeJ1~ p (3 q
flctl6Q 2 62Q~ 'G «JICJIQ61 IQJ_61g1QG I Yll~ '<l21 C'.JQQQ, ~16fl gelfli] CJQ E)gQ6U' p (3 q flctl6Q
1 QYgig C'.Jgtj 6QJ61~ Qlt.JIQGl ~61g1QQ ~12' I 69~ ~I~ qtOIQ oltJIQ~ (i) -<JG ('J«Jgy Q§ I
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0
"J2 Q ~YI~ 8Q6f1Q ~G2" I (!JYll~g)
.fi QgYIQ 8Q Ql~fllg~ W6Y! tl~Q()YIQ (irrational) '<1°~41 . Q2eJIQ I ('J~~8 Ql6Q
g0161 OOlrJIQ 8ibQ 6rJ J3, JS, ../7, Ji1 QmlQ CC1~~1~~ l!J£1QE)f1Q I
Y!6gQ~ 6rJ, p 6¢il~Q 626Q JP C'.J8Q6f1Q 62Q I
2.6 ~~191 (3 ~€16£1l~sq§"' ~~~"' QI~ (Non-terminating and non-recurring

decimals) :
.Z'.Jl6Yl ~IGJ. 6rJ, gGgYQ 8Q6Y!Q «l ~YI~ '<lQ «1«11~ OO?lQ Qlljl«J 0~416Q QI C'.J«JWl (3
0
60lggq~ OO?iQ Q~«l 0~Yl6Q gQl'51 ~62Q I ~ C'.JOQ6YIQ '<1~~1~m OO?lG ~8 ( ('.J~~
,, '
2.5GQ .fi' J3 (3 JS Q Q'51?iG ~8~ ('J~ctJlg QQ) C'.J«Jm 629 '<1Q ~61-E)~gsq~g 62Q I 0
[ 34]
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QQl2Q~ ~~£] : 0.202002000200002000002 .... ,
- l.11811181111811111811111181111 l 118 ...... .,
7.121122111222111122221111122222 ...... Qm1Q ~£JQEiY1Q
EiQW 00~9 ~Q~IEiQ ( ftle.11 :.ff., .f3 (3 JS Q941Q) Eiftl, ~tlQEiYlQ Q 0~41 QQ_~ ~ 9121
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Q~41 tllQ£llQQI I n-GYl ~9 6~Q QQ_~ Q 0~41 Q~QEiQ gggQ 6~~16Q 899 I
~6~Q~: 91~9Q 6SC16Q OQ6Y1Q ~ 0 ~41 ~~ Ql'OI~ SC16el~ ~~Q ~ 0~41Q ~OQ6Y1Q .
~·~41 Q~~ I
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QQeJ_QI Ge.14 3 + .J2 '<IQ tJQ6Y1Q
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9J.OOl
. O
.ff. '<IQ tJQ6Y1Q <:(]~41 I Yll~ '<121 ~oom ~21 6XMJ.3../2 Yl~ '<IQ ~tJQGYlQ «1~411
0
w
2. 7 ~£lQ6~Q QI~ 7t (Irtational number 7t ) :
w
1t '<1°~41 «12 26Y1Y116~ ~410§6Q tJQOO I 1t QI~~~~ «12 (3G6~1G Ql69 «l~GG I '<121Q
«J'1lil 62QI : 6StJ6Ql~~ ~6Q OQ~ (3 941~Q 6004Q ~~IQ '<IQ ~9Q ~yt41 (Constant);
Stll~li
w
1t ~IQI~00 QQIStJIQell'<I I ~ell~ 6£16QIG1~ ~6Q
'<] 0 ~41" I ~1~ Ql4gQ ~IQEiYl~<(\ ( ~l.~ 287-212) '<121Q ~l«l~Yll~

9:~ ~:~ = 1t I
1761 Y1~216Q Q~G&ll Lambert q§ Y]_9Q ~Y1161 QQ Q~IQ eJ,6Q 6!tl "1t '<IQ ~tlQ6Y1Q
2
; 691Q g4Q QQeJ_6Q I
22 . 22 ( < 22 ~ ~
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7 7
[ 35]

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Q 4 QS[~ 621Q Ql~~Q 2QIQ '<16Q Yi~ ~16Yl Q~ij_I Yll~ 7t = 76Q'Qj_QI ~£1q_EU I
QQ~ <CJQ4~1 (3 QQ~ <CJY1a6Q 7t Q QQ~ w~~Yll~Q 91QQI gY)6Q QWQQI I
Q~~sa I <CJQ4~1 <CJYia 7tQ ~lg
600 Q~Q98 ~1.~ 3000 JfO

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GQQGQ1gm QQ491 Q~Q98~1. ~ 3000 -
8
22
WQ6Y1~«1, ~1.~ 287-212 -
7
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335
~g~ (~1~) ~1~1Q 480 -
133
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<'.Jlfi4Q~ ~1~1Q 530 - -
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3927
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2.8 (Real Numbers) :
«1Y1'9 ~t:JQ6Yia Q 0 ~41Yll~6Q~,s? Q' Q0 600 'i'IQI
6Q~l£11'<1 I QY1'9 t:JQ6Yla Q 0~41 ElQ~, Q (3 <'.Jt:JQElYla Q 0 ~41
6Q~ Q' Q Q 0 6£!1Q~ 6£1Q '[00 6Q~, ?16Q Gl21~ 91~9
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Qf41 (Real number) ElQ~, ~21£11'<1 (3 '<12 6<Cl~,Q «1°6QG
R I <'.JG'<JQ Q u Q' = R I '<1016Q Q '<JQ0 Q' , R 6<;(]~,Q
6Ql~'<l 6Ql~'
(~~ 2.3)
1361

W6Ql~gl~ VJ~ 6£1 6£16QIGIQ Ql'!)Q C(] 0 ~41 X ~Q 8Q6'Y1Q Q~I '<IQ ('J(]Q6'Y1Q C(] 0 ~41
621Q(]l6Q I C(]~C(]IQGI !J~QI~ C'.ll6'Yl 6Q~6~ 6£1, N c Z c Qc R I
6Q~ ~ 2.3 'Yll~'Y16Q QQQ 6'<l~,~~~ ooif.llQ~ I
2.8.1 91~9 «1°~~1Yllg.- 91~ QIQ6'"' ~rl (Algebraic Properties in Reals) :

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QQ6~ I 8Q6'Y1Q C(] 0 ~41~~Q 6Q6gQ ~Q'Yl rn<;;;ig ~Q§ £1121 C'J8Q6YIQ C(] 0~41 (]IQ C(]gy g
0
621Q(]l6Q I C'.l16Yl '<1016Q 6Q6W Q1~QI~~ ~~Q ('JQglQGll QQQI, £1121 § C(]Y!'9 Ql'9Q '<l ~YI
6'<l~, (R) 81Q C(]gy C'J6~ I '<l~~QQ !J'YllGl '<I q'9~ 8QC(]Q~~ g 621QeJ_QI~ W6'Yl 6C(]~~~
~1QldY ~68 ~261 QQQI I x, y, z E R
6!UIQ 'Y~QIQ ~fl :-
(i) 'il°f@ tlfT: x + y ER
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(ii) ~Fl~~F/£11 tlfT: x + y = y + x
a l
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(iv) i/6'1fil tifT: x + 0 = x ; 0 ( ~~ R 6'<l~, 6£'L6XJIQl~Q C'J6QQ C'.l6~ I)
(v) ~6(;1/F/1 tlfT: g6gYQ Ql'9Q C(] 0 ~1Yl'x Q 6rnQl~Q Q6Qlf11 (-x) C3 x + (-x) = 0
~~~ 'Y~QIQ ~fl :

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(viii) 'i196£11611 t/fT: x(yz) = (xy)z
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(ix) i/6'1fil tlfT: xx 1 = x;
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QI x- 1 ~ x Q ~GiglYJ_Q Q6Qlrn ~21£11'<1) I x, x- 1 Q 'Yl~ ~GiglYJ_Q Q6Qlrn C'J6~ 1

x
6!UIQ (3 ~~9 cy~QI ~QQ ~fl :

(xi) ~41$7' ~£/Fl: x(y+z) = xy + xz (~Gig g~QI~ 6£11Q g~QI Q86Q QI~ 62Q)
( 37]

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Q 6~6Q, X + y E Q '<19° xy E Q
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(ii)~~ 91~9 «1~41 x (3 y YI~~ 6Ql~' 'iQ(J'~ = 0 629 f(]Q
OQ6f1Q Qli~ ~~I '<1016Q gY!IQ 0091S? 629 : xx 0 = 0 (Zero Law)
~fll«l: 0+0=0 (~6QQ?,)QY1)
=> x (0 + 0) = x. 0 ( ((]Y11~91 ci0)

=> x . 0 + x . 0 = x. 0 ( ~~ ~QYI)
~ x. 0 + x. 0-(x.O) =x.0-(x. 0) (QQQ rn~6Q -(x. 0)6'llQ QQ)
=> x .0 + {-{x.O) + x. O} = {-{x.O) + x.O} (c<!26£11Q1 ~QYI)
=> x .0 + 0 = 0 (~6QIY11 §QYI)
=> x. 0 = 0 (~6QQ §QY!)
~fi9~ : 6!(]6Q'JQ~ 91~9 ((] 0~41 x «12 0 §? QQ~ Q6Q ~QO~ 0 I
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t:JQ6YIQ Qfl.I ~t:JQ6YIQ 621QOIQ§ I QQIOOQ ~~8
x= .J2, y = 3 626Q x + y = J2 + 3 (3 !(]121 ~OQ6YIQ;

x = 1 + .J2, y = 1 - J2 626Q, x + y = 2 !(] 121 t:JQ6YIQ;
x = .J2, y = J3 626Q xy = J2 x J3 = .J6 £1121 ~OQ6YIQ;

(?i'6'ii? gYllQ 00 600)
x = 1- ./2, y = 1 + .J2 626Q xy = (1- .fi.)(1+./2)=1-2 =-1 'll21 OQ6YIQ I '<12
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gYiltl : x + y = x + z ~ (- x) + (x + y) = (-x) + (x + z)
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-<12 2Q6QI~ ~ti~ Q

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t.li~fii'I~ - 3 : (i) xx 0 = 0 (ii) -{-x) = x (iii) x * 0 626Q (x - 1 1
)- = x
gYi1ti : (i) o= o+ o (~6Q~ ??a~)
~ x x 0 = x(O +O) ~ xx 0 = xx 0 + xx 0 ( Q~g ??QYI)
~0 = xx0 ( 6£1 IQQ Q6QIG~ ??QYlQ ~6QIQ)
~xx 0 = 0 . (~~l~G)
(ii) x e R 626Q - x e R (3 -x Q 6£JIQl~Q Q6QIY11 -{-x) ~ -{-x) + (-x) = O

~-(-x)+(-x)=x+(-x) [-:x+(-x)=O]
~ -{-x) = x ( 6!JIQQ Q6QIG~ ??a~) ( gY11~g)
[ 39)

( iii) x(x ~ 0) Q ~61gl~Q 96Qlf11 x-1, x-1 Q ~61gl~Q 96Ql01 (x- 1t 1I
6Q161Q '<1'1' Ql~Q '<l 0 ~41 a rnQ' a x a- 1 = I 6fJQOl6Q a :t 0 I
a g1g6Q x- 1g18g '1'6Q 81QQI (x- 1) . (x- 1t 1= I
~ x. x- 1= l :. (x- 1). (x-1t 1= x. x- 1

=> (x- 1) - 1 = x ( ~6100 96Ql8g ?i\a0)
tJ~~ti'I~ - 4 : (i) x(-y) = (-x)y = -{xy)
(ii) (-x) (~y) = xy .I •
\)~1€1 : (i) xy + x(-y) = x{y+(-y)} =xx d ::!:LO, Ir: ·)
q~ xy + {-{xy)} = 0 I . 'n_; ;.·o f&1u

:. xy + x(-y) = xy + {-{xy)} => x(-y) = -xy ( 6fC11QQ 96Ql~m ?i\Q0)
6'<l28Q g0161 QQlfC11Q816Q 6fCl, (-x)y =-{xy) (g01~g)
(ii) x(-y) = -{xy) (i) 6Q g01~0 · ,:,_, !' ;·, ' ·· !;J ·
x 8QQ6Q -x 6Qtqt6Q 81QQI : .

=> (-x) (-y) = -{(-x) .y}
=> (-x) (-y) = -{(-xy)} [-: (-x). y = -{xy)] (i) bl. g01~g
=> (-x) (-y) = xy [·: -{-x) = i!C] \ - ·. · (g01~g)
g6G'llQ Q1~161W ~6~Q ~~QI~~~ Ql~Q l,(]~41626Q, Ql~Q '<l~41Q ~91~4~~

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=a. a+ a. b + b . a+ b . b = a2 +ab +ba+b 2 = a2 +ab+ ab+ b 2 L ab= ba)

= a2 + 2ab + b2 = Q~61 rn.qj ( g01~g)
2.9((J 0~lf16Q~I (Number Line):

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t a, b ~Q~ 91g9 {(1°~'11 626Q, i-<161 a > b 91 a < b QI a ·= b 6i'IQ£Jl6Q I

'<li'li 2~~1 ~Qfl (L~w of Trichotomy) ~i'l~l' O 6~6Q, ac < be 6~9 I
4. Kl~ ·a 0 (3 b > O 6~6Q, ab > 0 I
'<12 «JlQlfCJY ~~QQ gGQIQ QQ ()Q()b'I~ gGYJQQ CSJY1161 ()Q~QI I
(I) a b '<JQ0 c > d G2G@, a +c > b + d
(2) a b '<JQ c0
O G2G@, ae > be
~rn~ : (I) a b (Q@)
=> a + e > b + e ....... ..... (I) ( <;JlQlfCJY - 4)
- 1';' • 0~~'
Q_'M'Q e > d (Q@)
=> b + c > b + d ........... (ii) ( <;J1QlfCJY - 4)
(i) <3 (ii) S3 rnQ' a + c > b + c > b + d
:. a + c > b + 'd
(2) c < 0 ( 00) => - c > 0
Q.'M'Q a b - a, :::-" o_ '"
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=> - be + ac ::;- 0 => ae > be
~~Qll : 1. a '<JQ Ql@Q ~'M'l~G «l 0~YI ~e.JI~ a > 0 £>'<l G9GQ a, «l 0 ~YIGQ~IGQ 0
( ~g )Q g12161~ Q()2 I £IQ a '<JG 6\611QG Ql@Q «l 0 ~YI ~e.il~ a < 0 £>'<l, ()9()Q a, 0
( ~g )Q QIY'l 81oqlGQ QG2 I
2. ~g '<l'1'fll~ 91~9 c<J 0 ~41 ltll~I ~m1aQ 91 Q~laQ ~6i? 1
0
2.9.3 ~ ~416Q~IQ 2Q9~ fl~6Q ~QG'I
~Q91 '<JQ GQQYQ Yll'tl I '<l2 Yll'tl GGGQ G2G@ 6\611QG G21Q81QQ <n112' I GQ161Q <;JQ~GQ~I
Q8GQ P (3 Q ~Q~ Q~ G2G@, G«lYll'M'~ Yl~GQ ~Q91~ PQ G@~lfll'<l I ~'M'Y'SjQIQGQ CSJGI~
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91@Q <;] 0~YI~~~ Q 0~YIGQ~I ~866'. G8Q 1'118<n' QQl£11Q81QQ, 9121 ~IGY'l q_Q ~~G!i'QGQ
WG@l~'M'I QQQIQGfi' I Q~98 '<l21 '<llii' 1'11g1~ 'Q611~1 (Co-ordinate System) I '<l2 1'J1g1~
~Yl~G~ 6Q~Q ~41~Q {Geometry of line) ~21fll'<l. I
~Q Q 0 ~YIGQ~I Q'tJGQ P (3 Q ~Q~ Q~Q 1'Jlgl~ 4 (3 6 £>'<l, G9GQ P (3 Q Yl~GQ ~Q91
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0
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r 441

~016Q 1-21 = 121 = 2
~e.JiQ Clgl~Q 62Q ~I QGll~Q 62Q, 6rtl 6QIG1Q Ql@Q <Cl 0 ~41 x Q <Cll 0~Q Yilg~ W6Yl
~ < ~
lxl ~IQ6Q gQlt;l Q~ I '(]~ lxl '<]QQI ~Q Cl~laQ Ql~Q QI~ (3 '(]~I~ xQ £JQ91 911~
(Absolute Value) ~~IS(]l'<J I '<IQ <Cll 0 6Q9Q ~~~ Q4Q21QQ QQ W6~ Qt:J6Qlg ~QG'I~ §Y]
gQIQ6Q 6Q~81QQI I
PQ = I 6 - 4 I QI PQ = I 4 .:_ 6 I
:. PQ = 2
~e.JiQ PQ = IP <3 Q Q l}1g1~~QQ ~~Q I.
6QGJ_ '<l 0 ~'116Q~l~G' P (3 Q 9£~~Q ~1·'C\{~ 911~ QI '611~1_.- !Cl2.11~691 a (3 b 6~6Q,
£QG'I PQ =I a- b I
6QGj_ x cigl~Q QI QGll~Q Ql~Q <Cl ~41 626Q,
IN
0
- { x, 6£16Q6Q6~ x ;:: 0
6£1696Q6~
al .
t
lxl- -x, x < 0
r
QQl2QSJ «;j~t:I x= 5 626Q, lxl = 151 ::- S- = x;
o
x = 0 626Q, lxl = IOI = 0 = x;
P
x = -7 626Q, lxl = 1-7-1 = 7 = -x; .: ~
ia
~~Q4 : x 6£1 6§1SJ~ '<IG Ql~Q Q 0 ~41 626Q,
d
(i) lxl = I-xi · ;:: 0 (ii) lxl ;:: x
O
(iii) lxl ;:: -x (iv) lxl ::;; a 626Q, - a::;; x::;; . a 62Q r
.
., (
(iv) Q gYilGl :
w
gem t:i£\~9 :x ;:: o 626Q, 1x1 = x
w
:. I x I ::;; a ::::::> x ::;; a ...... (i)
= -x
w
Q91a t:iQOO : ·
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x < O 626Q, Ix I
.. I x I ::;; a ::::::> -x ::;; a ::::::> x ;:: -a ......(ii)

. . (i) (3 (ii) ~ t:JIQQI -a ::;; x ::;; a
x' x
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(~~ 2.7)
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QQl~Q~ - 6
'<IQ <() 0~416Q~l6Q ~ (3 B Q '6Jl~I~ ~"' 3 '<JQ0 . -7 626~1", AB 6Q6b' ?

'<lfll~I~ : AB = AB Q 6~Q4
= I 3 - (-7) I = I 3 +71 = I 10 I = 10
~eJQI AB = I -7 -3 I = I -10 I = 10 '<l~ (961Q)
QQI~~ -7 : I 3x - 2 I = 4 «WllCllg QQ I
.. . \
'<lfl·l~l~: !(]Q 3x- 2 ~ O ~'<I, 696Q . I 3x- 2 I = 3x- 2 62Q,

:. 3x- 2 =4 ~ 3x = 4, + 2 .
~3x=6 ~ . x=2
!(]Q 3x- 2 < 0 ~'<I, 696Q I 3x- 2 I = -(3x- 2) 62Q,
:. -{3x- 2) = 4 ~ -3x +2 . = 4
~ 3x = -2 ~ 2
. . x = -3
:. ?.'GtUQ '<IYllCJlg = .{ - 2 , 2} (goo)

3
QQl2Q~ - 8 : I xi < 5 626Q x Q ~I~ §~Q 00 I

CC!fll~l~ : <() 0 Slll~'<ll6Q lxl = x, !()Q x ;;::: 0 '<JQ0
-x, !()~ x < 0
!(]Q x e1g1YJ_Q ~'(] 91626Q x < 5..................... : (i)
!(]Q x QGllY].Q ~' -5...................... (ii)

6b'6J.. (i) (3 (ii) 2 rnQQI -5 < x < 5 ( Q6lQ)
QG~~Gi :!ClQ x Q Yi1g 5 012 Q~ <'.le.JIQ 6. ~-<1,
696Q lxl = 161 = 6, !()121Q lxl < 5 <()~~ Q6QICJ QQQ I
!(]Q x ,Q fllg -5 012 Qfl_ <'.le.II~ -6 ~'(]I

696Q lxl = 1-61 = 6, !()121§ q_QSI~ lxl < 5 <()~~ Q6QICJ QQQ I
§~ -5 012 <'.JIQQ QQ 5 6~ 6'51~ Q6Q, 6!(]Q «lr-1~ Ql~Q «'1°~41. Q2QI,

9121 lxl s 5 «1~~ ~fii' QQQ I 696]_ lxl s 5·~ - 5 s xs 5
QQl~Q~ - 9 : 13x - 21 s 5 1)26Q, · xQ «lfl~ fllg ?.'~~Gl QQ I ·
CC!fll~I~ : ~~94 - (iv) 6Q Q<'.Jl!()IQej_QI ~ <'.J~«116Q 13x - 21 S 5 626Q,
-5 S 3x - 2 s 5
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=> -5 +· 2 ~ (3x - 2) +2 ~ 5 + 2
=> -3 ~ 3x ~ 7·
=> 3 ~IQI QIQ Q6Q, -1 -< 2.3
QQl2Q~ - 10: I 3x - 2 I> 5 ~'<IY11QQG1~ '<IY11CJl'fi' QQ I

'<IYll~I~ :- QQIQQGJ -9 6Q I 3x- 2 I $ 5 ~'<IY11QQGJ~Q '<IYllCJl'fi' QQl!C:JIQ~ I
I 3x - 2 I~ 5 Q 6~ Q~QG Q~~ I 3x _: 2 I > 51 ~GQl 0 QQl2QG1 -9 6Q ?l~~QI QQQQ
WQG Q~ ~'<IY11QQG1~Q '<IYllCJl'fi' 6W I
7 ~
~~Q I 3x - 2 I > 5 Q '<IY11CJl'fi' x > 3 'ii'~I x < -11
I N
2.10 Ql6'_. QI~ (Exponential numbers) :
a '<JQ Ql'!lQ '<1°16141
a" '<J{iil Ql'!lQ '<1°16141
(3
al .
n '<JQ QGJ'n' '<1°16141 626Q a" Q ~cl ax ax .ax ax ..... (n eJQ) W>£1 I
(3 '<l21Q QIQGl 62QI Ql'!lQ '<1°161.41 6'<1£1,6Q ~Gl'fi' g~a@ Q 0 ~Q §QYilM'fi' I
r t
a"~~~ QIGl(;i," ~~(exponential form) ~21!C:ll'<l ! 6lCJQ016Q a ~ICJIQ (base) (3 n QIGI_. I
o
'<JOl6Q n = 0 626Q a 0 = 1 (3 '<JOl6Q a '#. 0 I ~21 '<JQ Q l\lll I
0
P
~16Yl ~1~6il' 6!C:J, a'#. 0 626Q, a· 1 = _!_ '<JQ 0 a-m= -k-
(a'#. 0, me N)
a
a a
i
a" Q1g1-- ~~6Q a ~G1'5J_'n'4 Ql'!lQ '<1°16141. (3 QIGI-- Ii '<JQ q_ttl '<1°16141 (n E Z) 626~ ~~Yi
d
6'2]6116Q §Y)§~g Qlgl_. §QY! ~~Q ~~Qt;;' QQif I
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(i) am x a" = a m+n (ii) am .+ a" = a m-n
(iii) (abr =am x bm (iv) (am)n =a mn } ....(1)
* 0, m, n e Z
w
6!C:JQOl6Q a, b e R (3 a* 0, b
x =a (x e R, n e N) 626Q ~16Yl x ~ a Q n-gY, ~Q (n-th root) 6QIQ Q~ I 6Ql61~
0
w
CJ'fi'IY.}Q Ql'!lQ '<1°~41 a Q n gy, YJ_Q ~6~ ~16Yl ~~ 6Ql~'<l tl'fi'l~Q YJ_Q 91QQI (3 ~2 n-xx:l q_Q~
' .
Va '<1°600 ~IQI gQI~ QQ91QQI I 6'<12 ~ij~ a Q QQYJ_Q ~Q 0 a Q Q~Q~ ~eJl~6Yl
w
.Ja (3 v;_
Yll~Y16Q gQlial QQl~l'<I I '.[' ~~~ QQG11 (radical)~~ ~21rn~ I
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0
' \•
I .
<(] 0 '6141 6~1 6Q aq- '<IQ CJ'fi'l~Q Ql'!lQ '<1°16141 (3 -<l21~ a Q qG~ !~Q ( qth root) ~21~1'<1 I
I I I P
aq QI~~ p eJQ qGi'fi' Q()Q 91QQI : aqxaqx ..... (p eJQ) = aq-
'<12 ~ij~ g1g1-- Ql~6Q Q1g1--~ ~Q6Y1Q Q0 '6141 '<IQ0 WCJIQ~ '<IQ Ql'EiQ Q0 '6141 Ql6Q
OOIQE>Q ~16Yl 6~ rnoo1 6!C:J, ~Q6Y1Q QIGI-- rnQ' ( l) 6Q goo ~QY, ~~ · n (3 m ~Q6Y1Q Q@
626Q Yi~ «Jg4 626Q I
( 47]

< £ I
QQ~l0 ~16~ 6Q~81QQI : a" == (a P);j = '{c;P '<IQ 0
0Q Ql91~ n Ql@Q '<] 0 ~41 696Q YI~ £1191~ ~QYl (I ) '<JG4 I mg '<121~ Q~Q Ql 6Q
' ~
~16@1001 QQQI '<l2 q_@QQ 8Q'<JQQ Q2~~ I 69~ Ql@Q Ql(;'I~ 81Q ( I ) 6Q <gQQ §QYl IQ]_~~
«.]1Q1~4 ~68 '2)2Gl 001£JIQ§ I
QQl2Q~ - 11 : ~8Q~9 £11(;'1~ Ql~Q Yllg ~~8Gl QQ I
(i) 4-! (ii) 343+ (iii) (s=i )~ (iv) (0.125)! (v) (1024) 12
( i) 4 -t = (./4)- = r 5 = __!__5 = __!__

5
2 32
(ii) 343! = V343=3J?3=1
(iii) {8=} ) $ = 8.:}x~ = 8-t =~=ff=~
(iv) (0.125) t = 125 = V1000 ~( 105 )3,= 2.

10
=o.s
~ 12
(v) (1024)1. 2 = (1024)tfr = ( 1~l024 ) = ('~) = i1 2 = 4096
12
~~9~ : a* = (air =(Var 622 '<101~6r 6Q~£11QQI. : a~ = v;;p = (~rar

2.Jj +3 ·~ . ~
QQl2Q~ - 12 : .Jj + I = x + y J3, (3 x (3 y £1Q6Y1Q 626@ x (3 y Q ~Q4 g~£1Gl Qi'Q I
5
. . 2./3+3 (2./3+3)(5./3-1)
~Yll~lg : x + J3 .y = 5.Jj +I = (5./3+1)(5./3 -1)
( QQ (3 QQ~· (5.Jj - I) ~IQI IQJ.Glg Q6Q 2Q6Q fJ_QI ~8Q6Y1Q '<1°~41 ~£l'<JIQ9 ~' x + Jj. y = 30-2./3+15./3-3 =-27_+_13_./3_3 -+-x./3
75-1 74 74 74
< 27 13
QQQ 81.q]~ 2Qgl Q6Q x=
74
(3 y = 74 I (QOO)
QQl2Q~ -13: '<]QQ QQ;-
(1·1·) ( 4 )-}--x64 ~ x ( 1 I )-1

3
9 3
3 ~ __ 27 --( 2'3 )
8
3 3
~Yll~lg : (i) '<J016Q I == ( JI ) , 0.3- = JI '<JQ
0
27 8
( 48 J

QI~ = {( )t) }+x{(3) (3)
2 -
3 3 2
I 4 4
:. Q@ 2 } - } t
= )x = - x-
3 9
= -
27
( QQQ)
(ii) QQ ~Q~QI~ = ( : ) Tx 6 4 Tx( I ~) - I = ff- x ( 3)+x( ~ )-I

4 ' ,,,
= -2 x ( \/4
1 3 1.1) 2 X-=-x4
3 2 2 3
x-=8 (Q@Q)
. 3 4 3 4
5
QQl2QQ - 14: { V24_x.J24x.JIT}x = 26

626Q xQ q_Q4 ~QQQ I
V12x.J18 J3
. IN
al
r t
I
2 6 x2
5
6 2 I
P o
a Jiii
=>x= =-=-
i
16 16 8
d
J3I - JIT .J3I + .J6-J7\
QQl~QQ - 15 : <(IQ<;;;' QQ : (i)
I J3I + JIT- J3I -JIT (ii) .J6 +J7
l
.O
~lYll~l~ : (i) x=
J3I - JIT J3I + JIT
w
J3I + JIT J3I - JIT
(J3I -JIT)2-( J3I + JIT)2
w
=> x = (J31)2 -( J11)2
w x=
31+11- 2J3iXi]' - 31-11- 2J3iXi'I
:. I x I = .J34)
31-11
I ..
=
-4.J341
20
=-~-
.J34T
5
5 . ~\ -
'·'
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(11)
- \.J6-J7\
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J7-J6
(',' .J6 - .J7 < 0)
J7+.J6
-
(J7 -J6)( J7 -J6) -- 7 +6-2142 -13-2-v42
- r.;;
(QOO)
- (J7 + .J6)( J7 - J6) 7- 6
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2'.Ji~1~~1 - 2(b)
I · g8Q~9 ~~rng~6Q X181Q4 QQQ YtctJ~ 6~ QQQ~ QI~ I
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YtctJ6Q ('J8Q6YIQ '<1°~41 s:?12 I
(c) J8 ~Q ~(]QE:Yl~ ((] 0 ~411 (d) 7tEQ
(ii ) g8Q~Q YlctJ~ 6QQ£i 6~ ~62?
(a) p (3 q X1°~41~Q £leJl~6Yl (]Q6YIQ (3 ('J(]Q6YIQ 626Q p +q ('J(]Q6YIQ I
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(iii) g8Q~9 YlctJ~ 6QQ~ 6~?
(a) p (3 q (]Q6YIQ 626Q pq 8Q6YIQ
(b) p (3 q ('J(]Q6YIQ 626Q pq C'.18Q6YIQ
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(viii) 6QQ~ 6~?

(a) if4 > ifj (b) V4 >VJ (c) V4 =VJ (d) if.i =ifi
(ix) 0
Q '<JYIYJ (]Q60~ ((] ~41 Q' QYIYJ ('J8Q6YIQ '<1°~41 626Q Q u Q' = ?
(a) N (b) l · (c) R (d)-Q~~ 6QQ~ ~62'1
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(v) x (3 y C'.JtJQE>YlQ (3 xy ~tJQE>YlQ (vi) x (3 y C'.JtJQE>YlQ Yll~ ~ tJQE>YlQ
~ x ~
(vii) x (3 y C'.JtJQE>YlQ (3 YC'.JtJQE>YlQ
7. §~Q~~ g<qlYll~bii" QQQ 0~ I
(i) E)QYS)' Ql@Q ((] 0 ~41 ~I' §~Q 6£11Ql0_Q QE>QIY11 C'.16£' ?
(ii) E)QYS)' Ql@Q((] 0 'tl141 ~I' ??~Q £j_61~10_Q QE)QIY11 ~(:)£' ?
(iii) a X 0 = b X 0 626Q «JQQI a= b 62Q ~ ? QIQ61 «12 QQQ QC'.J I
(iv) 2QE>Ql~ C'.JtJQE>YlQ <CJ
0
'tl141 E>Q'tl1 E>£ltJQ E>~lYll~bii" £J.61tl'Q tJQE>YIQ rn~ E>£11Qtl'Q
C'.JtJQE>YlQ 62Q I
(v) 5{Q6QI~ C'.ltJQE)YJQ «J 0 'tl141 6Q'tl1 ElfJtJQ El((]Y!lgbii" 6£11Qt)'Q tJQE)YJQ Yllg £j_61WQ
C'.JtJQGYlQ 62Q I
(vi) '(]Q tJQE)YJQ Q~ «J 0 'tl141 Q.a1~Q (3 '(]Q C'.JtJQGY!Q «J 0 'tl141Q Q.a1~Q ~t)E)Q tJlciQ4
Q'61 ell'(] ?
( 52]

8. ~~Q~x;-i c:a 'ci141rn<r\'1;; 6£JIQG'<;;i' ~Q
0
QQ :
(i) Jl8 (3 m (ii) 3J2 (3 7J2 (iii) JS (3 - JS (iv) ffs , Ji08 (3 Jltf7
9. ~~Q~x;-i c:a 'ci141Yll<r\ll;i <OJ.GIG'<;;;' ~Q
0
QQ :
(i) .JS (3 J2 (ii) J20 (3 .JS (iii) 3 +J2 (3 3 - J2 (iv) Jl2, J45 (3 J15
10. ~~Q~9 Ql~Yll<n'~ x c;a2 <Oj_t!il<n' Q6Q £JQ <0]_61\J'<;;i' I ('<IQ) 696Q x Q q_Q4 ~~fo. QQ
6£1\JQQ x Q 2Q '<JQ q_4 c:a <ci141 62Q I 0
(i) J3 (i i) 3J2 (iii ) 2+ J3 (iv) JS - 1 (v) J3 + J2

11. 0.303003000300003 ... . Qct;i~Q QI~~ 8Q6Y1Q Q C'.KJQ6Y1Q QIQ61 c;a2 6Q<cil I
12. p (3 Q 0£~0. c:a <ci1416Q<ci116Q ~Y)Q~\)I c:a <ci141 6£11~ ~IQI q_§g 626Q ~694Q 6~~ 81Q PQ
0 0
~Q91~0.QQ I
(i) 8 (3 15 (i i) --4 (3 3.2 (iii) -3.7 (3 - 6.1 (iv) 7t (3 -37t
. IN
l
13 . gY)Q~\;I Ql~Yll<n'~ 8Q6Y1Q 2Q 0~~ Ql~6Q ~Qlct;i QQ I
t a
2 2 2 I 5
(i) 3(.J3 + Z) (ii) 1+Ji (iii) Ji+ 3 (iv) 1+Ji (v) 3 _Ji
( VI.) l +Ji
r;;; r::;
(Vil.. ) Ir
Ji - r::;
I ( ... )
Vlll
l
l+Ji+.J3 (1x)
.
o
Ji+.J3
Ji+.J3+JS r
P
v3+v2 v5-v2
a
14. QQQ QQ:
0 JS+ .J3
I JS-.J3+ JS+.J3
JS - .J3 C) J7 - JS
11
d i J7 +JS
J7+JS+ J7-JS
O
15 . a (3 b 8Q6Y1Q Q <ci141 626Q g~Q~9 6~~6Q 6QY11'i1'~ Yll<n' g4Q QQ I
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16. Q0 <ci1416Q'ci11 ~~<;1' QQ Q~IQ_ (3 6Q.~Q Q4Q21Q ~IQI g~Q~9 Q 0 <ci141Yll'i1'~ «J 0 <ci141 6Q'ci116Q
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(3 -Ji (ii) %(3 ~ (iii) Ji (3 1± (iv) 1.7 (3 J3
./3 - Ji J3+J2 I I I
18. «lQQ QQ : J3 +Ji - J3 _Ji+ J2 +I - Ji - I
1
19. gQl2Q61 6'i1'Q «19491 8Q1~ I _Q Q ( 6£l~Ol6Q x (3 y Ql@Q «l 0 <ci141) I

(i) I x + y I ~I x I + I y I (ii) I x - y I ~ I lxl - lyl I
[ 531

20.~QQ QQ
(i) (('~rar'")Jil ; a > 0 (3 n EN

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(iii) 27 3 x - + 81
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21 . ~61\J'Q ~ttiQ QQ
(i) (a~ + b~ )(a~ -biJ (a > O, b > O) (q_901 : (a+b}(a-:-b) = a2- b2 Q «iE !J6QIQ QQ I)
(ii) (1-a±)(1+a±J(1+aiJ (a > O)
(iii) (1 +.! )(1 +•'xi +.l xI+o ~ )(1 +o,\] (1-0,\ J(a > 0)
(iv) (VX +VY)(if;.2 -VXY +W) (x > 0, y > 0)
(q_901 : (a+b)(a2-ab+b2 ) = a 3+ b3 Q ~ !]6QIQ QQ I)
(q_901 : (a2+ab+b 2) (a 2-ab+b 2) = a4+ a2b2 + b4 Q ~ g6QIQ QQ I)

22.~QQQQI
I 2 I I .. I 2 I
(i) J x2y3z3 +(xyz)3 .Cn) Vx2y4z-' +vx-3y2z-3
(x > 0, y > 0, z > 0)
23. {x, y, z, a, b, c} c R (3 x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 626Q !JY1161 QQ 6£1,
(i) Jx -'yxJy- 1zx.Jz-1x =I
(ii) ~ (x")a\; x(xb)~

7° x(Xe)-!;
-;a = I (a ;t: 0, b ;t: 0, c ;t: 0)
I I I /
(iii) ( x•~b r-c {xb~c y-·{x<~• J-b ~I (a, b (3 c Q Yl_G4 ~~Yilg 1)

I I
24. (i) a= 23 -2 -3 626Q !JY1161 QQ 6£1, 2a3 + 6a = 3
.!. _.!_ I
(ii) a = x 3 x 3, x > 0 626G', !JY1161 QQ 6£1, a3 + 3a = x - -
-
x
25. x Q YJ_Q4 ~~861 QQ I
(i) 3 x+ I = 9 (ii) 2 2x+ I = 8 (iii) ( .Ji.)2'-' = I
f 54 J

001
(i) a (a- b) = a2 - ab
(ii) (a± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2
(iii) (a + b) (a - b) ~ a2 - b2
(i )(a± b) 3 = a3 ± 3a2b + 3ab 2 ± b3
(v) (a+ b) (a 2 - ab + b2) = a3 + b3
(vi) (a - b) (a 2 + ab + b2) = a3 - b3
27 . xe R, x ;e 0, a,b, c e R 626@, g~IGl QQ 6£l,
I N
I I
.
- ---+ + =I
l
l+ x b-• +xc-a l+xc-b+x•- b l+x•-c +xb-c
a
28. ~Y.lQ~\t 6~~6Q x Q mg ~~8Gi QQ:
(i) I x-3 I = 7 (ii) I x + 1 I = 11
r t
o
(iii) I 2x - I I = 3 (iv) I 3x + 4 I = 5
P
29. ~Y,l6Q g<tt~ Ql~~l£1~ 8Q6~Q (3 ~8Q6~Q «1°~41 Q Q~ij ~68 gQI~ QQ I
ia
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(11") t+.J8 ... ) -
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(i) Ix I < .!.. (ii) I x I > I
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( 551

91~Ql~G''1' ~Q<y'1'1~ (3 ~6~Q
(ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND IDENLIT.IES)
3.1 Q£l~~~~I (Introduction) : ·

8Q6gl?iC'.Jl\li\ '<lQ §Q~ ~QIQQ Q1~£11~~Q 8Q~QI~ (Expression) fll21 Q~Q6Q C'.J~Y! .
6<Q)Gl16Q ~6YIY116g QY14Q, CJIQGll 81Q~ I '<lQ . ~Sl!IQ £\1~ Q~~ tJQ6gJ?iC'.Jl\li\ 6~~6Q ?i~IGl, 6tl'~IG1,
~g C3 OOGl ~Ql'91_~ Q@Q6Q rn.1 CJIQGll t:l!Q~ I "<JQ~Q1Q 6Q600 ~6~Q QeJI Q~ ~6~~
~6QIQ6Q tJ§6g1?i~l\li\Q QQQQ1QQG1 QGQ 621QeJl"<l G\121 91~ ~I~~ I Q6)911g Q~ ~~IQ6Q ~CJQ
§~ ~6~Q<il_ ~l~QI Q2 QQl<ti'Q1QQ616Q "<l21Q ~6QIQ ~l~Q I QQ, Q2 ~1£16~~ Qtl81Q4 '<lQ0
QQIQQ1QQG16Q "<J2JQ ~6QIQ Q tJQ6Q 91~ ~QQQ 62Q I tJ~()gJ?j~J\li\Q QQIQQ §~Q '<lQ 0
0
8Q6g1?i~l\li\ Q. QI.~ '(JQ G. QI.~ §~Q Q2 6Q6QQ t]Q691Q t]Q~Ql~Q QQ~1QQG1 91~ "<l2
0
~~IQ6Q ~l~Q I
3.2 Y16gl~2'.ll~ (Monomial) :
- -- , - ~ - - <
~Q
a (a '# 0) '<JQ ~QQ Ql~Q c<l ~'ll, x· '<JQ 2'.1&1116' QI-al '<l9° n '2'J'1Q'11£).Q q1Qc<J ~'ll ~'<l, 0
0
66'69 ax Q1~QIQ6'Q ~Q~Ql-al'!: x -6Q n QI~\ 9~fi Y16gl~2'JI~ ~21~1'<l · I '<l016Q a ~

0
Y16gl~Zll~Q c<J2Q (Coefficient) ~S?l~l'<l I 3x2, 2.fi , -7x4 Q941Q Y16g1?i~l\li\Q 6£1@-.:J
6Q@'<l QQIOOGl I
Y16gl~Zll~Q QIG' (Degree of the Monomial) :
6~'1~ '<IQ ZlllalG' Qli19ii~ Y16g1rn1~ WllllG' Ql~Q QIG'I~ Y16g1rn1~ QIG' ~l~l'<J I
flell : x, 2x, -J3x Q941Q '<JQQl91 Y16g1?iC'.Jl\li\ '<lQ 5x2 , -6x 3 , 32x4 , 2.fi x5 flell~6Yl ~Ql91,
0
~Ql91, ~0191, tl~Ql91 m;g1?1C'.Jl\li\ C'.J~~ I
I ' ~3 ' 3, - 2, -V.J

'3 Q941Q 6£11~'<1 6£11~'<1 916gl?iC'.Jl\li\ I QIQGl -.:i 0':J.:,~Q... fleJIQ6Yl
~
x0 ' ~xo
3 '
3xo'
- 2x'l, J3x 0 , ~~6Q 6G~l~IQ816Q I 69q '<1'91,~<il_ ~gQIG'1 ~6gl~Zll~ ~21~1'<l I
I 56 J

~~~ ~6~1?l~IQ. (Like Monomials) :
~Q '<IQ C'.lrll!IQ QI~ 'x' <t;:IQI QOQ ~Q~ ~Q QI Q6Ql~CJQ ~6gl~C'JIQ, «m1g QIQ Q~~ ~('J~
6QEiQ Ei«l~16g «l<I!~ I QQl2QG1 <;J~G, 2x (3 -f ~6g~C'JIQ, ~a c;a~
x I QIQGl ~6Q4Q ~6gl~C'JIQ_Q
QIQI~ 1 I Ei<(128Q ~x 2 , -2x2 (3 J3x 2 ~6gl~C'JIQ, QQ c;a<tl~ I QIQGl '<lY116g <(']Y!lg QIQ Q~~ I
~~ ~6~l~~IQ. (Zero Monomials):

<(1°1i5141 0 ~ax" ~86Q ~QI~ QQ62Q g12°', QIQGI O=O.x = O.x2 = O.x 3 = .. .. I 9121626\Til
0 ~ 6Q6Q QIQ1 ~()gl~C'JIQ, 6QIQ ~21~Q ? '<le!_GIQ 6§1Gi~ gq~ QQQ ge!_QlbJ_ 0 '<IQ QE>~@
~Q61Q ~6~l~~IQ. stll21~ ~~ ~E)gl~~IQ. ~21stll'<I I
IN
3.3 £1Q6~1?l~IQ. (Polynomial) :
6~61~ '<IQ£1~1 ~f1.I Q~£1~1 £1QgQl~Q g66'4Q £1~ SCJQ 6Ql~'.!_£1 ~Q~ 6~ 6'011£1--<J Y16gl?iC'JIQ, YI~ £1Q6~1?iC'JIQ, C'.16'01 1.
P
'Cl 0 ~1 : ~Q 'x' ()Q '<JQ £1Q()gl?iC'JIQ,p(x) ~IQI <iQX>' ~'(] 606Q p(x) Q Q41£1Q £1Q~QI~ ()Qg~:
i a
p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x 2+ ...+ an_,xn-I + anxn I a0 , a1, a2, .... ... an-I ' an 6'011£1'<1 6'01@--<J Ql@Q <(1°~41
d
(an :;tQ), n '<JQ C'.lG1£\GllY,1Q Q_tl1<a 0 ~41 (3 x '<JQ C'.llll!IO QI~ ~'<l 606Q p(x) ~ Ql@Q <a 0 ~41 6laQ6Q 'x'
Q n- QIO Q~~ 8Q()gl?iC'.ll\Til, ~21~1'<1 I <a~l\lll£1 <iVJ~ 6~,
.O
(i) a0, a1x, a2x 2 ... anxn ~604Q 6'011£1'<1 6'01@'<1 Yi6g1?iC'.ll\TI)_ I
w
(ii) Qg Y16gl?iC'.llQ,~~Q p(x)Q 6'01@'<1 6\Til~l-4' £IQ (nomial) I
w
(iii) a0 e2Q~ · p(x) Q '<JQ ~QQ £IQ (constant term) I
( iv)aO' ""'I ' a2' a3 .... ..... an ~eJIQ6~ 1 x0 ,x 1 ,,x 2 ; x~ .. .. ..... xnQ<C12'01(co-efficierit-H o.
w
~
c;a2g~~ ~Q 6'01@--<J ()Q@'<l £1Q6YIQ <(1°~41 (rational number) ~C'.l§, 6Q6Q p(x)~ 8Q6~Q
c;a 0 ~41 6!aQ6Q '<JQ 8Q6gl?iC'JIQ, ~21~Q I 6<(128Q <a2'01~~Q ~Q 6'01@'<1 6'011~'<1 Q.tl1 <a 0 ~41 ~'<l,
696Q p(x)~ Q_tl1 <Cl 0 ~41 6laQ6Q '<IQ 8Q()gl?iC'.llQ, ~21~1'<1 I
QQl2QG1 <;(J~tl ,
5 7 ' 2 I 3 I ~ ~ ~
(a) 2 + -x + - x2 -x3 - -x2- - x - - ~6Q4Q tlQ6YlQ <a ~41
0
6laQ6Q 6'011'01'<3 6'011'01-<J
2 4'3 2 4 8 .
tJQ6~1~C'.ll\Til, I
(b) x2_ x _ 2, I - 2x - 4x 2+ 3x 3 ~604Q Q_tl1<a 0 ~41 6laQ6Q 6'011~'<1 6Ql~'<l £1Q6gl?iC'.ll~ I
( 57]

~Q()gl~ZJl~Q g191~Q(;l :
()Q@'<J 8Q691~C'.llln\Q 8Q«J 0 ~YI C'.J9Ql6Q Ol 'Q 910QQ61 QQl~l'<l I p(x) Q £lQ«l"~YI I 626Q
O~I~ ~~~Q1 ~Q()gl~ZJI~ ( Manon~ial ) , £JQQ 0 ~YI ~Q 626Q 6Q2 £JQ6910<'.JIQ,Gi ~£JQl
8
Q601~~11n\ ( Binomial) '<JQ" 8QQ"~YI £.~ eJ6Q 01~ ~Q1 ~Q()g1~ZJIQ. (Trinomial) G121~1'<l I
QQl2Q61 ~£2.8 : 4x. x~-5 . 4-6x+7x3 ~e.Jl~H1 06910<'.Jlln\, QIQ6910<'.Jlln\ (3 ~IQ6910C'.llln\Q
6£1@-Q 6£1@-Q QQl2Q61 I
~~: (i) 6Ql~'<l 8Q691~C'.llln\ 6Q~l6Q69 <'.JlllllO Ql~6QeJQI QI~ 00 ~I Q~ Ql9 QIOI~
~6Q 6Q~l~l'<l I '<l~ ~ ~g~ ~gl~ZJI~ Standard Form ~g ~l~M I QQl2Q61 ~~.
x- 2x~ + 3x3 + I Q Standard fonn 009 62Q~ 3x3 - 2x 2 + x + I QI I + x - 2x2 + 3x3 I
(ii ) 'x' 6Q Q~~ 8Q691~C'.JIQ_ 019~ QICJIQ6108 p(x), q(x), r(x), t(x) QOYIQ Q 0 6~0 ~IQI
6Q~l~l'<l I
3.3.1. £lQ6~1~eJl~Q Qlg (Degree of Polynomial) :

~Q6gl~ZJl~6Q ~QI 99QI~ (x)Q '<J6Qj~ QIGll~~ ~Q()gl~ZJl~Q QIGI ~Qlltll'<I I
2x-3 8Q6910C'.JIQ_Q QIOI~ I I QIQGl 'x' Q Q6Qjg QIOI~ I 16«JQ8Q x2+2x + 3 Q «l6Qjg QIO 2 I
60q '<ll?IGi ~QI01 (Quadratic) 8Q691~C'.JIQ_ Gi21£1'<l '<JQ 2x3 - x2 + 7 Q «J6Qlg QIO 3 62~ '<121Gi
0
~QI01 (c ubic ) 8Q6910C'.JIQ_ Gi21~1'<l I Q.9~ 3 - 2x+2x2 -x4 Q «J6Qlg QIO 4 I ~QQ '<121 '<JQ
~Q._8£1101 (Biquadratic QI Quartic) 8Q6910C'.JIQ_ <i~ll!Cll'<l I
3.3.2 '<JQl~Q Wlilllg QI~ Q~~ £JQ6~1~e!I~ (Polynomial in more than one variable):
'<121 Q_Q~ C'.Jl60 6QQQ 6Ql~'<l C'.JlllllO QI~ Q~~ 8Q6910C'.JIQ_ Q~Q6Q C'.Jl6Ql~91 QQC'.J6~ I
'<JQ C'.Jgji l\;' QI~ 00~ 8Q6910C'.JIQ_Q «10'!1 CJIQGll <()~ "iQ QI 0601~~\ii' C'.JlllllO QI~ Q~~ 8Q691~C'.llln\Gi
0~ «J 0 ~«JIQO QQl~IQ816Q I
QQll?QGI (,(Jb2_£l, 5x 2y 3 6Q C'.JlllllO QI~ x (3 y Q QIOI~ C'.JGlQGllfjQ Q_~«J 0 ~YI 621Q('JQI~ '<1~1 1 '<IQ
0.6910<'.JIQ_ C'.J6£1 I 6«l28Q x+ xy + xy 2 0~ x (3 y C'.JlllllO QI~ Q~~ 8Q691~C'.J1Sij\ I
6Ql~'<I 916gl~ZJl~6Q ~QI ~6614~ ZJ&lll61 Ql~6Q ~QI QIGll~ ~~~Q «191~~ Q~
916~1~2'.Jl~Q QIGI ~Qlltll'<I I ~e.JI : 5x2y 3 Q QIO =x Q QIOI~ + y Q QIOI~ = 2 + 3 = 5
6«JWQ '<IQ £JQ6910<'.JIQ_Q QIO ~Q QQQIGl_ 626Q, 8Q691~C'.JIQ_Q ~60YQ 8Q~~Q QIO ~Q
QQQI~ £16~ I caQ~O «l6Qlg QIO 62Q 8Q69i~C'.JIQ_Q QIO I
QQl2Q61 <;Jbl_8 : x + xy +xy 2 8Q69i0C'.JIQ_Q Ql~lC'.JI~ ~e.10 £JQ x Q QIO = I , ~om 8Q xy
Q QIO = I + I =2 (3 QOm t)Q xy 2
Q QIO 62Q~ I + 2 = 3 I
60q «10'!1 8Q0i9~ QIO ~~6Q «l6Qlg QIO 3; ~121Q ~Q6l 8Q691~C'.JISij\Q QIO C'.J6£1 I
1581
PK-01-29-17

- -
6C(]Q(IQ x+y + 3x 2y 2 t:IQ6~10~1~Q Ql9
2
=i14
~lQI : (i) x (3y Wllll~ QI~ Q~~ 8Q6~10~1Q.~ C(]ICJIQ6m8 p(x,y), r(x,y), t(x,y) Q941Q
C(] 6Q~ ~IQI ~QI~
0
QQl~IQeJl'<l I
(ii) x 3 +y' + z3 - 3xyz 8Q6~10~1Q.Gl_p(x,y,z) C(] 6Q9 G!IQI Yl<U ~QI~ QQl£ll'<l I
0
3.4 £1Q6~1?1W~Q 6kJIQ, 96QIQ, ~'1~ (3 2Q'1 ~~QIQ q~l6Ql~-n'I :

8Q6~1~~1~ 6~~6Q 6~1g, Q6£\lg, ~61~ (3 2Q61 ~~QI C(] goo ~'<l 9121 ~6Y1~Q6'2]6116Q 0
8~~ I 6<(]~~~ Y16~ 8QIQQI I

3.4.1 OQEi~l~~I~ Ei!S2EiQ Ei!UIQ (3 9EiQIQ :
I N
8Q()gl~('JI~ ~~QQ 6£11g (3 Q6QIQ Q8Q QQl£11'<1 q_tQ)~ ~l~U' I '<leJ_81Q 8Q6g10W~Q
rn?~9~ CJ&l!IQ QI~ x Q Q~ «Ilg CJ~QI «Jig~ Q~ QllGI~ ~Y16Q «!~IQ standard fonn 6Q
6@~1fJl'<I I 6~1Q (3 Q()QIQ Q@I 6Q6Q '9~ gGJIQ1 ~I ~I~ gGJIQ1 g6QIQ QQl£ll'<I I
al .
r t
~Ql2Q€1- l:
5. + 3 x~ - 7x, 20x - 5x2 + 3 - x 3
o
3
2x -- (3 3x + 4x3 - 7 + x2 Q 6£JIQ(J'Q §4'1. QQ I
P
«IYll~I~:
a
(a) '9~ !JG11Q1 :
i
2x + 3x - 7x - 5 ( Q~ QIQI_.~ «Jig QIGI~ ~Y16Q «!~IQ)
3 2
d
- x 3 - 5x2 +20x + 3
.O
3 2
4x + x + 3x - 7
§t;qjQ 6£JIQ(J'Q = 5x 3 - x2 + l 6x - 9
w
(b) ~I~ ~611~1:
= (2x
w
?i'64'1i 6fJIQ8'Q 3
- 5 + 3x2 - 7x) + (20x - 5x2 + 3 - x 3) + (3x + 4x 3 -7 + x 2 )
(2x 3 + 3x2 - 7x -5) + ( -x3 -5x 2 + 20x + 3) + (4x3 + x 2 + 3x-7 )
w
( Q~ QIQl'ii"~ Qlg QIGllQ' ~Y16Q «!~IQ Q~IQQI )
= (2x 3 - x 3 +4x 3) + ( 3x2 -5x 2 + x2) + (-7x + 20x+ 3x) + (-5 + 3 -7)
( «!~ ~Q~~~ QI~ '<I~ 6\ii'l~l~IQ~·)
QQli?Q€1 - 2 :
3 x~ +x2 - 4, x3 - Sx + 2 (3 2x4 + 3x2 + 2x ~) 6fJIQ8'Q §4£1 QQ I
Q!aY GQ 6£1 '<12 ~g~ 8Q()gl0W~ 6!ag6Q 6~61~ 6Ql~QQ «JYl'a 800 «JQ-al 8Q (Jg4
"
8Q()g10WQ6Q g12' I '<18Q ~6Q Q8Q 6fllQ QQQI~ 62Q Q6'! QQl2Q6lbl_ 6Q~ I
159 J

3x4 + x~ , -4
XJ · -5X +2
I
(Q@Q)
?.'6~Q 6!tl1Qg'~ = 5x4 + x3 + ,4x.2.. - 3x - 2
M~g~·11Q1:
2
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(i) (x 2 - 3x + 5) + (2x 2 - x - 2) - (3x 2 + 7x - 3)

(ii) (x 2 - xy + 2y 2) - (2x2 + 4xy + 3y 2) + (4x 2 - 2xy - y 2)
(iii)(a + b + c) (a - b + c) - (a+ b - c)(a - b - c)
3.5 £JQE)~l~~l~Q ~E)QI (Zeroes of a Polynomial) :

~6gQQ 'tlQ6g1?1~1~ p(x) = 3x 3-6x 2-5x+ 10
p(x) = 3x3-6x2-5x+ 10 6Q ~lll!IG' QI~ x = I 626Q
p(I) = 3x(1)3-6 x(l) 2-5 x (1)+10 = 3 - 6-5 +JO= 2 62Q I
:. p(x)6Q x Q ~lg 1 'tllQ p(x) Q 911g 2 62Q I
6«lQ'tlQ x =-1 626Q, p(-1) = 3 x (-1) 3-6(-1) 2-5x(-l)+l0=-3-6+5+10 = 6 62Q I
~e.JIG', p(x)6Q x Q ~lg -1 'JIQ p(x) Q 911g 6 62Q I
696Q x Q Q_QY 6Q69 626Q p(x) Q Q_QY 'i9 62Q ?
'JQ1~1 Q6Q 96ll~Q 6!(], ~Q x = 2 S(-Q, 696Q p(2) = 3 x 23-6 x 22-5 x 2+ l 0
= 24-24-10 + 10 = 0 62Q I
-QQ 'tlQ'a§6Q ~1691 2 ~p(x) 'tlQ6glfi~l~Q -QQ §6QI 6QIQ QQQI I
<Cl 0 1lll : ~~ p(x) '<f{jjl ~til~OOIG'll £]QE)gffi~IQ., 'x' '<f{jjl 91~9 '<1°'11141 (3 'x' Q flfg c £JIQ
p(x) = 0 ~'<I, 66169 c ~ £]QE)gffi2'.ll'l p(x) Q '(!{iii ~QI (zero) ~l~l'<l I ~211~ p(x)Q ~QI
'<f{iil '<1°'11141 'c' I 6~QOl6Q p(c) = 0 6iXi' I
£lQE)gffi~l~Q Q6QI {;'~£ltil :

'JQ6glfi~l~Q· §6QI §ttfo. QQQI 'JIQ 'tlQ6glfi~I~~~ 'ig «l6Q' «JY!lg QQ '<lQ 'JQ6g1?1~1~
«l~1GQ61 £109 QQ I '<JQ «l911QQ61 «lYllC.llg Q6Q ~lll!IG' Ql~Q 6~Q Ql~QY!lg~~Q ?l§Q 9121Q
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I
'JQ6gl~~l~Q 96QI ~6£' I QQl2Q61 <;J~'tl 2x + l 'JQ6g1m~Jl~Q 96QI 62QU' -2
I
GIQ61 2x + l= 0 626Q, x = -2 I
- - - < -
~94 . : · 6Ql~'<I n fJIG'll £JQE)gff1~1~Q '<191~{iil n '<1°'11f4{iil 91~9 ~6QI QQ£ll6Q I
QQl2Q61 <;J~'tl, 2x- 6 t)Q6g1?l~IQ~ '<JG Ql91 (3 -Q21Q 6QW 6£11~-<l §6QI ~~; ~121 3,
x2 - 5x + 6 'tl§6gl?l~I~~ ~QIG'l 62~ -Q21Q ~Q~ §6QI 2 (3 3 ~~ I 6«12£JQ ~QIGl1 'tlQ6gl~~l~Q
[ 68 J

&;~@ '§bQI ' 00~ 2'.J~ QqE;Q 6Ql£1'<J Ql'9Q §bQI eJl'<l I QQl2QGJ ~~. x3-8 §Q1rn t]Q()g1?12'.JI~
6Ql~'<l Ql'9Q § 6QI 2 2'.1§ I
~~Q4 : (i) 2'.JGJ~ ~Ql\il Yl6gl?12'.JI~ (~QQ)Q 6"1GJQ '§GQI' g eJl'<l I

(ii) §6QI ~6~1?12'.ll~Q QI 8Q6gl?12'.Jl~Q '§6QI' 6~6"1GJQ Ql'9Q Q 0 ~41 G21g eJl'<l I
(iii) '<llii' 8Q6gl~2'.Jl~Q '<llii'l~Q §6QI eJlg816Q I
@Qli?QGl - 13: p(x) = x 5- 7x 2- 10 626\TI'l (i) p(O) (ii) P(- 2) Q ~Q4 ~~fo. QQ I
"""
ca911e11g:
i) p(x) = x 5- 7x 2- IO => p(O) = 0 5- 7 x 02-10 = - 10 (QGlQ)

ii) p (x) = x 5- 7x 2- IO => p(- 2) = (-2) 5- 7 x (-2) 2- 10 =- 32-2 8-10 = - 70(Q@Q)
I N
@Qli?QGl - 14: p(x) = 3x + 2 Q §GQI ~EiJQ QQ I
ca911e11g : 2'.llQ~4Q 8Q6~1?1~1~ QYlJQQ~~ 62Q§ : 3x
l
+2 = O
a .
t
2
==> 3x = -2 ==> x = --
r
3
:. -f
o
QG) 8Q6~1?1~1~Q §6QI ~6£1 I (GOO)
i a
@Ql~QGl - 15: Q~1~ 6~, x 2 -3x ~QIOl 8Q6gl~2'.ll~Q '§6Ql'~Q 0 '<JQ 3 I
'<1911Cll~ : Q@ 8Q6gl0~1{i;\ x 2 - 3x Q2 Q 0 ~~ I P 0
d
8Q6~10~1{i;\ QYllQQ~~ 62Q§ : x2 - 3x = 0
O
.
==> x (x- 3) = 0 ==> x = 0 QI x = 3
w
:. O '<JQ0 3, x2 -3x t:JQ(;g10~1{i;\Q ~g~ '§GQI' I
w
Wi '<1911Cll~ :
p(x) = x 2 -3x
w
Q@ :
p(x) Q 0 '<JQ0 3 ~Q~ §6QI 626Q Q~IQQllil_ 62Q 6~ p(O) = 0, '<JQ0 p(3) = 0
QQ911g 6Q~QI p(O) = (0)2 - 3 X 0 = 0 0
'<JQ p(3) = (3) 2 - 3 X 3 = 9 - 9= 0
:. 0 '<JQ 3 QG) 8Q6~10~1~,Q §6QI ~£!§ I

0
(QOO)
"'
~Ql2QG1 - 16 : Q~1~ 6~, x 2 +6x + 15 8Q6~10~1~Q '§GQI' ~12 I
'<1911Cll~ : 916~QQ p(x) == x2 +6x + 15
== x 2 +6x + 9+6 = [x 2+ 2. x. 3 + (3)"] + 6

== (x + 3) 2 + 6
( 69 J

'GOl6Q x Q 6QlGlQ Ql~Q y,1g mg (x+ 3 )2 QG118Q ~62 1 696J.. p( x) Q Y119 <(]QQI ~6
6W I
:. p(x) Q 6QlGlQ §6QI 91Q I
3.6 QIQ6«1~ Q~£JIQ4 (3 '(]~IQ g6QIQ {Remainder Theorem and its Application)
QQ£J._ 8Q691fl~l~Y119'- ()gg QIQ~al <(]?flQ9 QQQI Q~Q6Q Q.6~ ~QQG 2'.l~ I ~Y)6Q
Q~l~lge!QI ~g~ QQIQQGlGi_ Q~Y QQ I
~Ql~Q€1 - 17 :
x - 2) x 3 - 3x2 +4x-5(x 2-x+2 , , ~

x3 _ 2x2 , :. x 3 - 3x 2 +4x - 5 ~ (x - 2) ~IQI QIQ QQQ1£J._
_ + QIQ6~~ - I 62QI I
-x2+4x-5 qg~ p(x) = x 3 - 3x 2 +4x - 5 626Q,
-x2+2x p(2) = (2)3 - 3(2) 2 + 4 (2) - 5
+ = 8-12+8-5=-l
2x-5 '0016Q Q'st Q~Y Q£,lU'? 6~696Q6t;;;> p(x)~
2x- 4
(x - 2) ~IQI QIQ Gil£.l.U', 6<(]606Q6t;;;> QIQ6~~ =
- 1
p(2) 6QQ~ I
Q86QI~ <(]GY~ 'GQ Qt:lt:ll~Y Yll.UY16Q gY)GQ ook11g~, ~121~ QIQEi~~ Qt:lt:ll~ (Reminder
Theory) ~21~1'0 I
~Ql~€1 - 18 : ~Q p{x) = x 4 + x 3 +x2 - 5x + l 'GQ q(x) = x + I ~-.q 696Q p{x)Gi_ q(x}

0
~IQI QIQ QQ QIQ6'51~ r(x) ~Q QQ I

Qfll~lg:
x + I ) x 4 + x 3 + x 2 - 5x + I ( x 3+x - 6
x4 + x3
qg~ p(-1) = (-1 ) 4 + (-I )3 + (-1 )2 - 5 (-1 ) + 1
= 1 -1 +I + 5 + 1 = 7
x2 + x
'GOl6Q Q '61 Q!8Y Q£,lU' ?
6~696Q6t;;;> p(x) ~ (x+l)~IQI QIQ QQl~IQ~

-6x + I
6<(]696Q6t;;;> QIQ6~~ = p(-1) 62Q~ I
- 6x - 6
+ +
7.
( 70 J

Q86Ql<ii} QQl\!'QGl ~Q~ Q~4 Q6Q 'iii'I~ 8QQ 6~, 6~696Q6Q p(x) ~ (x-a) ~IQI QIQ
QQQI 6~6 96Q6Q Q IQ6<til~ p(a) 81QQI I
'<l8Q 6Q60 Q ~irj; QQl\!'QGl 6~Q 8Q1~1 QQ 6Q~ I
3.6.1 QIQ6~~ @£]tl!Q4 (Remainder Theorem):

p(x) '-OQ 8Q6~t?l~t~, SCll~IQ QIG' ~ 1 6G'69, P (x) ~ {x - a) ~IQI QIQ Q6Q,
QIQ6~@ P(a) 6~9 I
QG'l : QIQ4 = p(x) l3 Ql'iii'Q = x- a
~1~1€14 : ~~1161QQQl1Ql62Q 6~, QIQ6<til~ = p (a)
~~1€1 : ~6~QQl~IQ QIQOQ = q (x) l3 QIQ6<til~ =r(x)
N
x QIQ0'Q + QIQ6<til~ (Euclidean Algorithm)
I
C'.J IEi ~ 'iii'lq Ei~ , Ql'iii'4 = Ql'iii'Q
~ p (x) = (x - a)
0
C'.J IQ<tilYQ I EiOGJ_ r( x) EiQ@'<J ~QQ ~ ~YI 62Q, ~Ei~QQ r E;2Q I
al .
. q (x) + r(x) '<JOl6Q r(x) Q Ql9, Ql'iii'QQ QIGbJ.. Gq C'.JeJIO, 0 Ei2QI
QQ~I~ QQQ 8~E;Q x = a E;~E;Q 81QQI
r t
o
p (a) = (a - a) q (a) + r ~ p (a) = 0. q(a) + r ~ r = p (a)
~~94 : ( i) '<l2 Q881Q4Q 09~~8 C'.JIE;~ E;Q~81QQI -
p (x)
i a P
= (x- a). q (x) + p (a) .... (l)
d
( ii) QIQE;<til~ Q8811Q4Q QeJ~E;Q p (x) ~x-a ~IQI QIQ ~ QQ, ~Q 2x - a ~IQI QIQ
.O
QQl~IQell~I , 696Q QIQ6<til~ P( ~) 621Qell~l I
w
~~1€1 : p (x) = (2x- a) . q (x) + r
x= i 6~6Q
w 81QQI , P(~)= (2. ~ -a)q(~)+r~ p(~)=o.q(~)+r=>p( ~ )=r
:. r
~6~Q~
w
= P(i )
: '-OQ 8Q6~1?l~l~ p (x) ~(kx- a) ~IQI QIQQ6Q QIQ6~@ P(~) 6~9

(~~@o)
I
~Ql2Q€1 -19 : Ql'iii'4= y 4 - 3y 2 + 2y + 6 Ql'iii'Q= (y+ 1) Q~I QIQ~QIE;Q QIQE;<til~ §Q QQ I

'<l~ICll~ : p(y) = y 4 - 3y 2 + 2y + 6 QIQ6<til~ Q881Q4 C'.J'il_~16Q QIQ6<til~ p(-1 ) 62Q I
p(- 1) = (- 1)4 - 3 (- 1) 2 + 2 (-1 ) + 6 = 1 -3 -2 +6 = 2

: . p(y) ~ (y+ l)~IQI QIQ QE;Q p(- 1) 62Q I
l 71 I

@Ql~Qt,1-20: Qgl Ql£1 ~Ql6Q x 3 -ax 2 + 6x - a Gl_x-a ~IQI Ql£1 QQ Ql£16~~ §Q QQ I
~Q Ql£16~~ I 0 621QeJl-Q 606Q 'a' Q yi1g ~Q QQ I
~Yll~lg : p(x) = x 3 - ax 2 + 6x - a Ql£16~~ Q£ltJIOY ~~((]16Q, Ql£16~~ p(a) 62Q I
p(a) = (a) 3- a x (a) 2 + 6 (a) - a = a3 - a3 + 6a - a = Sa
Iii'~... Ql£16~~ I 0 620... Sa = I 0 => a = 2

: . 'a' Q ~6~Q Yllg 2 ( Q@Q)
@Ql~t,1 -21 : Ql£1~QI Qgl x 3 - 2mx 2 + mx - 1 Gl (x- 2) ~IQI Ql£1 QQQI £16Q ~Q
Ql£16~~ I Q62, 606Q m Q rng ~Q QQ I
c;(']9ll~lg : p(x) = x 3 -2mx 2 + mx - I => p(2) = (2) 3 - 2m(2) 2 + m(2) -I
=> I = 8 - 8m + 2111 - I => 6m = 6 => m = I ( QUIQ)
3.6.2 QIQ6~~ Q~~IQ4Q ~6QIQ (Application of Remainder Theorem):
Ql£1~rn Qg1 «J2g Q'tllQ ~QQri.g6Q IY11£16~~ · §62_'tl61 «12 'tlG6g1~2'.ll~Q GQIOQ1QQG1 mJ
0
Ql8Q I §f)6Q IY'll£16~~ Q'tl'tllOY '<l2 ((] ~g QQIOQ Q'tl'tllOYGl_ ~l~QI '<1Q '<121Q ~6rn£1 QQQI I
0
QQIQQ QOrnQ4 (Factor Theorem) :
p (X) '<JQ €JQ(;g1?l~I~ XJl21Q QIG' ~ 1 '<JQ 0 a '<JQ Ql~Q Q 0 ~41 626Q,
(i) Xl~ p (a)= 0 ~'<I, 6G'6Q (x - a), p(x) Q '<IQ QQIQQ 62Q I
(ii) 9€JQ1G' ~6Yl Xl~ (x - a), p (x) Q '<IQ QQIQQ ~'<I, 6G'6Q p (a) = 0 62Q I
gYilt;J (i): p (x) = (x- a) q (x) + p (a) (Ql£16~~ Q'tl'tllOY)
=(x- a) q (x) [-: p (a)= OJ (06'1)

:. (x - a), p (x) Q -QQ QQIOQ I
gYilt;J (ii) : 6f162~ (x - a), p(x) Q -QQ QQIOQ
~O'<IQ p (x) = (x- a) q (x) (Yl6gQQ)
=> p (a)= (a- a) x q (a)= 0

:. (x - a), p (x) Q '<IQ QQIQQ E)26Q, p (a)= 0 62Q I
QQl~t,l -22 : Q~j~ 6x:J, (x- 3), x 3 -3x 2 + 4x - 12 'tlQ6gl~~l~Q -QQ QQIOQ 62Q I
QY"ll~lg : QQKj'Q ~IQ-! ~~IQl (x-3) ~ ~glf~JIQp(x) Q -QQ QQIOO 62Q ~Q p(3)=0 62Q I
p(x) = x 3 - 3x 2 +4x - 12
:. p(3) = (3) 3 - 3 x (3)2 + 4(3) - 12 = 27 - 27 + 12 - 12 = 0
:. (x- 3), p(x) Q '<JQ QQIQQ 62Q I
( 721

~Qli!'Q6l - 23 : QQIQQ Q881QY ~6QIQ6Q x2- 5x + 6 Q QQIQQ ~~fo. QQ I
QYll~I~ : Y160QQ p (x) = x 2- 5x + 6
x = l 81Q p (I) = ( 1) 2- 5( I) + 6 = l - 5 + 6 = 2
x = - 1 81Q p (- l) = (- 1)2- 5 (- 1) + 6 = I + 5 + 6 = 12
x =2 t]IQ p (2) = (2)2- 5 (2) + 6 = 4 - 10 + 6 = 10- 10 = 0
:. (x - 2) , p (x) Q '<IQ QQIQQ I
f
QQY110 ~~G QQIQQ (x - 2) iti:IQI p (x) ~ QIQQQQI I

x - 2 ) x2 - 5x + 6 ( x - 3
x 2 -2x
+
. IN
l
-3x+6
a
-3x+ 6
+
r t
o
0
P
QIQ<tJ'Q (x-3), p (x) Q ~0Y '<IQ QQIQQ I
:. x2 - 5x + 6 = (x - 2)(x - 3)
i a
d
~Ql~6l - 24 : QQl\i'Q Q881QYQ ~6QIQ6Q x3+ 2x2- x - 2 Q QQIOO ~t\]Q QQ I
.O
<a~l~I~ 3
: Y160QQ p(x) = x + 2x -x-2 2
x = l 626Q p( 1) = ( 1)3 + 2 ( l )2 - 1) - 2 = 3 - 3 = 0
w
(
:. (x - 1), p(x) Q '<IQ QQIQQ .......... (i)
w
Q.0~ x =- l 626Q, p( - 1) = (-1)3 + 2 (-1) 2 -{-1)-2= -1+2+1-2 = 0
w
:. (x + 1), p(x) Q ~0Y '<JQ QQIQQ ........ (ii)
Q.0~ x = - .2 626Q, p( - 2) = (-2) 3 + 2 (-2) 2 -{-2)-2= -8+8+2-2 = 9
:. (x + 2) YI~ p(x) Q ~gy '<IQ QQl\i'Q I ... .... (iii)
(i), (ii) (3 (iii) ~x 3 +2x 2 -x-2=(x-l)(x+ l)(x+2)
~~I : p (x) Q QQIQQ~ ~l~QI 86Q GI' ~IQI p (x) ~ QIQ QQ QIQ<tJ'Q ~40. QQl~l'<l
~~ QIQ<tJ'Q~ '<JQQIG1 621Qell'<l 9121 ~IQ~YQ QQIOO 629 I ~IQ<tJ'Q~Q QIG l ~ ~CJQ 621Qf.!6Q
QIQ<tf~ q ( x) Y160QQ Q.~ ~Q 8eii'9 ~~t;(]l(;Q ~Q t;(]~Q QQl\i'Q1QQ~ QQl~l'<l II
~fl~: Q86Ql'ii} QQl00~6Q Q!aY QQ p(x) Q §~6QI~ §6QI t;(]~Q 62QI I

'<1016Q p(x) Q §6QI 'q)_~Q 626Q 1, -1 (3 -2 I
l 73 J

~eJfo, x Q 911g I , - I (3 -2 rnQ' p(x) = 0 ()QQI I
( i) 8Q()gl0~11ii{~ QfJIG'1 ()Q~ -<JQIQ ~()gl~ §()QI «JgQ ()QQI (<'.J~Elil''ii'J.5)

(ii) 8Q()gl0~11ii{Q ()~()G'()QI~ §()QI. «JgQ; 8Q()gl¢1<'.Jllii{Q ()«J()G'()QI~ '<JQQIG'1 QQIQQ
§llfo. «JgQ I
~~l~Qt;i - 25 : k Q 91QY
.... ()Q()t;i ()Q()Q 8Q()gl¢1<'.Jllii{
3
4x + 3x 2 - 4x k Q x - 1 '<JQ QQIQQ ()2Q I
~ml~I~ : El~El~x - I, t:JQ()gl¢1('.Jllii{ p(x) = 4x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x + k Q '<JQ QQl'tl'Q,
~9-<JQ P( I ) = 0 62Q I
Q~911g P( I) = 4 x 13 + 3 x 12 - 4 x I + k = 0
==> 4 + 3 - 4 + k = 0 ==> 3 + k = 0 ==> k = - 3 ( Q6l6l)
:. k ~l 911g - 3 t:JIQ Q~ 8Q()glf1('.JllTitQ (x - I) -<JQ QQIQQ ()QQ I
?.J~~,Q~1 3 (b)
I . QIQ~Q[ «l\!tlQg gQQ ~()9YQ 'Sg()Q QIQE;~~ ()Q()G' ()QQ §~fo QQ I
i) QI~ x3 + x2 + x + I '<JQ~ iii11~Q x - I ,
ii) Ql\i'lf x3 - x 2 + x - I '<JQ ~lgQ x + I, 0
iii) ~1gy 2x3 - 3x + 4 '<JQ QI~ 2x - I ~ 0
iv) QI~ t4 - t 3 + t 2 - t + I '<JQ Ql~Q t + 2 0
2. (a) p(x) = 8x 3 -2x2 + 5x - 6 ()Q()Q,
(i) p(O) (ii) p(I) (iii) p(- 1) (iv) p (2) (v) P(~) §($fo QQ I
(b) §8Q~t;1 £1Q()glf1<'.Jllii{ 911g_,..Q '§()QI' §~£161 QQ I

(i) p(x) = 3x 2 + 4x + I (ii) p(x ) = ex - d (c~ 0)
2
(iii) p(z)=4z - l (iv) p(y) = (y·- l)(y+2)
3. t.JQ()gl0<'.Jllii{ p(x)Q ()Ql~'<l QQIQQ §4Q lii'Q ~Q,
(i) p(- J) = 0 ~'<l I (ii) p(2) = 0 ~'<l I
(iii) p(~) =0 ~'<l I ( iv) P( ~ ) =0 ~'<l I
4. §Y)Q~W t.JQ()gl0('.Jllilt 911g_,.. 91~~ Ellii'Q ()QQ £JQ()glf1<'.JllTitQ x+ I '<llii' QQl'tl'Q <'.J()~ ?
(i) x 3+x 2+x+ I . (ii) x 4+x 3+x 2+x+ I
(iii) x 4+ 3x 3+ 3x 2+x+ I (iv) x3- x 2- (2 + ./2) x - J2
5. ()QQ ()QQ t.JQ()glfl<'.Jllilt p(x) Q t.JQ()gl~~llilt g(x) '<l~' Q'(JIQQ ()QQ ?
(i) p(x} = 2x 3 + x 2 - 2x - I. g(x) = x + I
f 74 I
PK-01-29-17

(ii) p(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + l, g(x) = x + 2
(iii) p(x) = x 3 - 4x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x - 3
6. 8Q6~1~~1~ p(x) Q x- 1-.QQ QQIQQ 626@ k Q ~I~ §~a QQ I
(i) p(x) = x 2 + x + k (ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + J2
2 2
(iii) p(x) = kx -J2x + l (iv) p(x) = kx + 3x + k
7. ~IQ6~~ Q881Q4 'Y6QIQ6Q ~IQ6~~ §~a QQ I
(i) (x 4 - I)+ (x+ l) (ii) (x 3 - 3x +7) + (x-2)
(iii) (x 2 - 3x +2)+ (x+3) (iv) (2x 2 -x- 1) + (2x-l)
8. QQIQQ Q881Q4 ~6QIQ6Q §~l} 8Q6~1~~1~ <qJ__gGi QQIQQ6Q Q6~~61 QQ I
(i) x 2 - 7x + 12 (ii) x2- 3x - 4
{iii)x3 -2x 2 -x+2 (iv)y 3 +y 2 -2y-2
N
~Q x 2 - I , ax4 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx +e 8Q6~1~~1Q_Q -QQ <q}_61~1QQ ~'{], 6g6Q 'Y~l61QQ6~
I
9.
l .
a+c+e=b+d=O
a
10. ~Q (x- 1), x 2 + mx + 1 8Q6~1~~1Q_Q QQIQQ ~'<J, 6g6Q 'Y~l61 QQ6~ (x- m),
t
x 3+3x2+3x+2 8Q6~1~~1Q_Q -QQ QQIQQ 6W I ·.
11. Q~j~ 6~, x 2 + 2x + 3 tlQ6~1~~1~Q 6§161Q §6QI ~12' I
o r
P
12. ooi~ 6~, 1, -1 <3 3 tlQ6~1~~1~Q x 3 -3x2 - x +3 Q 6Ql~-Q 6Q~I~ §6QI ~~§ I
a
'b' Q 6QQ ~I~ 81Q x 3 -3x2 + bx-6 tJQ6~1~~1~Q (x- 3) ~IQI Q~l~4 ?
i
13.
d
14. ~Q x 2 - bx+ c = (x + p )(x --q) ~-Q 6Q6Q x 2 - ,PXY.+ cy 2 Q QQIQQ §4a QQ I
- -
.O
. .
3. 7 ~QEicn'IYl~l~Q ~QICCi'~l~Q~ (Factorisation·of Polynomials) :
w
Q_Q 6~6116Q X(6~~16~ t:IQ6~1~~1~Q QQIQQ1QQ61 Q2 t:IQ~G' I §~ 6Q69 Ii_~ 'Y6QIQ6Q
00~ 8Q6~1~~1~Q QQIQQ1QQ61 ~16Qlit>'~I QQl~IQf,!QI I 6Q~~Q 62@1 - .
w
(a± b) 2 = a2 ± 2ab-+: b 2, a2 -b2 =(a+ b) (a-b), (x +a) (x+b) = x 2 + (a+b)x+ab Q941Q I
w
8Q6~1~~1~ ~~iq;i£i Q.QI.~ -QQ
0
_l"ill.'<11.~ . §~a §~61 QQIQQ1Q~61Q Q~~ ~IQ~4Q91
Q2~ I 6'<lf,!81Q 6Q69Q ~~Q Ii_~ QI ~6~00 ~16QIQ~I ~IQ~4Q I
6§161Q 6~QQ '<! 0 ~41Gi 6Q69Q 6?i!QQ c.(J!'~41Q <q161~1QQ GJ..6tl 'YQl<ijl QQl~QI Q~Q ~6~
~~ ~QQg ~ii' I 6'<12t:IQ Q1~Ql~QQ t:IQ~~l~~l~Gi 6Q69Q Q1~Ql~QQ B?i!Qi;ni Ql~Q ~61~1QQ
~68 rn.1 'YQl<ijl QQl~IQe.Jl'<J I -Q2 'YQIQ 'YQI~~ 'Y611~1Gi QQIQQ1QQ61 (Factorisation) Gi21~1-Q
'<l~ QQ~ 6?i!QQ Ql~~gGi 00 8Q6~1~~1~Q <q}_61~1QQ QI QQIQQ (Factors) Gi21~1Qe.Jl'<J I
~E)g~ - 1: (a+ b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab 2 + b3 §ri.1 (a+ b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a+ b)
~YI!(! : Ql~8!S =(a+ b) 3 =(a+ b) 2 x (a+ b) (Q 1ll!I)
0
= (a2 + 2ab + b 2) (a+ b)

·u. , ,. ' \ l.·i_"" ..
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= a 2(a + b) + 2ab(a + b) + b 2(a + b)
= a 1 + a 2b + 2a 2b + 2ab 2 + ab 2 + b3
2
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3 = a3 + b3 + 3a 2b + 3ab
= a 1 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = Q~Gl rn~
:. (a b) 3 = a-' + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 +b3 = a 3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
('.J6QQ - 2: (a - hJ ' ~- a ; -- 3a2h 1- 3ab2- bJ §m (a - b) 3 = a 1 - b3 - 3 ab (a - b)
tyf1161 : ~6QQ ( J) £.l.. (a + b )J = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + bJ t:llQ6¥r I '-QOIElQ b OQQE)Q -b
6Q~6Q 81Q-., l la h) ' "" a ' - 3a~b + 3ab 2 - b 3 = a3 - b3 - 3a 2b + 3ab 2
~ (a - b) 1 = a1 - b3 - 3ab(a-b)
~ElQQ - l <3 ~ElQQ - 2 £.l.. 81QQI a3 + 3a2b + 3ab 2 + b3 = (a + b )3 '-QQ

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a 1 - 3a 2b + 3ab2 - b3 =(a - b )3
~6QQ - 3 : a-'+ b3 = (a + b)(a 2 - ab + b 2)
I ~,';''
'Yf1161 : ~6QQ - I £.l.. t:llQQI :
Ql<;IOI~ =a 3
+ h 3 =(a + b) 3 - 3ab(a + b) =(a+ b) {(a+ b) 2 -:-3ab}
= (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2 - 3ab) = (a+ b) (a 2- ab + b 2 ) = Q~Gl rn~
:.a 3 + b 1 = (a + b)(a 2 - ah+b 2)
, '· d - -I '
('.J6QQ - 4 : a ' - h' = (a - b) (a + ab + b-)
'Yf1161 : ~6Q0 - 3 £.l.. 81Q6Q ~~ .t, 1~!.= (a+ b,) (a 2- ab+ b2)
'-QOIElQ 'b' flQQ6ul (- b) 6Q~6Q t:llQQI a3 - b 3 = (a - b) (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Q.~.: ~ElQQ (1) <3 (2) £.l.. O~l~QGl ~IQI ~6QQ (3) (3 ~6QQ (4) ~ Htl t:llQ t:llQQI I
~6QQ - 5: a4 + a 2b 2 + b 4 = (a 2 + ab+ b 2) (a 2 - ab+ b2 )
Qlr;irn'4 = a4 + a2b2 + b4 = a4~t 2a2b2 + b4 - a2 b2

= (a 2) 2 + 2.a2.b 2 + (b 2) 2 v '~b)7 = (a 2 + b2 ) 2-(ab)2
= (a 2 + b 2 + ab) (a2 + b2 - ab)
= (a 2 +ab+ b 2) (a 2 - ab+ b2) = Q~Gl rn<tJ
:. a4 a 2 b2 + b4 = (a 2 +ab+ b2) (a 2 - ab+ b2 ) •
~16Ql~O ~6Q«t~91n' <.C1121~46Q Q\;;'OQ QIOI~ Q~~ 6Q60Q flQ6gl~~IQ_Q QQIQQ1QQ61

<Jm;i I 6<J~9~ 9~6Q Q~lgQI I
I. x6 + / '= (x2)J + (y2)1
= (x2 + y2) l(x2)2 _ x2.y2 + (y2)2} (~G\;!Q _ 3)
176)

= (x2 y ~) (x4 _ x~y 2 + y4)
: . xr, - y6 = (x2+ y2) - (x4- x2y2 + y4)
2. x" _ y6 = (x2)J _ (y2).i
= (x2- y2) {(x2)2 + x2.y2 + (y2)2} (~G~Q _ 4)
= (x2- y2) (x4 + x2y2+y4)
:. xo - y6 = (x2- y2) (x4+ x2y2 + y4) = (x+y) (x- y) (x2+xy + y2) (x2- xy +y2)
~6QQ - 6 : a3 b3+c3- 3abc = (a+b+c) (a2+b2+c 2- ab- bc- ca)
~~1€1 : Ql~'t:ll~ = a3+b3 +c3- 3abc
= (a 3 b3)+c3- 3abc
= (a+b)3- 3ab (a+b)+c 3-3abc ....... (~6QQ - 3)
= {(a+b)3 +c 3 }-3ab (a+b)-3abc
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= {(a+b)+c} 3-3 (a+b) c {(a+b)+c}-3ab (a+b+c)
al
t
= (a+b+c) 3-3 (a+b) c (a+b+c)-3ab (a+b+c) (~6~Q - 3 )
= (a+b+c) {(a+b+c)2- 3c (a+b)-3ab-}, , rl ·. r. ' ...r \ ;
(a+b+c) (a2+b 2+c 2+2ab+2bc+2ca-:Jca-3bc-3ab.). .
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~6QQ - 7 : ax 2 +bx+ c = -(ax+p) (ax+q) 6fCJ696Q6'in' a-:;:. 0, b = p + q '<JQ ac = pq 0
a .
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a : c' ,, ,
w
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~1~6Q pq 6Q~)
a
w
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= - (a2x 2+apx+aqx+pq) = - {ax ( ax+p )+q (ax+p)}
a a
I
= - (ax+p) (ax+q)
; a
'<J_WI : '<JC',!~ Y.1~ 6fCJ ax 2+bx+c ~IQIQ Q~~ 8Q6~1~~1{;;\6Q fCJi;;, x (',!QI 8QQ Q2Q b ~ p
(3 q ~§ Ql~Q QY!ij '<]Q° x2 't)QQ Q2Q a '<JQ 0
~QQ 8Q c Q cq)_sKl''in'~p (3 q Q <q}_6Kl'Q £2_68 \JQI~
QQ62Qf,1Q 696Q, Q~ 8Q6~1~~1{;;\Q QQIQQ Q6cq\,~Gl QQ62Q I
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QQl~QQ - 26 : QQIQG1GQ61 Q~l~ : a3+b 3+a+b
((]f'llCll~ : a 3+b 3+a+b = (a 3+b3)+(a+b)
= (a+b) {a 2- ab+b2)+(a+b) ( W)QQ - 3)

= (a+b) (a2- ab+b2+ I) ( QGlQ)
QQl~Q - 27 : QQIQG1GQ61 Q~l~ : 125p3- 27q 3- 225p2q+ I 35pq 2
((]f'llCll~ : I 25p 3- 27q 3- 225p2q+ I 35pq 2 = I 25p 3- 225p 2q+ I 35pq 2-27q
3
= (5p)3- 3.(5p) 2.3q+3.5p'(3q) 2-(3q)3 = (5p-3q) 3 = (5p-3q) (5p-3q) (5p-3q) (Q@Q)
QQl~Q - 28 : QQIQG1GQ61 Q~l~ : 64a6-b6

((]f'llCll~ : 64a6-b6 = (8a3 ) 2-(b3 )2 = (8a3+b 3) (8a 3- b3) ( ·: x 2 -y 2 = (x+y)(x-y))
= {(2a)3+{b)3} {(2a) 3-(b)3}
= (2a+b) {(2a) 2-2a.b+(b)2} (2a-b) {(2a) 2+2a.b+(b)2} (~E>QQ - 3 "<IQ 0 ~E)QQ - 4)
= (2a+b) (4a 2-2ab+b2)(2a-b) (4a2+2ab+b 2) .
= (2a+b) (2a-b) (4a2-2ab+b 2) ( 4a2+ 2ab+b2) (QOO)

QQl~Q - 29: QQIQG1GQG1 Q~l~: x.8+9x4y 4+8ly4
((]f'llCll~: x8+9x4y 4 +8ly 4 = (x2 ) 4+(x 2) 2 • (3y)2+(3y) 4
= {{x2) 2+x 2 • 3y+(3y)2} {(x2) 2-x 2• 3y+(3y)2} (~E>QQ -5)
= (x4+3x 2y+9y 2) ( x4-3 x2y+9y 2) : ( QGlQ)
QQl~Q - 30 : QQIQG1GQG1 Q~l~ : 8x3+27y 3-8+ 36xy

((]f'llCll~: 8x3+27y 3-8+36xy = (2x) 3+(3y) 3+(-2) 3-3. 2x. 3y. (-2)
= {2x+3y+ (-2)} {(2x)2+(3y)2+(-2)2-2x.3y-2x(-2)-3y(-2)} (~E>QQ -6)
= (2x+3y-2) (4x2+9y 2+4-6xy+4x+6y) (QGlQ)
QQlii'QQ - 31 : QQIQG1GQG1 Q~l~ : 14m 3-4n 3+9m 2 n

I
'<lf'llCll~: l 4m 3-4n 3 +9m 2n 3 3 2
=
2 (28m -8n + l 8m n)
I I
= '2 (27m 3+m 3- 8n 3+ l 8m 2n) = 2 {(3m) 3
+(m) 3 +(-2n) 3-3.3m.~.(-2n)}
I 2 2
(~E>QQ -6)
=
2 (3m+m- 2n) {(3m) +(m)2+(-2n) -3m.m-m(-2n)-(-2n).3m}
I
= (4m-2n) (9m 2+m 2+4n 2-3m 2+2mn+6mn)
2
178 I

= _.!_ (4m- 2n) (7m 2+4n 2+8mn)
2
= _.!_ 2(2111- n) (7m 2+4n 2+8mn) = (2m- n) (7m2+8mn+4n 2) (QG'lQ)

2
QQl~Q61 - 32: 3x2 - 2x - 8 ts!Ql'li'GG1GQGI Q~j~ :
Q~l~I~: ~6~Q - 7 ~~~1"'1 - 2 QQ~6Q { (-6) + 4} 6Q~QI
GIQGI (- 6) X 4 = (- 8) X 3 [·: ax 2 + bx+ c €JQ601~~1Q.6£\ b = p+q '<JQ ac = pq )

0
Q6l tJQ601~~1Q, = 3x 2 - 2x - 8 = 3x 2 + (-6 ~ 4) x - 8

= 3x 2 - 6x + 4x - 8 = 3x (x-2) + 4 (x -2) = (x- 2)(3x+4) (Q@Q)
N
~ I . .. ~
I
QGi Q~l~I~: QCJIQ~~ ax 2 +bx+ c =-(ax+ p)(ax + q) 'i_~ ~6QIQ GQQI
.
a
l
6~6Q696~ p = - 6 '<]QO q = 4
3x2 + (-2)x + (-8) = .!_ (3x -6)(3x+4) = (x - 2)(3x + 4)

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(a) (x-2) (3(x+1), (b) (x+2) (3 (x-1), (c) (x--:2) (3 (x-1) (d) (x+2) (3(x+1)
(ii) '<JG ~QIQ1 8Q6~1~~1Q_Q QQl'ti'G 'i(Q (x-1) (3 (x-3) 626Q 8Q601~~1Q.~
(a) x 2-4x-3
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(b) x2-4x+3 (c) x 2+4x-3 (d) x 2+4x+3
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(c) (x2+y2) (x+y)2 (d) (x2+y2) (x-y)2
(iv) 8a3-b3-12a2b+6ab 2 Q QQl'li'G ~§Q
(a) (2a-b ),(2a+b ),(2a+b) (b) (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b)
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(c) (25+5x 4 +x4 ), (25-5x 4+x4 ) ( d) (25 - 5x4+x4 ) , (25+5x4 - x 4)
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(C) 60\) z (d) '<leJ 0~£J_ 6Ql61~£i ~62 I
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(:\ ) - \ ~ -- :-.: - I Q 6 Ql~'<l Q\)IQQ
(a) 2_\ - I (bh + I (c)x - 1) (d) x + 2

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(v ii) 2 x ~ 5x - 7 (viii) 4x 2- 5x+ I (ix) 4x 2 - 3x - 7
3. Q\)IQQ6Q Q6~~61 QQ I
(i)25a 4- l6b 2 . (ii) 9-64p 2q2 (iii) 8x3 + 27y 3 (iv) 8x3 - 27y 3
(\) (a+ b)c__9 (\'i) (2a+5f-16 (vi i) (x+2y) 2-(x-y)2 (v ii i) 4 (a+2p) 2- 9 (2a-p)2
. .(ix) 75 (2a- b+ If- 12 (a+b)2 (x) (a+b) 3 - 8c 3
(xi) p~-27pq" (xi i) l-(a+2) 3 (xiii) 8-(2x-3)3
( ·iv) 320p 'q-5p 2q 7
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(xx) ( h-·, ( c- q )3 - 3 (b-c) (b-q) (c-q)
.+. Q\)IQQ6Q Q6£il~61 QQ I
(i)a 4 a2 + I (ii) a4 b4 + a2b2 + l (i ii ) l6a 4 + 36a 2b2 + 8lb4
(iv)a x+ a 4 + I (v) x4 + 4 (vi) 2a4 + 8b4
(vii) 36a 1 • 9b 4 (vii i)4a4 +7a 2 + 16 (ix)a 4 +2a 2b 2 + 9b 4
(x) a4 - 3a2 + I (xi) 25a 4 - I 9a 2 b2 +9b 4 (xii) 9x 2 + y 2 + 6xy - 4z 2
(xiii) I <> -- x 2 - 24y + 9y" (xiv) (a 2 - b2 ) (x 2 - y 2 )--4abxy
(xv) (a 2 + b2 J(x ' -- : =) - 2ab (x" + i>
1so I

/, r
5. ~!QIQQ6Q Q6<&l,~Gl QQ I
3
(i) a + b +
3
X
3
- 3abx (ii) 8a3 + b 3 + c 3 - 6abc (iii) a3 + b ' _ x+ 6ah
3 1
(i v) P - 27111 -
3 3
n· - 91mn (v) (a - b) + (c - b) +(a - c)-' - 3 (a - b) (h - c) (c - a)
(vi) a"+ 4a 3 - I (vii) X3 + 72 - 24x (viii) 111° + 7m 3 - 8 (ix) a·' + ~ + 1 (a-;: 0) .

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(x) r"+ 4Sr3 - 8 (xi) 16x3 - 54y'' - 2z3 -36xy 2z (xii)a ~ -r h' - 1
c·'+ ~1h~
27
(xiii) 27a3 - 8b6 + 125c3 + 90ab 2c (xiv) (2x+ 3)3 + (3x ~2,-' -- (5x-~ I) '
6. a + b + .c = 0 626Q Q~I~ 6~, a 3 + b-; + c 3 = 3 abc
7. (x- y) 3 + (y - z) 3 + (z-x)3 Q QQIQQ~~~ §~Q QQ I
8. Q~I~ 6~, x 3 + y 3 +z3 -3xyz = -icx+y+z) ((x-y) 2 + (y-zf + (z-:-xf
. I N L
3.8 : OQ6g1?;~1~~1g.-Q Q.«11.~ (H.C.F. of Polynomials):
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Cl01~Q 'ft._~ Q0 ~Yll~Q QQ~ QICllQGl <q]_G101QQ (Q.«11.~ ~Q QQQI di\.;l El~<q]_~ GQl0Q6Q
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Q6'&j~Gl QQl~IQeJl-<l I -<l21 Q.6~ <Ct._Q£.l. ~I~~ I 8Q60~~1Q<q]_~QQ Q.'<JI. £J.: ~tUQ QQQI t:l!Q <fl~
8Q60~~1Q_~~QQ GQIQQ ~~Q QQQI <'.JIQ~YQ I QQIQQ1QQG1 ~~Ul ~YJ <'.J6?Q l 'i~ IQQ1) <qL9QQ
C'.Jl~~YQ~I ~~ I
~Q : x 2 + (a+b) x +ab= (x+a) (x+b);
i a P
d
x 2 + 2xy + y 2 = (x+y) 2 ;
x 2 - 2xy + y 2 = (x-y) 2 ;
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x 2 +y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = (x+y+z)2 ;
w
. x2-y2 = (x +y)(x -y):
x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 = (x+y)3 :
w
x 3 - 3x2y + 3xy 2 - y 3 = (x-y)3 ;
x3+y3 = (x +y)(x2 -xy + y2);
w
x3-y3 = (x -y) (x2 +xy + y2);
x4+x2y2+y4 = (x2+xy +y2) (x2-xy +y2);
x4-y4 = (x2 +y2) (x+y)(x- y); .
x6+y6 = (x2 +y2) (x4-x2y2+y4);
x6-y6. = (x +y) (x-y)(x2+xy+y2)(x2-xy+y2) '<lQo
. : -~
a3+ b3+ c3- 3abc. =(a+ b + c) (a 2+b 2+c - ab - be - ca)

2
~QI g6gl~¢.!Q 8Q601~~1Q~~QQ QQIQQ §~Q QQQI 86Q 6«l<qj_~QQ Q.«11.COJ.: (H.C .F. )
~ .
'<JQO Q.Ql.IOJ: (L.C.M.) ~Q QQl~l-<l I ~ < ~~

'<J•sa1 : £iQ6gl?ifll~~~~Q ~QI~~ Q6~@Q~ ~~?JQI «JQI~~ Ql~I-- ~~~ «llCll~Q
~QI~~~ ~Q£J'9 ~Gl OQ6gl?i~l~~~~Q Q.«11.~. I
I 81 I

QQl\?QGI ~~8 : 36x2y3 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3x x xx x ) xYxY
. 60xy2z = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 x x x y x y x z
GlQIQ~~~ Q~~ Q6Q ~~1'11~;~ 36x2y 3 6Q 2 2QeJQ, 3 2Q eJQ, x 2Q eJQ (3 Y
G§eJQ ~G1g1Qg QIQ6Q Q~~ I ,.
6«128Q 60xy 2z 6Q 2 2QeJQ, 3 '<JQeJQ, 5 '(]QeJQ, x '(]QeJQ, Y 2QeJQ (3 z '<lQeJQ
~G1g1Qg QIQGQ Q2~ I
~Q'<JQ QQQ Y16gl~~IQ6Q Q§4i «JICllQGI ~G1g1QQ QIQ6Q 2 2QeJQ, 3 '(]Q 'eJQ, X
'<lQeJQ, Y 2QeJQ Q~ I ,·,

~·
6GIGJ. 36x y (3 60xy 2z Q Q.«11.~..
2 3
=::r,,)I( 2 x 3 x xx y x y = 12 xy
2
(Q6X>l)
Q~IS!'Q~ - 33 : ..... ·
2 3
30x y z", 45x 5
y4z 3 (3 75x3y's~·.·Q Q .«11.~.. §t9Q QQ I
<arn~I~:
30x2y 3z4 = 2 x 3 x 5 x x2 x 3 x ~4 Y
45x5y 4z3 = 32 x 5 x x 5 x y 4 ~ -:z.,3
75x 3y 5z6 = 3 x 52 x x3 x y 5 X. if'
6XilGJ. 00 Y!()gl~~l~~~QQ ((11~61 £J.G1~1QQ 626Q 3, 5, X, y (3 Z I
3, 3 (3 3 Y1~6Q «JQICJ_Q Ql6'1"°~~~ QICllQGI
2
~G1~1QQ = 3
5, 5 (3 5 Y1~6Q «JQlctg Q1g1q'A~ QICllQ61 ~G1~1QQ = 5
2
x2, x 5 (3 x 3 YltU6Q «JQICJ_Q QIGll'ft ~~ QICllQGI ~G1g1QQ = x 2

y 3, y4 C3 y 5 Y1~6Q «JQICJ_Q QIGll-r·9i~ QICllQGI ~G1~1QQ =y 3
'<JQ z", z3 (3 z6 Y1~6Q QQICJ_Q QIGll~ ~~~ QICllQ61 ~61~1QQ = z3
0
:. Q@Y16~1~~1~~~QQ Q.~1 ;~;.:,. = 3 x 5 x x 2 x y 3 x z3 = 15x2 y 3 z3 (Q@Q)

Q~IS!'Q~ - 34 : x 2 -4 (3 2x2+ 4x }~.QI.~. §t9Q QQ I
<a~l~I~: x 2-4 = x 2- 22 = (x+2) (~~i)
2x + 4x = 2x (x+2) :~''.
2
:. Q.QI.~. = (x+2) (Q~Q)
Q~li?Q~ -35: 2x -10x+ 12, 3x ; 18x+27 (3 x 3 -27QQ.«JI.~. §t9QQQ I

2 2
"''
<Cl~l~I~ : 2x2·-1 Ox+ 12 = 2(x2-5x ·~ . 6) . = 2 ( x 2-2x - 3x + 6)
=;:_.· 2{x(x-2) -3 (x-2)} = 2(x-2) (x -3)
2 2
3x - 18x +27 = 3(x ,J& +9) = 3{x2-2.x.3 + 32) = 3 (x -3)2
x 3-27 = x 3 - 33 = (x ;_3) {x2 + 3x + 9)
:. Q.'<11.~. = x-3 ( Q~Q)
( 82]
PK-0 ·29-17
..
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3.9: 0Q6~1?1W~I~ Q.~I.~: (Lowest Common Multiple or L.C.M. of Polynomials):
Q.'<ll.~_. g4Q QQI GQ Q.'<ll.~_. ~Q lii'QQI GIQ ~eJ6Yl GQ6g1?1W~'OJ.~lii'Q QQ_IQ1ii'1QQGI
~IQ{ilYlii' 621QeJl'<I I§~ Q.'<ll.~J.. g~G61 GIQ <C!Qi~lii' Ql91~ Q~~ QQ_IQQ'Oj_~~ Q~UCllQeJl'<I I
QQl2Q€1 - 36: 8x 2y. I Oy 2z (3 12xyz2 Q Q.<Cll.'Oj_. g4Q lii'Q
8x 2y = 2 x 2 x 2 x x 2 x y
IOy 2z = 2 x 5 x y 2 x z
l 2xyz2 = 2 x 2 x 3 x x x y x z 2
2 Q <;]Qj~Q Ql91'ii Q~~ 'OJ.61g1QQ =23, 3 Q <aQl~lii' Ql91~ Q~~ 'OJ.61g1QQ =3
N
-S Q <CIQl~lii' Ql91'" Q~~ 'Oj_61g1QQ =5, x Q <aQl~lii' Ql91'" Q~~ <OJ.61g1QQ =x
2
l . I
y Q <;]Qj~Q Ql91'" Q~~ 'OJ.61g1alii' = y2, (3 z Q <;JQl~lii' Ql91'" Q~~ ~61g1QQ = z2
a
:. g640. Q.<;:11 :q. = 23 x 3 x 5 x x 2 x y 2 x z 2 = 120x2 y 2 z2 ( QQQ)
r t
~. 0 &1 : GQE>g1~~1~q~QQ <alCJIQ61 q~G'Qfllg~ Y!~E>Q <a9{?Y,J QIG' 9~fi <alCJIQ€1
o
QQIQlii'q~QQ q61~Q~ <a~~ GQE>g1~~1~q~QQ ~.<a1.q. ~21ftll'<I I
P
QQl2Q61 - 37: 3x 3 -24, 8x2-32x +32 (3 3x2+12x + 12 Q Q.<;:11.'0j_. g4Q lii'~l
~fllCJlg:
i a
3x 3 -24 = 3 (x 3 -8) = 3 (x 3 -2 3) = 3 (x -2) (x2 + 2x + 4)
d
8x 2- 32x + 32 = 8(x2- 4x +4) = 2 3 (x-2) 2
3x2+ 12x + 12 = 3 ·( x 2+4x + 4) = 3(x + 2) 2
.O
:. g6~Q Q.<Cll.~_. = 2 3 x 3(x+2)2(x-2)2 ( x2 + 2x + 4)
w
= 24 (x + 2)2 (x-2)2( x 2 + 2x + 4) ·
~~~1~~1
w
- 3 ( d)
w
(i) xy 2, x 2y (ii) 6a3b2 , 8a2b 3. (iii) 12a2b4c, 15ab2c 3
(iv) x2y2, x3y, xy3 (v) 144x3y9z.,, 108x6y6 z6
2. Q .((]I.~ g~Q lii'Q -
(i)x 2-l , x 2 +x (ii) a 3 -ab2, a 3 -b3
(iii) 4a2 -b 2, b2 -2ab (iv) (x-1) 3, (l-x) 2
(v) x2 -xy + y2, x4 + x2y2 + y4 (vi) 6(a2 -4b 2) , IO(a3- 8b 3)
(vii) x 2 + 7x + I 2, x 2 + 9x + 20 (viii) 4x 3 -9x, 16x3 + 54, 2x2 + Sx +3
(ix) a 2 - b 2-c 2 -2bc, a 2 + b2-c2 + 2ab
(x) a 2 -b2 -c 2 -2bc, b 2 -c 2 -a2 --2ca, c 2-a2-h2 -2.a b
(xi) 8a 2 - 14 ab+ 6b 2, 15a2 + 18ab -33b2, 9a2b - 7ab2 - 2b3
(xii) (a+b)x 2 - (2a +b) bx+ ab 2, (a-b)x 2 - (2a-b)bx + ab 2
( 83 J

2
(xii) c - 2ab- a 2 - b 2, aJ + bJ + cJ- 3abc, b 2 - 2ca - c 2 - a2
(xiv) a 3 - bJ- cJ - 3abc, a 2- b 2 - c 2- 2bc
3. ~iHl I.~.: ~~Q QQ -
(i) 3a3b, 4a 2b (ii) 6a2bJ, 4aJb4 (iii) 20a2bJc4, 34a3c 5
(iv) 3a 2b. 4ab 2, 6ab (v) 25xJy 2z 2, 30x yJzJ, x yJz 2
2 3
4. Q.l(]I.~_. ~~Q QQ -
(i) a 2 + ab, ab - b 2 (ii) 3(x 2 -y 2), 4(x 2 + xy)
(iii) x 3 + y 3, x 2y + xy 2 (iv) 6aJb - 12 a 2b 2, 8a3 -64b3
(v) (x-y)3, x 2 -y 2 (vi) x 2 - xy, (x-y) 2, x 2 -y 2
(vii) 6(a+b)2, 8(a2-b 2) , 12 (a-b) 2 (viii) 2x 2 + Sx-3 , 4x 2 --4x +1
(ix) 3a2 + 8a + 4, a2 + 2a (x) 6x 2 -Sx -6, 4x3 -12x2 + 9x
(xi) 3xJ + 5x 2 -2x, 6x2 + 14x + 4, 9xJ -x
(xii) x 2 + xy + yz + zx, y 2 + xy + yz + zx, z2 + xy + yz + zx
(xiii) a 2 - ab - ac +be, b 2 -be -ab+ ca, c 2 -ca -be +ab
(xiv) a 2 - b 2 - c2 - 2bc, b 2-c 2 -a2 -2ca, c2 -a2 -b2 - 2ab
(xv) a4 + a2 b 2 + b4, aJ + b3 , a 3 - b 3
(xvi) a 6 -b6, (a+b) 3, a 2-b 2
(xvii) a 3 + b 3- 1 - 3ab, a 3 +(b- l )3, a 2- 2a+ l - b 2
(xviii) (x - y) 3 + (y- z) 3 + (z - x)J, (x-y)J- (z-y)J- (x -z)3
3.10: ~l~Ql~§Q £lQE>~a £lQ~QI~ (Algebraic Rational Expression) :

~ < m ~ .
q_~l(] ~41 '<IQ
0
!(]Q m (3 n 0
n:;t 0 ~'<!, 6G6Q n~ '<IQ 8Q6Y1Q 1(] ~41
0
(Rational Number)
~21!Jl'<l Im Si' QQ (Numerator) (3 n ~ 2Q (Denominator) Q2S I
61(]28Q !JQ p(x) (3 q(x) ~Q x 6Q 6Ql~'<l 6Ql~'<l 8@6~1?iGllQ ~GI§ '<IQ 0 q(x) :;t O~'<l
696Q, ~~:~~'<IQ 91~QIQGl(i? OQE>~a OQ~QI~ ~21!(]1'<1 I '<1016Q p(x) QQ (3 q(x) 2Q I
QQl2QG1 <;J~8: x ~ '<IQ Ql~QIGl§Q 8QgQl<til 62Q 6!J6G6Q6~ x :;t 2 I '<121Q QQ 3. (3 2Q x-2
2
2x+3 r"\ ~ ~ ~~
61(]28Q x 2 _ ~x + Yl~ '<IQ QlorQIGlGQ 8QgQl<til 6!J8QQ x :;t 2 QI 3 I QIQ61 x =2 QI 3
6
626Qx2 - 5x+6=062Q I
J.10.1 Ql~Q1~§Q £:JQE>~a £:JQgQ1~Q QQ~ ~£1 :
6Ql~'<I 91~Ql619Q 8QgQl<tilQ QQ (3 Y'Q Yl~6Q !JQ 1 ©~ 6Ql61~ l(]ICJIQGI QijlQQ 9
eJ1'<1696Q 9121l? QQ~ Gii~§ 00~ 8Q6Y1Q t:JQgQI~ Si'21!Jl'<l I
69GJ. 6Ql~'<I Q1~161§Q. t:JQgQl<ti1~ QQ~ GllQIQ6Q 8QGIG OOQI~ 626Q 91'Q QQ (3 2Q~
QQIQQ6Q Q6~~Gl QQ QQQ~ 6«1Yllg~ QQ~ «llCJIQGl ~GlglQQ ~IQI QIQ QQl!Jl'<l i
( 84]

24x y 6xy2 X 4x 2 4x2
Qrn~I~: 30xy3 = 6x/ x Sy = sy (@@Q) ( ~;;u~1%i'Q '<l016Q QQ (3 2QQ '01.«ll.~_. 6xy2)
x4. " - x y4 x2/(x2 - / ) - x2y2(x + y)(x - y) x+y

Q~l~I~ : (@@Q)
x~ y·1 - x·1y4 = x3 y·3( x - y) - x3y 3( x - y) xy
a2
. I N
l
a2 a3 a3
«lrn~ 1 ~ : -a--1 - -a2-_-, = -a--1 - -(a-+-l}-(a---1)
a 2 (a + 1)- a 3 a3 + a2 - a 3 a2
= (a+.t)(a-1) =(a+l)(a-1)= (a+l)(a-1)
r t a (@@Q)
o
I I
P
QQl~Q61 - 41: (x _ y)(x _ z) (3 (y _ z)(y _ X) ~ 6fJIQ QQ I
i a
1
Q~l~I~: (x - y;(x - z) + (y- z) (y- x) = (x - y;(x - z) + (y-z){~x-y)}
z + {-(x - z)}
= (xy_- y)(x (
d
X -y (3 y-x 2Q~ @Q_IQQ eJ_QI~ y -x ~ -(x-y) ~6'() (;gQI
.O
-z)(y- z)
~IQI Q.«11.q. §tlfo, QQQI qQ~l~gQ)
w
y -z - x+z y-x --(x-y) -I
= (x - y)(x - z)(y - z) = (x - y)(x - z)(y - z) = (x - y)(x - z)(y - z) = (x - z)(y - z) ( @@Q)
w
3.10.2. Q1~Q1€16''1' a§~Yla a§~'1'1~~~'1'Q ~€1~ <3 ~Q€1 :
w
p(x) r(x} p(x) . r(x) ( ) p(x) . r(x) _ p(x). t(x) (
~ q(x). t(x) ~Gig
0
«1°liill : q(x) x t(x) '<JQ q(x) t(x) - q(x). r(x) 2 QG1)
"7
~ x3 + 8y 3 x2 - 4xy + y2
QQl~Q61 - 42 : C1GJQc;i;'
V,L
~Q QQ : X) - 2X2y x X2 - 2xy + 4y2
3 3
x3 + sy3 x2 - 4xy + y2 (x) +(2y) (x - 2y)2
«l~l~I~ • J , x 2 2 = 2 x 2 2
• x - 2x· y x - 2xy + 4y x (x-2y) x -2xy+4y
(x + 2y)(x 2 - 2xy+4y2 ) (x-2y) 2

- --
2
-- -- x 2 2
x (x-2y) x -2xy+4y
(x+ 2y)( x - 2y) _ x 2 - 4 y·?

x2 - x2
185)

~~12Q~ - 43: (-x- + _ Y_ ) o (-x
x +y x-y
- -_ Y_ )
x- y x+ y ".l..
~IQI ~1£1 QQ I
((JY!ltll~:
l - x- + ---
y ) +
x + y x- y
( -x- - -y-)
x-y x+y
= x(x(x- +y)y)(+ xy(x- y)+ y) +

x(x + y) -y(x -y)
(x - y)(x + y)
2
x - xy + xy + y2 _,, _ x2 + xy - xy + y2 , '
x- + y- _,, _
,
x- + Y
2
=)
= xl - y 2 •
x-' - y 2 = ~
x - y . 2
x -y 2
(a2}3 - (b2rl ab a2b2 (a2- b2)(a4 +a 2.b2 +b4) =a 4 +a2b2 +b4

a3b3 x a2 - b2 x a2 +ab+ b2 = (a2 - b2)(a2 +ab+ b2) a2 +ab+ b2
(a 2 +ab+ b2 )(a 2 -ab+ b2)

-------
2
-- = a2 - ab +b2
(a 2 +ab+b )
a b c
- - + -- +--+ 3
x-a x- b x-c
~~12Q~- 45 : i;(]QQ QQ : I I I
- -+--+--
x -a x- b x -c
a b c a b c
--+--+--+ 3 --+]+--+]+--+]
x-a x-b x-c x-a x-b x-c
1 1 1 = _1_+_1_+_1_
--+--+--
x-a x-b x-c x-a x -b x-c
a+ x -a+b+x-b+_c_+_x_-_c _x_+_x_+_x_
x a x -b x-c = x-a x-b x-c
= 1
--+--+--
1 ! 1 1
--+--+--
1
x-a x-b x-c x-a x-b x-c
I I I )
{ x-=a +x-b
--+--
· x- c
=x
= 1 I I
--+--+--
x-a x-b x-c
[ 86)

a 3 + b3 -c 3 -i-3abc a 3 -(b+c) 3
W)Ql~Q~ - 46 : '<]Q'iijl lii'Q : 3 (b )3 x a 3 - b3 - c 3 - 3abc
a + - c
a 3 +b 3 -c 3 +3abc a 3 -(b+c) 3
((]Y!l~l 9 : a.i +(b-c) 3 xa 3 -b.1 - c 3 -3abc
2 2 2 . 2 .
(a+b - c)( a +b +c -ab+bc+ca) (a-b-c)[a +a(b-c)+(b-c) 2 ]
: 2 2X 2 ' 2
(a+b - c)[a -a(b-c)+(b-c)] (a-b - c)(a +b- +c +ab-bc+ac)
(a 1 +b 2 +c 1 -ab+bc+ca) (a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +ab-ac - 2bc)
= 2 1 2 X2 1 2
(a +b +c -ab+ac-2bc) (a +b +c +ab - bc+ac)
3.10.3 ~~~ Q1~QI~§~ £1Q6Y1Q £JQgQI~ :
a ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
c Wlii'IQ Qct;t~ 8Qglii'l~S? SYilii' Q1~QIGJG'lii' 8Q6Yl~ 8Qglii'l'51 (contmued
I N
b+--
.
e
l
d+-
f
a
rational expression) QI (continued fraction) S?~.%ll'<I I '<1213? «JQ'ftil lii'QQI rnQ' '<121Q '<JQ?i'YJ
~·~~ '<]Q'iijl lii'QQI WQQ lii'Q SYlc518 Q8Q ~l~S? ~QI ~l~~lii' I
r t
o
a
P
QQli?Q~- 47: '<IQ~ lii'Q:
a - - 1- -
i a
a
a--1--a
d
.O
- - -a - - = ______,
a .___ = - -
a -
1 a- 1 a - -1-
a----
a a- a 2 -a -a2
w
a--1--a 1-a 1-a
w
a a a
= 1-a =. a+--
·1-a - a3 +1-a
w
a---
-a2 a2 a2
, a2
=ax -
a 3
- a+ 1 a3 - a+ 1
f.J~~1~~1 - 3 (e)
I. 6~ Q9 rn~~ 61ii'IOQ1 Yi«U6Q t/ ~~ (3 !}Q Q9 rn.qj'5l 61ii'IOQ1 Yl«U6Q x ~~ ~~ I
D ( i i )x- - - x= 0
y-z z-y
D
[ 87 J

... )
( 11I -
I
x-y
+-
y-x
I
=O
D CI V ) x-Z y ,y-z~=O
X y D
(v) ~+y- 1
x y
=.!. _.!.
y x D . _1_~~ =0
(vi) x-y y-z z- x D
2. '<lQ9 QQ :
.) I
- +-I- - b + b- c +~
( iii) .a ab
(I -
x+y x-y ( ii) 2.._ _ _ Y_
x- y x+y be ca
. ) x --
y x+ y I I a2
(I V - - -- (v) - 2- -2 - --)-2 (vi) - - - a + b
x+y x - y x - y (x - y a+ b
2 2
.. ) I I 2x ... a+ b a - b a + b
( Vil X+ 2y + X - 2y + 4y2 - X2 (v111) a - b + a+ b + b2 - az
2
1 1 1 1 3x + I x- 3 5x + 24x
(ix) - - - - - + - - - - - (x) x - 3 - 3x + 9 - 2x 2 - 18
x-1 x+l x-2 x+2
3 3 3 x- y x2 + xy . . . x3 + y3 x3 - y3
.) x y y z z x
(I - , X- , X-
(ii) x + y X x2y - y3 (111) -x-,- -, x 4 2 2
- y- x + x y + y
4
az- bx- cy2
(iv) 2
2
x - 7x + I 0 x3 + 8
x-3-
x - Sx -1 4 x - 8
( v) ( I + -yx + -y2
x2J( I - -x + -x
y y2
x J
I - -,
y-
x
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
(vi) -x -- y2 x-x -- z x( x + -xy-) (vn)
.. (a + b a - b) a - b
a - b - li+b x 2(a 2 + b2 )
. x- z xy+y2 x- y
... ) ( x y ) ( x y ) . ) x3 + y 3 ~ ( x - y)-' - 3xy xy

( Vlll X +y + y + x- y - x+y ( IX ( , · • X - ,- -,
X -
x - y)- + 3xy x3 - y , x- - y-
a 2 - b2
2
(a + b)2 +(a - b) . a 4 - b4 a 2 +3a-18 a 2 -3 6
-,..
(x) (a+ b)2 -(a- b)2 ..,. 2ab(a- b) x - a - (xi) a2 - 4
a 2 -Sa -1 4
3a 2 +a - 4 3a 2 -2a-8
(xii) 2a 2 -a -3 _,_ 2a 2 - 7a +6
1 a y
(i) (ii) (iii) x
1 a-1 y3 -1 (iv)
I+ a- y2 -
I I x-
!+-- 1-- + I x
I a+ I x - --
] -- y y +I l +x
x
•••
188 J

91eol'QI~§~ «lY11~Q61
(ALGEBRAIC EQUATION)
. I N
al
t
4.1 ~t:l~Y1~~1 (Introduction):
r
~Q 6~G116Q ~6Y1Y116'0' «IY11QQG1 (3 C'.l6QQ Y1~6Q t:11eJQ4 ~l~QI «12 «lf11QQ61Q «lf'llCJl<ri'
o
Qt:JQ ~'<l 6«1 Q~0.6Q ~QQ9 ~U' I ~Q C'.l~l0.6Q ~Ql9 tJQ6<ri'l~C'.llQ_Q QQl't/Q1QQG1 «lr:l.~6Q
P
Q_6Y1Y116'0' ~l~U' I QQIQQ1QQG1 C'.JICJIQ6Q ~Ql9 8Q6<n'lflC'.llQ_ «1°~g «IY11QQ61Q «IYllCJl<ri' Q~0.6Q
i a
C'.ll6Ql~<ri'I '<JQ ~Ql9 «IY11QQG1Q «!YllCJl<ri' «12 ~~ Q~ t:ll£11Q@§Q <y~Q «!YllCJl<ri' ~0.6Q ~16@1~'0'1
0
d
gg C'.!~10.Q YJ_~4 Q6Q~4 I
.O
4.2 '<l~ W~IG' Ql~9~~ '<l~ QIG'1 QY11~t;I (Linear equation in one variable):
~6Y1Y116'0' '<JQ ~IQ!l9 QI~ Q~~ '<JQQl91 «IY11QQG1 «IQ9 ~Q£.1_ t:lQ~9 I 69GJ. '<JQ C'.l~l0.6Q
w
'<l21Q Q~Q ~16@1~'0'1 'O'· QQ 6QQQ 6Q69'0J..~'<l C'.JIQ~4Q 9eJ4~ ~QGl QQIQ Q~lfJIQ~~ I
(i) fJQ a (3 b <y6946Q ~QQ QlgQ «1°~41(a-:;;0) x '<JQ C'.ll\l!l9 QI~ ~~. 696Q ax +b= O~
w
(3
x 6Q 6QI~~ ~Q ~IQ!l9 QI~ Q~~ ~QQl91 «IY11QQG1 ~21fJl'<J I
w
<g~QY : ax+ b ~Q tJQ6<ri'l~C'.llQ_ p(x), 6fJQOl6Q a, be R, a-:;; 0 I Qg ~Q C'.ll\l!l9 QI~ Q~~
'<JQ Ql91 8Q6<ri'l~~IQ_ «1°~g «IY11QQG1 p(x) = 0 ~ ~Q ~&1119 QI~ Q~~ ~Q Ql91 «IY11QQG1
Gl_21fJl'<l I
(ii) x Q 6fJQY11<ri' 81Q «lf11QQ61~ ~~ ~~ 9121~ «1Y11QQG1~Q 91~ 91 ~~ (root) 91
. -b
QY'llCll<n' (solution) Q21fCJI~
.... I ax+ b = 0 (a* 0) «lf11QQG1Q YlQ
(,.. = -a I
(i ii) 6QI~~ ~Q ~IQ!l9 QI~ Q~~ ~QQl91 «IY11QQG1Q 6Q~ 6Ql~'<J Yll~ Q_Q eJI~ I
(iv) 6fCJQ «IY11QQ61Q ~ ~lli0. QQ ~~ 9121~ Q'1G' (Consistent) «IY11QQG1 ~21fCJl'<l I
C'.!04 «IY11QQG1~ ?JQ'1G' {in-consistent) «1Y11QQG1 ~21fCJI~ I I
[ 89]

(v ) 6!(JQ ~Q~ «l01QQGIQ Q~ ((]01g 6((]Q ((]0JQQ61 ~Q~~ tJQQQ ~~~~(Equivalent)
«l01QQ61 ~~l!()l'<J I Q~l~Gl <;Jb2_t:l x + 2 = O(3 2x + 6 = 2 <(]0JQQGl~Q ~~b2_t:l, QIQ61 x == - 2
6~Q Q~Q «l01QQ61 ~t.i' ~C'.J~ I
(vi) x Q 6!()6Ql61~ 01g rnQ' !(JQ «l01QQ61~ ~~~'<I, 6969 '<121~ <(]0JQQ61 g QQ ~6QQ
(Identity) ~~%)1'<l I
QQl~QGI <;Jb2_£J : 2(x- I) + I = 3 - (4 - 2x) g§~ Q~0.6Q ~16Ql£lgl QQlfllQ I
=> 2x - 2 +I = 3 - 4 + 2x ::::> 2x -- 1 = 2x - I
=> 2x == 2x => x = x => x - x = 0
'<l~bJ.. Q~ 6fl, x Q 6fl6Ql61~ YJlg tJIQ x - x = 0 «l9Y I
69GJ.. 2 (x - I)+ I = 3 - ( 4 - 2x) '<IQ «l01QQ61 ~6Q I '<IQ ~6QQ I
Q~l~Qt,1 - I : §~Q~Q HUbJ.. 6QOO «lbi1'9, 6QOO ('.J<(]\;;f9, 6QOO ~6~Q (3 6QQ ~Q{;l
C'.J~b2_t:l §tifo QQ I
(i) 2 (x- 1) + I = 3- (l - 2x) (ii)2(x - 5) = x + I
(iii)(2x-lf == 4x (x-1)+ I (iv)6x-30 '-= 3(x + I)
~W'llCll~ :
(i)2(x- I) + I = 3-(l-2x) =>2x-2+1 = 3--1+2x
=> 2x-2x = 3-1+2-1=3
=> 0 = 3 fll21Q ~«JYlQ I 69GJ.. '<12 «101QQ61~ 2'.J«l\;;r9 C'.J6£' I
(ii) 2(x - 5)=x+l=>2x-IO=x+I
=-=> 2x - x = I + 10 => x = I I
'<JQIQ Q_Q g~f]. QQ 62Q~~%l ' (2x) -2.2x.l+1 = 4x - 4x + I
=> 4x 2 - 4x + I = 4x 2 - 4x + I
910rn4Q~Gl ti14Q Ql~~~Q <arng 1 69q ~~19 QI~ x Q 6!()6Ql61~ mg ti1Q' «J01QQ61£'
(3
~~ 6~ 1 w~.fo, QQQ rn4Q rug <aY11g 629 1 69q '<l21 '<IQ ~6QQ 1
(iv) 6x- 30 = 3 (x +I)=> 6x- 30 == 3x + 3
=> 6x-Jx = 30 + 3 = 33 => 3x = 33 ~ x = 11
'<12 «l01QQ61~ mJ <agg C'.J6£1 I
~gq '<12 «lY11QQ61~ (ii) <aY!1QQ61Q a~b2_t:l QIQGI Q~Q ~W11QQG1Q Q_~ <(]r!lg C'.J6£' I
Q~l~t;l - 2 : «lY!ltJlg QQ : 2 (x- 1) (x + 4) + 9 = (2x +3) (x- 2)
'<l~ICll~ : 2 (x- 1) (x + 4) + 9 = (2x +3) (x- 2)
=> 2 (x 2+ 3x - 4) + 9 = 2x 2 - x - 6
f 90 I
PK-01-29-17

==> 2x 2+ 6x - 8+ 9 = 2x 2 - x -6
==> 6x + 1 = - 6 - x ==> 7x = - 7
==> x = - 1 (QOO)
:. ~6~0. Q01CJlq (- 1)
2x-5 3x+4 7
~Ql2Qt,l - 3: '<l~ICJlq Gi'Q: - - - --+2=0
6 5
'<JYllCJl\i': ::!x-5 - 3x+4 +2=0
6 5 2
'<IQ '<l'f11Gi'QG1Q Ql~81~6Q f_!QI Q~6Q@ tJQQ 2Q ~lq'il'Q Q.«11.~ =30
'<l'f11Gi'QG1Q QQ0. 81~~_30 ~IQI Q._Glq Gi'6Q,
2x-5 3x+4
7
==> --x30 - --x30 + - x30 = Ox30
6 5 2
==> 5 (2x-5) -6 (3x + 4) + 15 x 7 = 0
==> 1Ox-25 - l 8x - 24 + I 05 = 0
==> IOx- l 8x = 25 + 24 - I 05
56
==> -8x = -56 ==> x = - =7 (Q6lQ)
-8
Q~i cyt;11~1 :
Q1~ Q@GQ £JQ600. Ql~G.l. 2Q QIQ, 6QQI m;;i Q_Q Q~9 2Q01WQ Q. «II.~ ~IQI QQ0. tll~lil_
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i) <Cl01Gi'QG1Q ~69YQ tll~lil tlQ600. 2Q Q~~ 6Ql~'<l 6Ql~'<I tlQ6Q 'f]Gi'I~ Gi'QlfJM I
ii) Q~ ~Glq ~IQI tlQ600. Ql~Q 2QioJ..~lil <'.Jtl<CllQGl Gi'QlfJl'<l I ('.JeJl9, <Cl01Gi'QG1~ ~ = ~
~IQIQ CJIQGl Gi'6Q D Iii A <Cl29 '<JQ" B lit_ C '<129 'q]_GllfJIQeJl'<J I '<l211i1 ~~~ (Cross-
~ < A C
Multiplication) tl~Q 1i121fJl'<l I <'.JeJl9, B= 0 ==>AD= BC
2x-5 3x+4 7
((]Y!ICJI~: - 6 - - -5-+Z=O
2x-5 3x+4 -7 5(2x-5)-6(3x+4) _ -7

==> -6---s-=2 ==> 30 -2
10x-25-18x-24 7 -Sx-49
==>
----~=-- ==>
30 2 30
=--27
==> 2(- 8x - 49) = -7 x 30
==> - l 6x - 98 = - 'J 10
==> - l6x = - 210 + 98 =-112
-112 (Q6lQ)
~ x=--=7
-16
( 91 I

3 5 I
QQl~Q61 - 4 : «101CJl9 QQ : - - - = - - (x :t 0. x :t 3)
x 3- x x(3 - x)
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x 3-x x(3 - x) ·
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1
(J~ - \)X ~3 - x(3 - x)X
5
J-x = x(3-x)X x(J- x) 629 I
:::::> (3- x) x 3 - Sx = I :::::> 9 - 3x - 5x = I
8
=> - 8x = - 9 + I = -8 :::::> x = - = I
-8
- 3 5 I 3(3-x)-5x I
QQ\T gGllQl: ~ -3-x = x(3-x) :::::> x(3-x) = x(J-x)
9 - 3x -- 5x I 9-8x I
==> ----=--~--=--
x(3 - x) x(J-x) x(3-x) x(J-x)
=> (9-g;.:). (3 - x) = x(3-x) (Q~~Gl'ii ~IQI)
:::::> 9 - 8x = I :::::> 8 = 8x :::::> x =I
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6'l?Q 9~Q QQ I
i) (x -r : '- 2x=x 2 + I ii)6(2y-l) - 5(y+3)=3(y+5)-24
iii)(3-:.:, · /~ (I +z)= 13-2(z+ I) iv)6x+ 10 = 2(x+ 12)+9(x - I)
v) 3( x-4)+ 6 =2(x+2 )-2 \'i) 3x+9 - (3x-5)-(5x+4)=0
2. 9~G<Q10 «1Ylllii'Q61Yll9~ mJb). 61ii'OO «l~W,
6QOO C'.J«JbiTO,
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i) (5x -- I) ; = 125x' - 15x(5x - 1) - I

ii)(x 5}2 = 2(x - 3) + (x +2 )(x - 2) - I
iii )4.'\ 1- J - (llx - 18) = 0
iv ) 3 (.x + 3 )( x - 5) = ( x - 3 )2 + ( x - 6) ( x + 6) + ( x + 3 )( x - 3) - 9
v)3(x+2a ) - 2b = 2(x + a)+b. vi)3(x+2) = 4(2x - l) - 5(x+3)
1921

3. ~01~1g QQ :
(i) 2(3x - I) - 3(x+2) = I (ii)(x+3)(x-5)-15=x(x-l)
(iii) 3 (x +a) - b = 2(x +b) +a (iv)(x - 5)2 + 2 (x-3) = (x +2)(x-2)-l
(v)(x - 3) 2 = 2x (x- I )-x (x +3)- 2 (vi) (x+2) 2 = 3x(x+ I )-2x(x-l)
4. ~01~1~ QQ
. 2x - I x-2 I") 2-3x 3-2x ... 3x 5x x
t) x - -3-=-4-+3 - - + - - = 2 - x 111)
II - --+2=-
4 5 4 6 12 .
iv) (2x-l) - S(x+)) = x+S - 4 x-(7-8x) 2 . x x
v) 9x-(3+4x) =3 v1)-+-= 7
6 2 5 2
5. «l01~1g QQ
i)-1-+_1_=_2_ .. 2 I 5 ... ) 2 3 1
11)-+---=0 111
x+l x+4 x+3 x 2x x+2 x + I - 2x + 2 = 2x + 3
. ) 2 5 3
I V6- - +4- - =7- vi)-+ =-
2x+3 x-2 x+6 2x-3 (2x-3)2 3x-2
4.3 '<JQ ~Gal6' QI~ 9~~ ~Ql6' t;J~1QQQ (Quadratic equation in one variable)
~~a, b, c 6Ql~'<l 6Ql~'<l QlgQ «J 0 ~YI (3 x '<JG ~lllll9 QI~, 696Q p(x) = ax 2 +bx +c(a * 0)
'<IQ ~Ql9 tlQ6~1?l~IQ. ~6~ I p(x) «12 '<1°~~ «l911QQ61~ 62Q~ p(x) = O I
'<JQ ~Gal6' QI~ 9~~ ~Ql6' t;J~1QQQQ 941£1Q ~£1 6~~
ax 2 + bx + c = O, a, b, c E R (3 a *0
'<12 «l01QQG16Q a (3 b ~ ~eJl~60 x2 (3 x Q «l2Q (3 c ~ Q911QQ61Q ~QQ tl'ii' ~21~1'<1 ·1 ' ·
t;J•ta1 : '<JQ ~CUG' QI~ 9~~ 6~61~ t.tl~1QQ61Q £Joo1g-,.6Q ~91 ~GalG' Ql~Q t;J69f~
QIG' 2 62GQ t;J~1QQ61~~ ~Ql6' t;J~1QQ61 (Quadratic equation) ~i?l~_l'<l I
QQl2QG1 ~£).._tl : i) 3x2 - 6x + 8 = 0 '<l016Q a= 3, b = -6, c = 8
ii) 5x2 + 8x = 0 '<l016Q a= 5, b = 8, c = 0
iii) 7x2 = 0 '<l016Q a= 7, b = 0, c = 0
iv) 2x2 - 9 = 0 '<l016Q a= 2, b = 0, c = -9
~'~ <C1911QQQQ <C1911Cllg:
< - -< ...... - \:I - •
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< - < -
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~~Q ~Q{;i '<JQQl91 ~W11QQG1 Q ~Gl~~ 'i? «l6Q' «l911g 621QeJl'<l I
( 93 J

v) ~Q x (3 y Ql~Q <4°~41 '<JQ0 xy = 0 ~'(], 696Q x = 0 QI y = 0 ~'(] I
Y'l(:)gQQ ax 2 +bx+ c =(Ex+ F) (Gx + H)
69GJ. ax 2 +bx+ c = O =>(Ex+ F)(Gx + H) = 0
=>(Ex+ F) = 0 QI (Gx + H) = 0
-F -H
=> x = - QI x = -
t: G
-F -H
69Gj_ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 «JY11Gi'QSJQ Ql~~Q 626Q, E (3 G
QQl~Gl- s : E>QI~ ~IG ~grn1~p(x)Q ~611~3 (3-J 62ElG «i 0~ «irn~oo~~ oo 1
«J911~1g: x = 3 '<JQ 0 x = - I t:llQ «J Qg
0
t:JQ(:)gl~~I~~ 0 62Q I
:. t:JQ(:)gl~~l~Q QQl'i?Q~Q (x- 3) (3 (x+ I)
:. t:JQ(:)gl~~I~~ (x - 3)(x+ I) ~efo, x 2 - 2x - 3 62Q I
.·. t:JQ(:)gl~~I~ «12 «J 0
Qg «JYllQQSJ~ x 2 - 2x - 3 = 0 62Q I
QQl2QGI - 6 : «irnc.Jlg QQ 3x2 - 12 = o
«J~l~lg: 3x2 - 12 = 0
=> 3(x2 - 4)=0 => x2 -4 =O (Ql!ilQ rn4~ 3 «;,'IQI l!illQ <ii'Q)
=> (x + 2) ( x - 2) = 0 (": a2 - b2 = (a+b) (a-b))
=>.x + 2 = 0 §~1 x - 2 = 0 => x = -2 §~1 x = 2
:. «?61 «JYllQQGJQ Q19 «;.'Q -2 '<IQ 0 2 ( QOO)
2
QQl2QGI - 7 : «JYllcJlg QQ x - 5x + 4 = O
Q~l~lg : x2 -5x + 4 = 0 => x2 - 4x - x + 4 = 0
=> x(x - 4)- 1 (x - 4) = 0 => (x - 4) (x - 1) = 0
=> x - 4 = 0 ~eJQI x - 1 = 0 => x = 4 W~JQI x = I
:. «?61 «JY110061Q Q19~Q 4 '()QO 1 (QOO)
x JO
QQl2QGI - 8 : <;CJYllc.Jlg QQ : x_ + _x =4 (x :;t 1, x :;t 7)
1 7
~ x 10 ( <
Q~ I~ I~ : «?61 <;CJY11'1?QG1£1 x _ I + _ x = 4 «JY11QQG1Q QIYl t:ll.qj{\_ QQ'iii'l QQG1 Q(:)Q)
7
x(7- x) +IO(x-1) 7x-x 2 +10x-JO
=> =4=> =4
(x -1)(7-x) -x 2 +8x-7
=> I 7x - x2 - I0 = 4(- x2 + 8x - 7)
~ 17x - x 2 - 10-4(- x 2 +8x-7)=0
~ I 7x - x 2 - I 0 + 4x 2 - 32x + 28 = 0
=>(- x 2 + 4x 2) + (l 7x - 32x) + (-10 + 28) = 0
~ 3x 2 - 15x + 18 = 0 => 3 (x 2 - 5x + 6) = 0
J 94 J
... Downloaded From www.OdiaPortal.IN

I I
,,
:::::) x - 5x + 6 = 0:::::) x 2 - 3x - 2x +6 = 0 => x(x-3)- 2(x-3) = o
2
(x - 2)(x- 3) = 0 => x = 2 QA.I x = 3

:. QQ '<1Yl1QQ61Q q_Q ~Q 2 (3 3 I ( QQQ)
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l. ~Q~£' '<JY11QQ61Yll~'ii YI~~ 6Q@~ ~Ql9 '<JY11QQ61 §~Q QQ I ,
(i) 3x 2 - 4x = --4x + 5 (ii) x 3 - 2x 2 + 4 = x3 + 2x
(iv) x + _!_ = 2 (x :;e 0) (v) (x + 3) 2 = 0 (vi) .!..x 2 +~x - ~=0

x 2 2 4
2
(vii) 3x = 2x + 7 (viii) (3x + 2) 2 - (x + 4) 2 = (x - 3)
(ix) 7x2 + 9 = 0 (x) 4x = 3 + 6x 2
2. g6g<jQ «lYl1QQ61 tll~6Q f.!_91 '<l 0~41Yll~ YI~~ 6~ 6~ '<] 0~41~1QI '<JYl1QQ61 Qi~ 629 ~Q
001
2
(i) x -3x = 0 (0, 1,2,3') (ii) 3x2 - 12 = O (l,-l,2,-2)
2
(iii) x3x + 2 (0, 1,2,3)
- (iv) x2 + .J2 x - 4 = O( .J2, _ .J2, 2J2, _ 2.Ji)
2
(v)x -x-2=0(1 , 0, -l,2) . ·
3. «JYllCJI~ QQ :
1
(i) 7x 2 = - (ii) 5x2 = 3x (iii) x2 - 3x + 2 = O
28
(iv) (x + l)(x + 2) = 30 (v) J3x 2 -- x - 2J3 = 0
(vi) 2x2 - 5x - 3 = 0 (vii) x2 +ax= 2a2 (viii) x2+2ax+a2-b 2 = O
4. «JYllCJI~ QQ I
3
(i) -3--.!..=~ 5
(ii) - - + --=I
x+2 x 15 3x-2 x+2
... x +I - -I --x= 2 ("IV ) -x+ -x +=1 5
-
(111) -
X +3 3 + 2x x +I x 2
5.(i) x - 7x +a =O «JYl1QQ61Q 6Ql£i'<l 91~ 3 626Q, a Q ~10 §~Q QQ (3 «JYl1QQ61Q t!J04
2
91~~ §tUQ QQ I
(ii) x2 +ax - 15 = O«JY11QQ61Q 6Ql~'<l 91~ 5 626@, a Q Yll'iil §~Q QQ (3 «JY11QQ61Q t!J04
91~~§4QQQI
4.4 ~QIG' <2JY11QQ~ <21121~~6Q Ol~1Q~6' g~Q <2JYll~I~ :

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<
5 Q@ q_Q~ Gl21Q QQ'<] x - 5 Q@ e.!_@1 '<]Q 0 9 Q@ 86Q Gl21Q QQ'<J x + 9 Q~ 6~Q I
~'&115l<(]16Q (x - 5) (x + 9) = 15 => x 2 + 4x - 45 = 15
2
=> x + 4x - 60 = O => x + I Ox - 6x - 60 = 0
2
=> x(x + IO ~ ---0 (x + I 0) = 0 =>(x + l 0) (x - 6) =0

=> x + I 0 = 0 ~eJQI x - 6 = 0 => x = - I 0 ~eJQI x =6
8Ql~Q 9GlY11~ QQ'<J -10 Q@ ~2611Q ~62' I
~G'<JQ 8Ql~Q 9GlY11~ QQ<(] 6Q@ ~6~ I (Q@Q)
Q~li?Q€1 - 10 : 2Q6QI~ S~Q QGl~ '<] 'ti1YIQ ~Glt:J'Q 272 626Q <(] ~YI 2Q~ QQ QQ I
0
0
QY,l~lg : Yl6~QQ S~Q QSJ~ '<] 0 'ti1YI 2Q~

0
X '<JQ X + 1 62Q I
:. 6'<1Yll~~Q ~Slt:J'Q x(x + 1) 629 I
~~15l<(]l6Q x(x + l)= 272 => x 2 + x - 272 = O=> x 2 + l 7x - 16x - 272 = 0
=> x(x + 17)- 16(x + 17) = 0 => (x +I 7) (x- 16) = 0
=> x + 17 = 0 ~eJQI x - 16 = 0 => x = - I 7 ~eJQI x = 16
x Q QQQ ~QY -17 (3 16 ~IQI «1Y11QQS1~ ~~ 626Q Yl~ -17 '<JQ QSl~ <(] ~Y I 621Q
0
~e.!_91~ '<121 ~2611Q ~621

=> x = 16
:. S~Q QGl~ «1°'ti1YI x (3 x+ I ~eJIS6Y1 16 (3 17 629 I ( QOO)
Q~li?Q€1-ll: 6Ql~'<l 6Yll~Q 691~,Q ~Q ~Q6Q Q~I g§6QQ 15Q.~. I 691~,~ 6Ql~'<I
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6<91QQ ~~S?Q6Q 691~, Q 69Q = 691~,Q ~Q ~Q6Q 69Q + 6CSIQQ 69Q '<19°
g§~QEiQ 691~,Q 6QQ = 691~Q ~Q ~Q6Q 6QQ - 6~1QQ 6QQ I
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(15 - x)Q.~.
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30 30 9 30(15-x)+30(15+x) 9
. --+ --= - ~ =-
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450 - 30x + 450 + 30x 9 900 9 .
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225 - x - 2 225 - x 2 2
~ 900 x 2 = 9 (225 - x2 ) ~ 1800 = 2025 - 9x;
~ 9x,c = 2025 -- I !WO = 225
~ x~ = 25 == (± 5) 2 ~ x = ± 5 .
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13 . 2Q6Q@001QIQ 6~g Yl~~ 6Ql~QQ QI~ 6QQ4 ~8Q~Q ~ 'Cl61~ '<IQ ~~Q Qql fJQ
Gia~ ~QQ 6~~QYJl'ii"Q' C'.J(j)Q 56 OO?i~Q ~ 606Q 2Q~ 00 6!a~ 91~ 6004 ~Q
QQI
1971

14 . 2Q~ QGl~ Ql 0~41<r1~~6Ql~'<l ~KlQ~Q §?ii ~Gl~ 2Q Qql ;J~ «1°'6141 ~QQ OOQ W~Q
312 ~'<l, 6Q6Q Ql '6141 QQ ?iitUQ QQ I
0
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iy~ 21Ql21Q 6QQ ~QQl'f11 6~1ffQ Q~I iy§ 21Ql21~t 6QQ 01~ 16 §Ji. Qq ~'<l, 6Q6Q
G~~' ~QQ 21Ql21Q Q~I iy§ GQQ ?iitUQ QQ I
16. GQ1~ 6~QIQ Q~I ~§ 6QQ ~Q ~Q6Q 11§.?l. 1'<121 6'Sl00 iy~6Q 12 Q.~ . QWQ
q_~Q. C'J~~QGQ GOQC'Jl~QIS! G<r11~ 2 Q~I 45 ?l?ii~, QlirJQ G~QI EiGGQ 6'Sl<C;lQ £1~1iy§
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0
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4.5 Ql~l~Q <C1~11'ii?Q~ (3 <ClYll~I~ (Solution of Exponential Equations) :

q_<q) u~Gl16Q 'Ql<C;l ~' Qlf!~1Q ~Qirl~~Q «12 «j_GQW 621Q <,()IQ~ ! 6<,(J <,()<;!@ ~Q<rl~~lii
Q@ QQ QIOl~Q «l<rl1QQG1Q «l<r!ICJI~ «lf!Qll10. C'Jl6Ql'O'';i'I '<12 C'J~6~Q6t,) ~!a l QQQI I
?ii~§~g Q<r\1QQ61 IOJ.~'il! Qla4 QQ I
(i) 3' + I = 9 (ii) 2' - 42x - I = 0
QU) Q<r\1QQ61IOJ.~Q6Q QIOll;i' ~~Q '<l~· C'J~IO QI~ ~IQI iyQl~G Ei21Q~§ I
( '<JQICJ_Q W~IQ QI~ ~~ Ei21QrnEiQ)
W~16' Qti\ '<JQ0 Ql911;;' ~IQI ~Qli\6' 62~eJ,QI Q<rllQQGl~ Ql6'1t;:'IQ c<!Y11QQG1
(EXilon~ntial Equation) ~l!tll' 0, a ~1, x, ye R 626Q, a'= ai => x = y I
~~Qll : 8Q6<r10. <(;le.JI Ql@Q Ql<C;lll;i' Q~~ QIQQ'CijQ Z'Jl6Ql0<fillGQ ~IG<rl CJ<fill8_Q GJICJIQ
6<fi1Qe.i_6Q I a= 1 626Q ~on: ~on: 'fl_Q4 Q~~ x (3 y '<JIG <rl.U a' = a' 62Q I GQGJ_ a' = a' => x = y
«1\i4 6~Q ~12 I 6«.12 QIQ61~ a > 0 (3 a*- l 'ii! <,()~~68 ~C'JIQQI I
8101~Q «l<rt1QQ61 '<!me.JI~ QQQI rnG' «l'il1QQ61 Q QQ~ rn~GQ C'JICJlt.1 'ii! <,(J<;lj~ QQQI~
GEi~ I '<121 «lYllCJl<fil Q iyCJI~ Ei«llrn~ I '<121 Q8Q Ei2Q~ <Qll21 ~~ QQl2Q61IOJ.~'il! QIC14 QEi~t
~1~81QQ I
QQl2Q~ - 12 : «lY'llCJI~ QQ : 4 x+I = 64
= 64 ~ 4 x I = 4 3 ( ·;64 = 4 3. QQQ
c<!YtlCJlg : 4 x+ I
1
rnfJEiQ C'JICJIQS! 4 QQIQQI)
=> X + l = 3 ~ X = 3 - 1 = 2 ( QOO)
( 98 (
PK-01-29-17

fi)Qlii>Q€1 - 13 : QlrnCJI~ QQ 2x - 4 2 x-I = O
«JYllCJI~ : 2x - 4 2x-I = 0 :::) 2x = 4 2x-I
~ 2x = (2 2) 2x- I (·: 4 = 22, QQQ rn.qjE;Q ~ICllQ 3? 2 QQIQQI)
~ 2x = 22<2x- ll = 24x-2 (Ql~I'"' ~QYI (a "r =a nm Q ~E;QIQ QQIQQI]
~ x = 4x - 2 :::) x - 4x = -2 :::) -3x = -2 :::) x = - 2 = ~ (Q~Q)

-3 3
QQl2Q€1 - 14 : Qlfl!Cll~ QQ : 2 x+2 X 3 x- Z = 96
~rnCll~ : 2 x+z X 3 x-2 = 96 :::) 2x X 22 X 3x X 3 -2 = 96
. 96 9
:::)2xxY=
2
2xr 2 :::)(2x3?=96x '4 :::)6x=216:::)6x=6 3 :::)~=3 (Q~Q)
QQl2Q€1 - 15 : Qlfl!Cll~ QQ : 4x - 3 X 2 x+I + 8 = 0

«!YI ICI I~ : 4x - 3 X 2 + 8 =0
x+ 1
:::) (2 2Y- 3 X 2x X 2 + 8 = 0 :::) 2 2x - 6 X 2x + 8 = 0
YIE;~Q 2x = q E;QE;Q QIY11QQ61~ q2 - 6q + 8 = 0 62Q I
:::) q2- 4q - 2q + 8 = 0:::) q(q-4)- 2 (q - 4) = 0
:::) (q - 4) (q - 2) = 0:::) q- 4 = 0 W~JQI q - 2 = 0
:::) q = 4 ~eJQI q = 2:::) 2x = 4 ~eJQI 2x = 2 :::) 2x = 22 ~elQI 2x = 2 1
~ x = 2 ~elQI x =1
~ica11tfn'~1 - 4(d)
I. Ql~l~Q QIY11QQ61~~Q QIQ' I
~x = 1 ,
1
(i) 3x = 4,' (ii) Y = 4, (iii) x = 81, (iv) (v) 3x-2 = 27, (vi) 22x- 4 = 0
3
QIYllCll~ QQ I
(i) 4Y= 8 (ii)
1
x =16, (iii) 2x - 8 =O , (iv) 3Y = if3 (v) 7 ~Y = 49 (vi) 6x = 12~6
2
QIYllCll~ QQ I
(i) 22x = 16, (ii) y+z = 81, (iii) 5Y = 5. JS, (iv) 25x = 125, (v) 43x+I = 64
QIYllCll~ QQ :
(i) (J3(s =(VJ(, (ii) 3 y+i X 27 3-y = 2187, (iii) 4 x+I + 2 2x = 40,
(iv) 3x+S- 3 x+3 = ~ (v) 4 X 2 x-1 = 8x' (vi) 3x+2 + 3x = 30 '

3
(vii) 3 x+i + 3 x+4 = 810, (viii) 2 3-x X 4 ix-I = 16 (ix) 2x+z X 3x-J = 288,
(x) 9" - 4 X 3x+I + 27 = 0
[ 99]
•••

(COORDINATE GEOMETRY)
5.1 @£l~~~~I (Introduction) :
Q Qlg16Q 9Yl?19~ Geometry ~~%ll'.l_ ~ij I <;.121Yl~Q ~el 't;Je!Q1' <3 ~XilQ~Q ~el '8QY118' I 9Yl?19 ~GY~ ~QIGg ~l'Sl I
'Qll~ 6Q~Q £l~Gl\II Y119~ ~QQl9 61!'~ ~Yl?l§ Q~Q~ 8Qic;j~ 621Qtl!Qe!QI I ~1~ Q~~~ Thales
- ~Yl?1GQ <;.12JY1 Q881QYQ 'i.]Yl161 QQe!6Q; fCJl21Q Q2J9~ ''<IQ~ GIQ QYIQ~IQI QYl~~G 621Q2Jl'<I I'
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86Q Q§Q~Q Y1219 £l~GllII Qq_~~' (Euclid) 9Yl?10Q Q8tl!QY<ql_§~ '<IQ~G QQ 6GQ~~ ~'SQGQ
(Elements) QQg QQ 9Yl?19 ((1"8QG GeJY Q'0'91 QQe!GQ I <;.]IQ 2500 Q~ GOO Qq_~§Q 9Yl?19
, '<16Q Yl?J £1QG ~~16Q '<IQ <;.1Cll9 ~g ~16Q Q2~ I QQ~§Q 9Yl~O (3 Q19£l~G Q0 Q_~ it;j2JQ Q@Q;
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iJlcl1Q QQ qi1g~ ~If@ (Coordinate Geometry) QI QGtil,~~IYJ_Q ~4If16' (Analytical Geom-
- ctry) ~QIQ QQI <3 '<le!GQ ~Yl?lGQ '0'~16Q Q19£l~G <ql_t>.l_~Q_q} ~~QI QIQ QQI I 'Slgl~ gy1?19
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<;.1Yl161 QQlfCJIQtllQQ I '(]GQ, QYG1G <Ql91~ ~Yl~G~ Newton C3 Leibnitz ~ ~IQI ~l~G ~ ~I~
(Cah:ulus) Q ~Q~ <02_68 m.J Q'O'IQ QQlfCJIQ2Jl'<I I
1100 I

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6QQ4 eJ_QI 6~ '<121 '<IQ ~l~I Q~fi (One dimensional) I 'iGQl '<121 QGQll 6~ E)QlGlQ Q'i.~ 0
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(Coordinates) ~21Xll'<l I x ~ x - il~I..- 91 ~'ii? (abscissa) (3 y ~ y- il~I..- 91 E>lii'I~

(ordinate) ~21Xll'<l I P Q'2_Q 'Sl'ti%;,• (x, y) Gi rnJ P (x, y) bl_6t:l 6\nl~l~l'<I I ~Q6Q P Q ~1'"11~
(3 , 4), P' Q'2_£iQ 'Slgl~ (-3 , 2), P" Q <Ql'i1'1~ (-3, -4) (3 P111 Q 'Sl'i1'1~ (2, -1) I
x (3 y - ~~"'Q "'IQI QJY1~9£1 £11Q6QI£' ~I~ (Quadrant) 6Q QQl§9 ~'<] '<JQ P Q'2._ ~~ 0
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QQQ I ~ij 62QeJQI t11Qcq}_~Q6Q 'Slgl~(x, y )Q GJ._t:J6Q~Gi 9i;::J6Q ~~IQQI I
'YeJYl tJIQ6Q x > 0, y > 0, ~91.Q t11Q6Q x < 0, y > 0,
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~WI : ~IQ6QI£' tll\i'Gi Q1, Q2 , Q3 (3 Q4 Ql6Q 6\nl'Q! 6QJ~, ~~gQ 'i_Q '(]61191 Yll~Y16Q 'i_~IQ6Q
Q1 = { (x, y): x > 0, y > 0}, Q2 = { (x, y): x < 0, y > 0}
Q3 = { (x, y) : x < 0, y < 0 } (3 Q4 = { (x, y) : x > 0, y < O }
5.2.1 ~~ Q£1Qi Q"2_Q il~l'"9 (Co-ordinate of points on axes) :
Ci) x- ~la QtlQ'S 6~6QlsiQI Q'2_Q y- cs1g1~ 'i'"' '<JQ x e R 1'<ltiQ QJYl~ Q'2_Y11g~Q 6QJ~,
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y- ~~~6~ I :.y~la ={(x,y)I x=O,y eR } ~eJQl y -~18= {(O, y):ye R }
f 102 f

(iii) ~Q~Q 'Sl~I~ (0, 0) I (W~:l'tl:QQ Eili'QQftl)
~Ei~Q~ : Q1 UQ 2UQ, LJQ 4 U {(x, 0): x E R}u {(0, y) : y ER}= R2 C'.JaQI Rx R
5.2.2 xy - <CJYIG'G'Ti' (xy - plane) :
Ei~Q '<1Yl9Q~()Q x- (3 y- ~~ C'.l~~ QQ Q~Yll~~(x (3 y) 'Sl~I~ 'tl:IQI «J._~9 QQl~I~, Ei'<lQ

«1Y19Q~ xy- '<1Yl9Q ~21~1~ I xy- '<1YlGQQ «JYlg Q~Yll~~ Ei'<l~,~ RxR=R 2 ={(x,y)lx,y eR} I
Ei~QOl()Q R x R Ql()~~1Q COJ..61~ ()«!~, I xy- '<lYlGQ~~ Yl~ "'16~'G?1Q '<l~6'~ (Cartesian Plane)
·QI R2 - '<lYlGQ ~21~1~ I
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WQ6'1Q 'il~I~ (rectangular coordinates) ~21~1~ I
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5.2.3 ~fii' '<l~~~ (Half Plane) :
x- C'.l~ 'ti:IQI xy- '<1Yl9Q~ ctlQ~ C'.J~ '<lYlGQ ~al : Q~ C'.J~ '<1Y19Q
= {(x, y): y > O, x ER}
C'.laQI Q 1u Q 2 (3 C'.lCJ8 C'.J~ '<1Yl9Q = {(x, y): y < o, x ER} Q3 u Q4 EiQ QQl§9 ~~ I 6'<128£1
y- C'.J~. xy '<1~9Q~ ctlQ~ C'.l~ '<1Yl9Q ~al : Q~Gl C'.J~ '<1Yl9Q = {(x, y): x > 0, y ER} C'.JaQI
Q1u Q4 (3 QIYl ei~ '<1Y19Q = {(x, y): x < o, y ER} C'.laQI Q2 u Q3 EiQ QQl§9 QQal~ I
~8 QQl2QG1~ Q!84 QQ :
(i) Q~ P(2,3), Q 1ElQ C'.JQCfJ9 (PE Q1) (ii) Qk( Q(-2,3), Q2 E)Q C'.JQCfJ9 (Q E Q2)
(iii) Q~ R(- 2,-3 ), Q3 E>Q C'.JQCfJ9 (R E Q) (iv) Qk( S(2,-3), Q4 E>Q C'.JQCfJ9 (SE Q4)
(v) Q~ M(2,0); x C'.118 Q8E>Q C'.JQCfJG (vi) Q~N(0,3), y-C'.J~ Q8E>Q C'.JQCfJ9 I
~~ca11~~1 - 5 (a)
l . ~Q. ~E>Q OQ, QQ I
(i) Q_Q Q~Q 'Sl~I~ (0, 0) (ii) <yaYl 81Q(QI) Q8Q'S(x,y)E>Q x>O, y< O
(iii) ~91Q 81Q(Q 2) Q8Q'S (x,y) E>Q x<O,y<O (iv) ~1Q 81Q(Q 3) Q~x,y)E>Q x<O, y < O
( v) coi~cl 81Q (Q 4) Q8Q'S (x,y)ElQ x> 0, y>O (vi) x- C'.J~ Q8Q'S Q~Q 'Sl~I~ (0, y)
(vii) y- C'.l~ Q8Q'S Qk(Q 'Sl~I~ (x, 0) (viii) Q1u Q2 u Q3 u Q4 = R2
(ix) R2 Q Q~ C'.l~ '<1Yl99 =Q1u Q2 (x) R2 Q Q~Gl C'.J~ '<1Yl9Q = Q1UQ 2
(xi) (-3 , -2) Q~~ ~gm 81QE>Q C'.IQ~G I (xii) (1.2, -1) Qk(~ ~91Q 81QE>Q C'.JQCfJ9 I
(xiii) (-0.5,J2) Q~~ t]aYl 81QE>Q C'.JQ~9 I (xiv) (x. y)= (-2, 3) E>2E>Q, x =-2 (3y = 3
1103 J

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(v) P 5 (-3, 4) (vi) P6 (0, 3) (vii) P7 (3 , 0) (viii) P 8 (0, - 4)
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~
(v) x'x C'Jla Q ciglYJQ QQ 6QOO ?

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(viii) P(s,4) Q~Q x - cs1g1.. (3 Y- cs1g1.. 6Q69 ?
4. A(O, y), B(7,0), C(-2,5), 0(3 ,-4) -<JQ E(-1 , I) Q~~~Q 0~~ 6Qg Q~ QI Q~~~Q 6QQ
0
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5. ~g4'Slg Q_Q61 QQ I
(i) x > 0, y > O626@, p(x, -y) ................... ~Gl81Q6Q C'JQ§g I
(ii) x<O, y<0626G, p(x, -y) ................... ~Gl81Q6Q C'JQ§g I
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(iv) x e R, y < 0 626Q, p(x, y) ...................... C'J~9Q6Q C'JQ§g I
(v) x < 0, ye R 626Q, p(x, y) ....................... C'J~9Q6Q C'JQ§g I
(vi) x > 0, y > O626G, p(-x, -y) ................... ~Gl£:JIQ6Q C'JQ§g I
5.3 ((JQQ6Q~IQ c:a~1QQ61 (Equation of a line) :
QQ~ ~QIQQ ~QgQ 6G~~QGJ.. ~QgQ C'J()gQ~~'Q Cl~ ~l~~'Q I «12 «101QQ61Q 6G~~~
C'J~g QQ «J01QQ61 ~QQ «101Cllg QQl~IQ816Q I 'Q«l'i Q@Q t:JQQ6)1 6'216116Q t:J§Q I ~01g
C'.1160 6(f<Q1QI ~g~ QQQI~ x (3 y 6Q 'QQQl91 «l01QQ61Q 6Q~~Q xy - «109Q6Q Qt:JQ ('J~g
QQl~IQt:JIQQ ?
x (3 y 6Q "()~16'1 <tlf11QQ~ (~1~1~ fl~ <tJQ~ (Linear) <tlf11QQ~ ~~1~1'<1) Q ~41£JQ

~{general form) ax+ by+ c = 0 ....... (1)
[ 104]

-<J016Q a (3 b !JeJl~6Yl x (3 y Q '<12Q (coefficient) (3 c ~QQ QI~ (constant) ('.J<;i§ I '(]'q]_QQ _
Ql~Q ~ 0 ~YI; Q~ a (3 b '<IQ «16Q' 'i0 q__~ I Qc;;;iQI~ x (3 y £}_ 6Q@'<l (,(JICJ10 (3 C'.J0Y§ (,(JICJ10 0~' _ .
g(l6Q g~Q~1c;;;i I '<11CJIQGIG8 C'.JIYI C'.Jl6Ql0016Q Qc;;;iQI~ x ~ (,(JICJ10 Qc;;;i GJ§8 Q01Q QQl5Q (3 C'.J0Y
~QI~ y ( '<1168~ 0Q )Q Q_QY (I ) '<1Yl1~QG1£}_ Qll 62Q I Ql6~~m, '<1Y!9c;;;iE;Q '<18Q Ql6Q Q~~
01~ 'Sl(l0 QE;Q C'.JIYI~ El!J~ ElQ~Q~ (graph) ~QQ 9121~ '<1Y11QQ61 ( 1) Q 6Q~0~ ~21!Jl'<I I
~0100Gl ( 1) x (3 y ElQ ElQ@'<I '<IQ Ql91 '<1Y11QQG1 El21Q?JQI£}_ '<121Q ElQ~~§ Ql6~~1Q ~W1Gc;;;i6Q
.,qQ ~Qc;;;iE;Q~I (L) 62Q I Q'iGS Q1Wl~OO '<1Y11QQG1 ( l ) (3 '<l21Q ElQ~~ L ( !Jl21Q '<IQ '<lQc;;;iE;Q~I) ..
-<JQ (3 C'.JQ~ I C'.J0Y Ql~IElQ Q26Q '<lQc;;;iE)Q~I L, '<1Y11QQG1 ( l) Q '<JQ ~Yl~§Q £2_8Q QQ'f,JQI~ I
'<1Y11QQG1 ( l) ElQ ?JQI i;c]2Q (3 ~QQ Q@ a, b (3 c Q Q~ Q~ Q_QY El~Q ElQ~Q~ C'.J{;i1"0 Q(;Q_
~I~~ xy - i;c]Y!9c;;;i6Q QQ~ i;c]Qc;;;iE)Q~I ~QQ I '<!2 i;ciQc;;;iE)Q~IYll0<;;" QQ1QQG1 §8Q~G 9§6Q@
6<Q]Gl16Q QQl!JIQ 81QQ I
' . . . "' c
(i) a= 0 (3 b :;t; 0 El26Q ( l) '<1Y11QQG1Q Q8 y = k E)!JgOIElQ k = (--)
c... I I b
(ii) b = 0 (3 a :;t; 0 El2ElQ ( l) i;c]Y!1QQG1Q Q8
"' c
x == k i E)!JgQIE)Q l-."2 = ( - -a )
c...
"' a
(iii) a :;t; 0 (3 b :;t; 0 El26Q ( l) '<1Y11QQG1Q £2_8 Y.== mx + c E)!(]gQIE;Q m = (-b )
a c
QIQGl ax+ by+ c ~ 0 :=:} y = (-b )x + (-b)
~QY : '<1Y11QQG1 ( l) ElQ ?JQI '<12Q (3 ~QQ Ql~Q Q_QY Q'll: Q~ i;c] 0 ~41 §C'.Jlf(]IQ g8E)Q C'.JIElQIQG
8Q§§~~~ 60Q '<lQc;;;iE)Q~I L § Q8Q Ql6Q xy- '<lY!Qc;;;iE)Q C'.JQ~G 9121 C'.Jl6Ql001 QQQI I
8Qi~ {i) : y = k 1 '<1Y11QQG1 xy- '<1Y!Gc;;;i6Q '<IQ i;ciQc;;;iE;Q~ll~ 'i_01'<1; !Jl21 x- C'.J~ i;ci2 '<lYll~Q I .
y =k '<lQc;;;iE)Q~I§ Q_c;;;iQ~Ol£.1.k 1 '<JQQ ~6Q x- C'.J~ '<12 «IYll~Q QIElQ xy- '<1Y!9c;;;iE)Q C'.JQ~9 I !JQ
1
k1 = O 696Q '<1Y11QQG1§ x- C'.J~ C'.JEl<;i I k 1 > O El26Q «1Qc;;;i6Q~@ x- C'.J~Q ( g8Q81~~ g~-C'.J~
~~GQ6Q (3 k I < 0 El26Q y = k I ~Qc;;;iE)Q~I§ x- C'.J~Q ( 9c;;;i~ C'.JCJ8-C'.J~ i;c]Y!GQElQ C'.JQ~G El2ElQ I ··
6Q~Q~~ §86Q <ti'~fo1g§ I v
(0 1, k 1) y=k,
(0,0) y=O
X' x
0 . ·,
y = -k,
(0,, -kl)
(0~ - 5.4)
Y'
( 105 l

~fi~ : · (a) y = kI ' (k I > O' kI < O (3 kI = O) '<l QIYI~ <('JQ~Q~IQ-.. ~lgQf;Q
a1wc-
«1QQE)Q~I (Horizontal
fines ) ~llCll'<l I Y
(b) y = O «1Y11QQ~~ x- ~~~ 'i_91'<l I

~(ii): x = k2 «1Yl1~ xy- QIY19QE>Q ~ <('JQQE>Q~I~
'i_91'<l (3 '<l21 y-~!S «12 QIYll~Q I '<l~ QIQQE>Q~I~ (~,y), (yE R)
~Yll~ ~IQI QOO I x = ~ «1QQE>Q~@ ~~0161 ~ ~E)Q ~·
I .::i[''
II II
y- ~!S Ql2 QIYll~Q QIE)Q xy- «1Y199E)Q ~Q~9 I IClQ k2 = O x x
E)OE)Q <(1~ y- ~!S ~£" I ~ > 0 E)QE)Q x = ~ <('JQQE>OOI~ X' 0
~ (-kl , 0
y- ~~Q 00~ 81tijE)Q QI Qij~ ~~ QIY199E>Q <3 ~ < 0 E)2E)Q
x = k 2 QIQQE>Q~I~ y ~~Q QIY181~E)Q QI QI~ ~~· Ql~9QE)Q
~~G E)QE)Q I '<l21 rn~cs ~QE)Q ~ll(]IQ~ I
~~ (c) : x = ~ . (~ > 0, ~ < 0 (3 ~ = 0) '<l «1~~ QIQQE)Q~I~
Q~s;i QIQQE;Q~I (Vertical lines) ~llCll'<l I Y'
(d) x = o «1~1QQ~~ y- ~!S~ 'i_~l'<l I (9Q - 5.5)
8Q~§ (iii) : ~~ ~lbQiOO ~ ~ (i) (3 (ii) E)Q QIYTIQb'l~~Q E)Q~~ ICleJI~~ ~I~
<3 Q~s;i «1Q~Q~I I ~Ytlg 8Q~§ (iii) E)Q xy «1~99E>Q QIYl1QQ~ (I) Q E)Q~~Q E)Ql§'<l 91~YQ
«1QQE)Q~I (3 '<l21 ~ 5.6 E)Q ~009 I ~QI~ eJIQQ QIYl1QQ~ ( l) Q ~gy '<lQ £2..8 y = mx + c .. .. (2)
gf1161 : L E)Q~I y - ~~~ Q Q~E)Q E)D'Q

Q~ '<lQO X - ~~Q CJglY,lQ QQ Ql2 eo
8Q~l~Q E)QI~ QQ~ ~ I
(~Q - 5.6)
-<JOIE)Q P (x , y), L «1QQE>Q~I Q8Q'S E)I(] E)Ql~Q] '<lQ Q~ I «1QQE)Q~I~ x- ~~'iM ~E)Q
E)ii'QI QG)_ I p Q~G)_ x ~!S ~§ ~~9 Qs;i PN <3 QS J._PN E)2Q I OQ = c E)2E)Q Q Q~§Q <Qlgl_.
(O,c) 6~ I
L <(1Q9()Q~I Q~I ~IQ Q._4Q OOQlG QQ()Q x- ~!SQ CJg QQ «12 ~ij G6l~QI E)Qlt>lQ
€JQYll~ 0 'l_ L «1QQ()Q~IQ ~100 (angle of inclination) l'ii.211Cll'<l I '<lOl()Q L ()Q~I~ G1~YQ, E>iXi
e~~ I
2
I 1~61
PK-01-29-17

p Qq_Q <fll9.I~ (x, y) 626Q ON= x (3 NP= y I PSQ «W16QIG11 Q~~6Q 6Q mLPQS= e
(-: mLPMN= 0) -QQ0 PS = PN - NS = PN - OQ = y - c (3 QS =ON = x I
PS y-c
PSQ !:1 6Q tan0= - = -
QS x
::::) xtan9=y-c
::::) y =,.(tan 9) x + c::::) y·= mx + c (6~QOl6Q m =tan 9)
::::) y = .rnx + c ....... (2)
'iXiQl L Q8Q<f16£ 6QlQ~ Q~P(x,y) 6~6Q x (3 y ~IQI «W11QQQ (2) ~fii' 62Q I -Q016Q
0
QJQ96Q~I L Q 6~t{ (Slope) (3 y E;~Ql0 ~ (y- intercept) ~ell~6Yl m (3 c I
~~qQIY11 '<1Q~6Q~IQ '<1Y11QQ61 : «lQ~Q~I L Yl_~~ 0(0, 0) 61Q\Q ~~g 621Q(>.J.6Q

-Q21Q «lY!lQQQ (2), x = 0 (3 y = 0 ~IQI ~fii' 629 I ~Xi-QQ y = mx + c ::::)0 = m x 0 + c ::::) c = 0
'iXiQl Yl_9Qfe(£11Yll «1Q96Q~I (y- wa~ ~@) Q «1Y11QQG1 y = rnx 629 I
0
- < . -
Y16~QQt : Q~~ «1Q~6Q~IQ 6~t{ ~QeJQ QIQQ 0 = 90° 626Q 6~t{ tan e ~QeJQ 62Q
.J.6Q -QQIQ ~1g§ e= o ~eJIG, 6~t:l
0 tan e= 0 629 I
~ <
'<lQ~Q<i\11 L Q 6~£l ~~Q :
«1Y11QQG1(2) ~IQI ~~g <(1Q96Q~I L Q86Q Pl(xl' y,) (3 Pi<x2, Y2) ~Q 6£1@ Q!C( 626Q
~
P,P2= L I -QOl6Q y = rnx t c «lY!lQQQ~ (x" y 1) (3 (.x.2, y 2) ~?\G6~1~ ~IQI ~fii' 62Q I
:. y,=rnx,+c ............ (i) -QQ0 y 2 =~+c ............. (ii)

(i) (3 (ii) bl. c ~ ~8«11QQ Q6Q 81Q91 : m(x, - Xi)= y -y2I
y- Yll~lt;i~QQ ~~Q
x- 'al'n'lt;; ~QQ W~Q
- - < -
QQli'Q61 - 1 : 3x - 2y + 6 = 0 «lY!lQQQ~~ y = mx + c £)._86Q 8QOO~ QQ 6~t{ rn (3
y- ()~IQ\1°~ c ~£)._861 QQ I
3
'<lYllCll~ : 3x - 2y + 6 = ·O ::::) 2y = 3x + 6 ::::) y = 2x + 3 (3 -Q21 00 «1Y11QQ61Q
. 3
y = mx + c £)._8 I ~016Q <(JQQGQ~IQ 6~t{ (rn) = 2, y- 6~Ql ~ (c) = Z
0
(Q~Q)
QQl~'1 -2: (i) P1 (3,0), (ii) P2(2,l), (iii) P3(0,4) Q~Yl~bJ..6QQ ~~ 4x+3y-12=0 «1QQ6Q~I
~~6Q ~Q~G ~£)._861 QQ I
'<lYllCll~ : (i) IQIG! <(JY11QQ616Q x = 3, y = o 6Qtqt6Q 4 x (3) + 3 x O- 12 = O~6~ I ·
~G~Q x = 3, y = O ~IQI <(JY!1QQ61~ ~~ 62Qe!.91bJ..P 1 (3,0) Q!C(~ 4x + 3y-12 = 0 «1QQ6Qf611
~£l6Q~~g I
[-107]

(ii) Q@ ~lY1Hii'Q616Q x = 2, y = I 6Q~6Q 4 x 2 + 3 x I - 12 ==- I ;t 0;
~QQl Pp , I ) Q'l~ Q@ «JQQE)Q~I Qt:lQ'iJ ~E)Q J

0
(iii) Q_gQ. Q@ «JrnQQ616Q x = 0, y = 4 6Q~6Q 4 x 0 + 3 x 4 - I 2 = 0

('JQ'<JQ P,(0.4) ~~ Q@ «JrnQQ61Gt_ ~~ G1'61<'.l~ I ~QQl 0 P3(0,4) ~£' «JQQE)Q~I Qt:lQ'iJ .,
:. P1 (3.Q) l3 P,(0.4) Q'l c;;:~ Q@ «JQQ6Q~I Qt:lQ'iJ C'.l~~ I

-
~Ql2Q~ - 3 : P1 ( 7.8) t.3 P2 (-3.2) Q'2.c;;:m>llY11 «JQQ6Q~IQ 6~Q §iQ QQ I
~WllCll'li' : '<JOl6Q x I = 7' y I = 8 '<JQ x2 = - 3' y2 = 2 I .
0
~'iI_~1~g1 - S(b)
l . -~8Q~Q ~~~§QQ Q@Q QC'.l I
( i) x (3 y 6Q '<JQQl£'1 «irnQQ61Q QYltlQ Qt:J£'Q
c.... ...
6Q'ii1
( ii ) x (3 y 6Q '<JQQIQl «JY11QQ61Q 6Q'ii1§~§Q <.;J62_8 Q'6162Q ?
( iii )x - C'.l~Q «irnGi'Q61§ 6Q'ii1 I
( iv) ; - C'.l~Q «lY11QQ61£' 6Q'ii1 I
( v) (3, 0) Q'2. 6QQ y- W8 «12 «JY'll~Q «JQQ6Q'ii11Q «JY11QQ61£'Gt_ 6Q'ii1 i
(vi) (0, -2) Q'2_6QQ x- C'.l~ «12 «JY'll~Q «JQQ6Q'ii11Q «JrnGi'QGi~Gt_ 6\ill'iil I
(vii) ~Q~£11Y11 «JQQ6Q'ii11Q QY11QQ6l§Q QYltlQ 62_8Gt_ 6Q'ii1 I
(viii) (2, 3) Q~ 2x +Jy + 6 = 0 «JQQ6Q'ii11 GtlQ'iJ.62Q Q ?
(i x) (I. - 1,) Q~ 3x + 4y+ I = 0 «JQQE)Q'iill GtlQ'iJ 62Q Q ?
· · (x) x = Ol3 y = O «JQQ6Q'ii11 c;;:kJ.Q 6ir'ti' 9'2.£'Q ca1g1~ 6Q'ii1 I
2. ~86Q QC'Jl~IQ~QI «JQQ6Q~IY11g~y = mx + c 62_86Q 6Q~ m (3 c ~62_t:l61 QQ I
. (i) 2x + 4y-i=O (ii) x-2y+5=0 (iii)3x - 4y=O
3. x - 2y + 5 = O«JQQ6Q~I Qt:JQ'iJ Q'2.Y11g~ Q@ Q'2.Yllg~£.l.. £'~~ QQ I

(i)( l , 3), (ii) (2, 4), (iii)(2,5), (iv)-1 , 2), (v)(7, -6), (vi)(-3 , J)
.-4. ~8G'Q1£' ~6£'YQ 6!8~6Q P1 t.3 P2 6QQ <'.l~Q «JQQ6Q'ii11 P,p; Q 6'<l)Q ~~fo QQ I
(i J P1( 1. 2J (3 Pp, 3) (ii) P1(- I. 2) <3 Pp, 7)
( iii ) t> 1(- 2. -3) (3 P2(- 4, - 5) (iv) Pp, -4) (3 P2(0, 6)
( v) p I (0, 0) (3 pp, I) (vi) P1(0, 0) (3 P,(-1, I)
110s I
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~A ~Q t'.l&lll'7 l~Q~~ '<l~ 1'71 ~W11~Q€1Q 6Q~Q~ (Graph of the Linc·ar
rq1111tion in two variahks) :
I~ I by I C l) "j lll X I l'.
GlQ ~ \51Y <a I JI

0
2J I
Q~ _,. : x - t'l . - 3 1\n'QGJ 6Q~ ~ ~'1"9 6 6
, I· IQ I I 9 GI QQ I
((]fllCJI~: I '<W'llQ Gl ~Q x - ........ (i) y 3 ... ... ..... (ii)
IQ (;gl~'<l (;g@-<J 6~QQ £10~ QQ Q ~ I ~
IQ · 1 QGI
~ - 6£11 .
I I ~ I
E;~~Q - 1 ( '<WllQQGI ( i) t:JIQJ 6~9Q
... -2 (<a QGI (ii 81Q)
\: I I~ I I ~ I
2
'<1..~~I : (i) x = 2 ~IQI '<J..0 <CJQQ6Q~I~ Q_QQ'£._OI~ \;' 12151~ 2 '<JQQ ~Q6Q ~ - C'.J IE Q
Q 6 •IQ xy- «1Y19Q6Q C'.JQ§9 62Q I
(ii) y = 3 ~IQI '<J..09 «1QQ6Q~@ Q_QQ'2._01~ Q8Q~., ~ ~E;Q x-C'.J~ «12 <a Q
6 I xy - <a~9Q6Q C'.JQ§9 62Q I
~910. 6«11819~ 62QI 6Q~ QIQ~6Q QG~g {;)16Q '<JQQ ( I 6<;3.~ . = I '<JQQ ) 6QQ C'.J~ £J.
QQQI (3 6~~6Q (x.y) ~~9 6£11§~~~ 6QQ Q'£._ ~189 li?QQI I
y
1'(2.3) L.
2 L 1 = {( x.y) h = 2.yeR}
L, = {(x. y Ix ER. y = 3}
- 3 - 2 - 1 I
- I
- 2
-3
Y' L,
(0G - 5.7)
I t09 J

~\;'m, 6~1tJlg~ 62QI '<l~ Q'2.. ~§Iii 6((J,Q ~121~46Q ~ 0 6~1£1 Q6Q 6£11~-<J ~Q<;;;i6Q~I tJIQQI I
~Q<;;;l6Q~I LI [~01QQG1 (i)] (3 Ll [~911QQG1 (i i)] Q 6~QQ'2.. p Q ~1g1.,.-~ P(2,3)
~.~. : xy- ~Ylt;'<;;;l6Q '<JQ ~Q<;;;i6Q~I ~.,.-g O!Q ~Q6£11~ Q'2..Q ~1g1.,.- g~fo ~6ZJ~ 62Q I
Q~l~Q61 - s : 2x - Jy - 6 = o ~911QQG1Q 61n1~9~ w;;m QQ I
«W11Cll~ : '<l016Q 2x - Jy - 6 = O ~911QQGl~lil_ y = mx + c 62_t:J6Q ~Ql'61 G6Q
2
Y= 3 x - 2 ...... .... .. ... (i) ( '<l016Q 'x' lil_ VJICJ1g ~<;;;i (Independent variable) '<JQ 0 y Iii ~168~ ~<;;;i
y
(dependent variable) lil._21~1'(] I) 4
~911GQG1 (i) 6J.. x = 0 ~ y = - 2, x = 3 ~ y = 0, 3
x= -J~ y= - 4 (3 x=6 ~ y =2 2
'ii@ t;'eJ4£j_~lil_ 6gQ {';)8 6£1~Q~ ~~\;' 621Q~ I
IJ-~I ~J ~I ~I
~ ~ (- 3,-4)
.°, ~Ylt;' 6~l~Yi1g : (-3, -4), (0, - 2), (3,0) '(]QO (6,2) -4
y
I: 1-I I~ I~ 1
2 3
(3 .3) ~~~Q ~.,.-g QQ (0,0) ( 1,1) (2,2),

(3,3),(-1 , I ), (- 2, 2) (3 (-3 , 3) ~1g1~
~~~~[lg Q()Q £U~Q ~

X ' 4-+--+--~'l'--.J--.J--.J--+-+ X 61n1~0~~ ~§Q I
- 3 - 2 - I I 2 3 4
- I
-2
-3
Y' (9~ - 5.9)
1110]

/
~Ql2Q(;l -7 : y = 2x Q 6Q<ci19~ C'.1<;10 QQ I
6Q<ci19~~ y Q 010 - 2 rnQ' x Q 010 ~Q QQ I
<e1Y11Cll0 : y = 2x Q 6Q<ci19~ 81Q ~~Xi 6£11~ 'Oj_~~ ~Q QQQI I
((]01QQ61~ VJ~ 6£1, x = 0 81Q y = 0, x ~ 181Qy = 2
-<]Q 0 x = 2 81Q y = 4 :. ~~9 6£11{?010 (0,0),(1,2) (3 (2,4)
(x- C'.J~ (3 y- C'.1~~0. C'.1~0 QQ '<121 Q86Q
1 6((].~. = 1 '<JQG 60Q 6Q~9~ C'.1~0 GQ)
6G~9~~ '<JG ((]QQ6Q~I 62Q I
y- C'.J~6Q - 2 Q «l_CO'G Q~ P I P Q~6Q x- 2'.l~ ~Q «101~Q Y'
6Q~I 6Q~9~ L ~ M Q~6Q 6~Q G~ I M Qk2_~ x- WE ~Q
(9~ - 5.10)
MN QR C'.1~9 GQ Ix- C'.J~6Q 'N' Q ~191~ (-1) 62Q 1·
: . y Q 019 -2 81Q x Q 019 ~l 62Q · 1 (Q@Q)
1. ~~Q~9 6G~9~ 'Oj_§G C'.1~0 GQ I

..
~g~1Qg1 - 5. (c)
(i) x = 4 (ii) y = 5 (iii) x = - 5 (iv)y=-4

2. ~~Q~9 «101GQGl'Oj_~GQ 6G~9~ C'.J~<n' GQ I
(i) y = x (ii) y + x = 0 (iii) 2y = 3x
3. ~~Q~Xi «101GQG1 'Oj_§GQ 6Q'ci1~Q C'.1<;10 GQ I
(i) x + y -2 = 0 (ii) x + y + 2 = 0 (iii) 2x + y - 2 = 0
(iv) x + 2y - 3 = 0 (v) 3x + 2y- 5 = 0 (vi) x -y + 2 = 0
4. Q@ 6~~QQ 9214~ Q4Q21Q ~Q E)Q'ci1~Q
C'.1~9 QQ '<JQ 6Q~9Q~ a
0
Q Q_Q4 ~£2..861 GQ I
(3 b
I; I i I i I ~s I ~ I ~31 1
5. 2x +3y -6 = OQ 6Q~~ C'.1~0 00 6Q~~ C'.1~<((0.~ '<121 E>QQ ~Q 6~Q ~~ ~ QQ I

6. y = I x I Q 6G~9~ -5 ~ x ~ 3 81Q C'.1~0 QQ I
7. x = ± 3, y = ± 4 C((IQI «2_99 CO'IQ6Q@ «IQQ6Q~I ~~0 QQ 6«1019~ 81Q~QG 6~Q 6~ QQ'ij!
C'.110.9 618QQ ~1~ Qk2_ 019~Q ~191~ ~£2..861· GQ I
8. 5x - 3y=l ~6~~00 1~~6~,P(2,3)~«1~001Q~'<JQ~62Q I
9. ~ - 3y = 4 «101GQG1Q 6Q~~ ~~9 QQ I 6G~9Q~ QG1 6~Q6Q ~01WQ ~191~ ~Q GQ,
6~696Q6Q (i) y = - I '<JQ (ii) x= - 2
0
x = 2y - 1 ~Q0 3y = x «101GQ61 ~0.Q 6Q~9Q C'.1~0 QQ 6G~9Q ~0.Q 6~QQk2_Q l!l91~
---
10.
1111 J

(RATIO AND PROPORTION)
6.1. @O~~~"'I (Introduction) :

Q..ElY1Y116g 6Q~~g 91Qg6Q ~6gQ Q~ QI.8Qle}Q <(] VJ'516Q ~IC<J.~ I «llCJIQG198 '<JQ \JQIQQ
0
~Q~ 8'itle1~ ~Gll8Q (Quality) Qfl.I 8QY116118Q (Quantity) QIQ6Q Q_Qgl QQeJI~ I '<JQ ~191kJ.
~Q~ 8'itleJ~ 8QY11Gl ~ij£.l. «llCJIQGl98 6Q69 Qq QI 6Q~1 6Q69 ~Gl QI ~ 0 ~ ~\QI Q_Qg\ QQeJI~ ·I
Qq QI 6Q~1 6la~6Q Q~£.l. <(]lg «l 0 ~YIQ 68'~161 ~IQI Q_Qgl QQQI 6Q6Q ~Gl QI ~ 0 ~ 6!a~6Q
~~819Q·\l60.IQ QQ Q_Qgl QQeJI~ I tt_Q 6'2]Gl1Yll<n'.~6Q ~6Y1~16g ~~8.19 (3 «1Yll~<tll9 «l~~6Q Q~
-~I~~ I QQ~ \JQIQQ ~~819, «lY11~819 «lA.~lQ QQ~ g~QI '<JQ gg g~Ql~~QQ \l60.IQ6Q 0
<tll~Ql~GQ g~Q «lYllCJlgQ \lGllQl «lA.~lQ ~CJQ ~16Gl~<n'I gg ~~IQQ YJ..~4 Q6Q~4 I
6.2. C'.l'iiOlg (Ratio) :
8'itleJ~~GQ Q_Qgl8G ~eJ6Q ~~819 Q4Q2lQ QQl~l'<l I Q_Qgl QQQI~ 626G Q_QglQ
_Q~'91_~G '<JG 9191Q QI '<JG \JQIQQ 62QI ~IQ~4Q I ,
'<l"flil: ~~ Ql~IQi ~I ~Q, ~21Yl QI~ ~lQ Ql~Q 6G661 ~~ Ql · 6~61 ~0 ~, '(]'i?I
600 QI~ '91 '<1°~41~1QI Qll~ ~, 61121S, ~2.IYI C3 ~lQ Ql~~Q Yl~ll ~~161 (Ratio) ~ISUl'<I I ·
QQl2QGl «J~8 30 ~~Q ~ 6 ~~Q, '<l2 «lY1~191Q Ql~<ti:0.~ ~Q~I G6Q 6Q~l~l'<l 6~, 30
-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 30
Yl~Q, 6 Yl~QQ 5 ~Gl I 69~.)0 Yl~Q (3 6 Yl~Q rn.ll} C'.1~819 62Qii: 6 QI 5:1
'<l016Q C'.J~<tll9~ '<JG tt_~ «l 0 ~41~1QI \lGl~9 62GI I
qgQ 25 8Q((]I, 1 ~~I QI 100 8Q((]IQ 1 0~

2
QI ~
~'iii rn.l'il 62Q~
2
:. 25 8Q((]I (3 1 C'.l'l,819 ;
1 0
QI I :4
Y16gGQl~IQ; 6Q@-.cJ -.cJGG6Q ~Ql~9 QI~ ~Q~ a (3 b C'.16~ I a QI~ ~2 b QI~ C'.Jg<Jl9Q
... .... a:b
QI ~ ~IQI ~GI~ GQl~I'(] I (a:b ~a ~~819 b QI a is to b ElQIQ <J~l~l'<l I)
. ( 112)

-
~fi~: a:b ~ QQi ~16Q ba -
~IQI ~QI~ QQl<Q16@ ~ct! "<l016Q ~'ri'..Ql~62Q 60, a ~b <tj!IQI
~IQ QQl01Q 012 I ~~ QQIQQGlb.l_ v.l~ 62Q I

Y160Gi'Q ~Gl 6@1Q~ 81~6Q I 00 ~1q ~~('JQI '<]Q <q)l«l ~'ii_£11<n'1Q OQQI~ 02'.ll<OlQI I '<l21~
{jQQI <;JY!Q6Q Xil'Q ~Q,Qlti6Q ~Q..Y 621QQ@I I Q~ Q~ 6@1Q ~2 ~Q..Y Q~qg £11<n'1Q 6«1Qi;:;> ___ .
~\>'611 621Q816Q 6QIQ «16~2 QQ 681Q«1_6Q '<JGGI 6Q6@ I 8'~6Q '<l2 £1101QQ '<JQ 0q01 8Q1!81
Q6)QI 81Q ~lgQ~ Q~IQGI I . . -
"'
8Q1!81 86Q ~G118~QI 6~ 81g1Q 8Ql('}6Q Qia g12 I ~Q gqgl6Q 50 ~lq ~~ PJQ, 6G6Q
0~ <3 Q~Q ~q_81G 50:0 62Q I
~q_£11GQ ~el 2QG1 cr(62 I ~21 'i_~%'l~ Q <ii_Q~ 8QI('} Ylct!G)_ 6Ql~Q6Q a ~IQ PJGG ci<n'Y~. b
(;)1<01 62Q I
~q_rng a: b 6Q a <yeJY! 8Q '<JQ b ~G1Q 8Q I '<l016Q a0
(3 b <ii_Q~ 8Q QI QI~ I a ~eJYl 8Q~
~Q t:JQ (antecedent) (3 b ~Gm 8Qlii QQQ 8Q (consequent) 1ii21~1~ I ·
_a 2 < . _ _ _ 2
0Q b =S ~. '<l016Q ~Q 2; QQQ8Q 5 I 6G~JjJeJYI QI~ 2, ~121 ~1Q QI~ SQ S CJ ~ . I 0
.;::.ri
- .-
£«128Q ~Q
- a
b = 25 ll'<l, ~OIGQ ~Q8Q 5; QQQ8Q 2 -c
I
. - . - - 5 ..
Gti~ ~eJYI QI~ 5, 0121 ~910. QI~ 2Q 2 ~Gl I · · -·.
- 30 ~~I
~Q <ii_Q~Gl(;ii tJl~6Q 30 ~(;iii (3 4~ ~(;iii eJl'<l, 6G6Q 91'2 81~6Q PJQI ~'21Q ~q_819 ~ii
42
30 . 30 15 5 ' .
=
42
I ~016Q Q~Y QQ,
42
= 2i = 7 I ~e!b.l_ ~~QI 60, <yeJY! QY§Q r;;t(;iil 5 ~Gl 626~, :
~91Q c;;iy§Q r;;t(;iil 7 ~GI 62Q I
~Qll - (i) : 4 Q6Ql~lq (3 9 Q6Ql~lrl_Q ~q_rn~, 4 r;;ig, (3 9 r;;ig, Q C'.Jq_81G, 4 Qr;;tQ (3 '9
Q\>'Q ~q_rng 4: 9 I _
(ii) 6Q1Gl~ ~q_tJIG6Q ~Q (3 QQQ Ql~~Qlii ~Q «lY!lg CJGl~Y (Non-Zero) Ql~~IQI COJ..Gl<n' - ·
QI 2QG1 QQl~I~, 91~1626@ CJq_tJIGQ Q_QY CJ8QQQ9 Q2Q I
(iii) ~q_819 6Q~ E;Q@~ QI~ QI ~Q «1°~Yl~IQI ~Ql~g ~~ I ~21 ~QQ 0GQ68~
(Indepedent of unit) QI~ I
6.2.1 ~~ ~~~I~ : (Different type of ratios)
<
9Ql~l6' .. (Duplicate Ratio) :
[ J13]

Q~f~£lfg (Triplicate Ratio) :
a .i a 2 8
b1 ~ b Q Qgl~OIG' lil._21~M I QQl2QS1 ~62..8 , ) Q Qgl~OIG'
27
Qg1grn9~ 62Qiii ! x! x ! I
... b b b
< - <
Q£lQQl_fci£llg ~RI QQl~~l"I.£llg (Subduplicate Ratio) :
a1 Ja a
"'
l° QI Jb ~
~~81G'6Q Q8QQl~£11g lil._21~M I
b
b- . 2 4 . 4 16 <
QOl2Q61 «,jQO, - (3 - ~eJIQ60 - (3 - Q Q8QQlg£11G' I
'- 3 5 - 9 25 ..
Q£lQ~l~lg §RI Q~~~l"I.£lig (Sub-Triplicate Ratio) :
a3 Va
1 QI lfb lil_ ~ ~~OIG'Q Q£1Qgl~81G' lil._21~1'<l I
b 2 5 8 125 <
QOi2QS1 «J62..8, 3 (3 6 ~eJl~Gf1 D (3 216 Q QOQQl~OIG' I
ty6'6Qlrn Zl"I.£llg (Inverse Ratio) :
6QIEJ~ ~~OIG'Q ~QOQ (3 Q@Q £1Qlil.. ~eJl~Eif1 Q@Q£1Q (3 ~Q£10 QQ606Q, 6~Q ~G'g
~~OIG'~ ~ij 62Q, G'l211il.. 6QQ ~~OIG'Q QGl6Qlf11 ~~OIG' lil..21~·1-<l I
2 4 ~ 3 5
QOl2Q61 «,j62._£1, } (3 S Q QG'6Ql01 ~g£11G' ~eJl~60 l (3 4 62Q I
6~Q"' Zl@lg (Ce>mpound Ratio) :

~ ~ a c e ~ ~ ::;i~ ace.... .
~~819 ~gQ ~O b, d, f ..... ~~~; 696Q 6Q~G'QQ 6~1QQ ~~OIG' 62Q, bdf.... ..
15 x 3 x l3 x 5 25 .
I 5 : 2 , 3:4, 13:9 (3 5:26 Q E)~QQ ~~819 = 2x4x9x26 16
6.3 : <.Cl~l~£llg (Proportion) :

a c ~
.. QI 6'66'1~~ ~~£116'Q
QQ .. !C'JfilWI~ <Clf11~£116' <l_~l~l'<l I - "' - 6Ql~'<I <.Clf11~£116' I
b d ..
.. ..
'<l~ !C'Jf11~£116'~ a:b :: c:d 91 a:b = c:d fi~ 6Q~l~IQ£116Q I '<1016Q QI~ ~16QI~
a,b,c,d !C'Jf11~£116'1 (Proportional) 91 ~f11@16' ~\'i I
Q86Qlg '<l01~8196Q a,b,c,d lil.. ~eJl~6f1 QeJf1, ~~1 1~, ~91Q (3 ~~cl £1Q QI QI~ ~211C'.ll-<l I
a (3 d Gl_ Ql~QI~ (extremes) '<JQ b (3 c 'ii, rn.JQI~ (means) lil._21~1-<l . I d Ql~lil_ a, b (3 c Ql~~m
0
~~<1 Qf11~8191 (Fourth proportional) lil._21~1'<1 I

a, b, c (3 d Qf11~81G'1 626Q, a : b = c : d 62Q I
r 1141
PK-01-29-17

•• I
~
~ ! =£ ~ ad = be [bd ~IQI QQQ 'tll~~ 'OJ._QIQQI ]
b d
:. \Jl~QI~ ~QQ 'OJ._QOQ = Yl~QI~ ~QQ 'OJ._QOQ
~eJIG, ~IQ6QI~ Qli <C'JY11~1~1 626Q, gl~ Qli~QQ ~€1£1'~, Yl~Qli~QQ ~€1£1'~ '<12
~~1~629 I
~ a c e ~
~~: ~Q b=d=f= ... ~'<l, 9121626Q, a,b,c,d,e,f .... Ql~Yllg '<lYll~'tllG1626Q I
6.3.1 : ~Q c;(]f11~£llG' (Continued Proportion) :

QIY,~IG1Q §§Elg@ QI~ YI~~ ~e!Yl (3 ~G1Q Ql~Q ~~'tll9, ~Q ~91Q (3 ~gm Ql~Q ~~'tllG
(Cl~ «!Yl(g ~'(!, 6«1 ~~'tllG QI~~~ ~~Q '<l911~'tll9 ~21~1'<l '(JQ
0
Q~ Ql~'OJ._§lil_ ~~Q '<lYll~'tllG1
G?21~1'-Q
... I
., ab ~~ .,~~
W~JIG', b= ~ I '-QOl6Q ~e!YI ~~'tllGQ QGIQ Ql'61, ~gm ~~'tllGQ ~Q QI~ '<l2G '<lY'llg
~~I
a:b :: b:c 6Q@'-Q ~~Q «lYll~'tllG I '-QOl6Q b ~a ~ c Q YI~ '<lYll~'tll6'1 (mean propor-
tional) (3 c ~a (3 b Q ~6'1Q «1Yll~'tll611 (third proportional) ~21~1'<1 I
6«12'tlQ ~IQ6Q@ QI 6'6G'ICJQ QI~~ 6~ ~~Q «lYll~'tllG' «lA.I& ~ij 621Q't:JIQQ I
a b c
~
a,b,c,d ... ~YIQ «1Yll~'tll6'1 626Q, b = = d = ...... . c
a b .,
b = c => ac = b2
~
a, b, c ~YIQ «1Yll~'tllG1 => ( QQQ 'tll~~ be ~IQI 'OJ._Qg Q6Q)
. -
:. ~IQQI~ ~QQ ~€1£1'~ =Y1~Ql\11Q 9Q ..... Q, 6'<1Y116~ '<19~1
- <
'<IYll~l91 6~9 I
~e'J1g !=~=~ => !=£

'b c d b d
~a,b,c,d «1Yll@IG1626Q, 6«l'OJ._§Q ~~Q «1Y11@16'1 gE)QIQ'tllQ~ I QQl2QQ <;J~'tl 5, 10,
7, 14 '<!Y11@1611, Yll~ ~~Q «1Yll~'tll611 ~2§ I
&.4 "1Yll~IQ '<lfle1Q ~~ g~QI :
6QIQ~ 6Q@'<l QYll~'tllG~ E)gQ, 6«lel61 ~16Y1 ~IQ 6Q66'@ ~IY'll~Q ~gg ~~'tllG ~fii'
i?OOl§91 I 6Ql'OJ._§Q YJ.9 ~~lgQ 6Q@'<l ~~QI 6QIQ Q(;~g ~'a= c
OUet -
• ....,_.1~19 ~iQI (lnvertendo) :
[ 115]

c:in1.111 • a c
~TIQI • b=d ~ bc=ad
be ad < · b d
=> ac =ac ( Q~Q 81<tiJ~ ac ~IQI ~IQ Q6Q) => a= c
2. '<lQl~Q g~QI (Alternendo) : ! = £ ~ ~ = E.

. b d .c d
a c·
gAIQ: b=d => ad= be
ad be .,.
=> cd = cd ( Q~Q 81<tiJ~ cd ~IQI QIQ ~6Q) => ca =db
3. 6x::JIQ g~QI (Componendo) : ! =£ => a+ b = c+d
b d b d
gAIQ: ~=% => ~+l=.%+1 (QQQ 91~6Q l 6~1'01 Q6Q)

a+b c+d
=>
b
- =d-
4. ~6QIQ g~a1: ~=£~ a-b = c-d

b d b d
a c a c "' ~
gAIQ: b=d => b-1 = d-1 (QQQ 81<~1£1 l Q6~1Q Q6Q)
a-b c-d
=>-=-
b d
s. ·6XJIQl~Q g~al
- (Componen doan d n·1v1'd en d
. o) : b=d~
a c a+b c+d
a-b = c-d
gAI~ : ~= %~ a~b =c:d (6~1Q ~~QI) ....... (1)
Cl~~!=£~ a-b = c-d (Q6QIQ ~§QI) ····· (2)

~ . b d b d ~
(1) ~(2) ~IQI QIQ Q6Q, :::=~:: (~I~~)
. - a c a c a+c
6. ~0 6x::JIQ gQQI (Addendo): b=d~ b=d= b+d
· a c ~ ) ~
gAIQ : b = d~ ca = db ('<JQl~Q cy~QI a+c b+d
=> -c- = - d- ( 6~1Q cy~QI)
a+ c = ~ ('<IQl~Q ct§QI)
=> b+d d !d~
(~I~~)
[ 116)

r
~~~I~:!=~=!= .. .... .~!=~=! = a+c+e+ .. .
... b d f b d f b + d + f+ ... .
a c e
~Ylltl : YlG~Q b= d= f =.····· = k
a = 1::k, c = ck. e = fk. . . . QX>'YI~ I
. a+c+e+... = bk+dk+fk+ .. .. = k(b+d+f+ ... ) = k

.. b+d+f+.... b+d+f+..... b+d+f+.. .. .
GX>'q .! = ~ = ! = a +c+e+.... ('YY11~9)

b d f ...... b+d+f+.....
QQ19Qtl - 1:
Ci) 1, 13 (3 14 Q ~a «1Y11~81X>'1 gttla ~Q 1
(ii) a 3
-
3
b +ab (a-b), a 2
- b Q ~91Q «ml~8191 6~69 ?
2
(iii) a-b <3 4(a-b) Q Yl~ «1Y1108191

... gtda ~Q I
l(]Yll~I~ : ( i) Y16~Ql~IQ ~~a «1Y11~816'1 62Qi x
=> 7:13 = 14: x
7 14
=> -13 =-x• => 7x = 13 x 14 => x = 26
:. ~~a <(lfll~rng1 6Wi 26 I (Q@Q)
(ii) YtG~Q ~gm «1Y1l~816'1 G2Qi x
69q a3- b3 +ab (a-b): a2- b2 = a2- b2 : x
a 3 -b 3 +ab(a-b) _ a2 -b 2
=> a2-b2 - x
=> x[(a~b) (a2 +ab+ b2) +ab (a-b)] = (a2-b2)2
=> x(a-b) (a2 + 2ab + b2) =[(a+b) (a-b)]2
=> x(a-b) (a+ b) 2 =(a+b)2 (a-b)2
=> x(a-b) = (a-b) 2 => x =a- b
:. ~g1Q «1Y11~8191 62Qi (a-~) I (~)
(iii) Y16~ Yl~ '<1Y11~8191 x
:. ~l~Qli~QQ ~610~ = Yl~QliQ QQ
:. (a-b) x 4 (a-b) = x2
=> x2 = 4 (a-b)2 = [±2(a - b)]2
=> x = ± 2 (a-b)
:. YI~ '<1Yll~lg1 62Qe 2 (a-b) QI 2 (b-a) I (QOO)
[ 117]

~91i'Q€1- 2:
x:y = 2:3 6~Q, ·sx-2y: x+3y Q ~4 g~£1Gl QQ I
'<W11~1~ : x:y = 2:3 (~Gl)
Sx
Sx - 2 -- 2
5x-2y : x+ 3y = x+ y = _Y_ (~Q (3 QQQ y c.llQI ~IQ'1'6Q)
3y x .... '1t
-+3
y
I0 - 6 4
2+ 9
= -I I
= 5x-2y: x+3y = 4:11 (~)
~91i'Q€13:
a, b, c, d <C'IY11~£11G'1 626Q 'Y~IQ QQ 6~ a2 : b2 = a2 + c2 : b2 + d2 I

'<1911~1~ : a, b, c d <C.1~1~£11G'1
a c
:. b=d = k (~6gQQl~IQ) ~ a=bk 6l c = dk
91~£1~ =~
b2
=(bk)2 =b2k2 =k2
b2 b2 ········· (1)
~~61£1~ = a2 + c2 =(bk)2 +(dk)2 k2(b2 +d2) =k2 ........ (2)

b2 +d2 b2+d2 b2+d2
2 2 2
(1) l3 6}.(2) ~=~
b2 b2+d2 .
:. a2: b2 = a2 + c2 : b2 + d2
~91i'Q€1- 4:
a, b (3 c ~flQ <a~l~£11G'1 626Q, 'Y~IQ QQ 6~ (a+b+c) (a-b+c) = a2 + b2+ c2 I
~ a b
'<1911~1~ : a,b,c '1fl'1' Qf11~£11G'1 I 6~~ b =-; ~ ac=b 2
QlflO~ (a+b+c) (a-b+c) = [(a+c)+b] [(a+c}-b]
= (a+c)2 -b 2 = a2+ 2ac + c2 - b2
=a2 +2b 2 +c2 -b2 (·:ac=b2)
=a + b
2 2
+ c2 91~£1~ = ~~GI £1~ ( ~1~g)
~li'Q" - 5:
x+Sy : x-Sy = 4:7 6~6Q 3x+5y : 3x-5y Q ~lg ~Q QQ I
x +Sy _ 4 (x+5y)+(x-5y) 4+7
'<lfll~I~: x - Sy - 7 ~ (x+5y)-(x-5y) = 4-7 (6~1Ql~Q ~~QI)
[ 118]
2x =..!...!._~~=-SS::::::} 3x =~(-SS)::::} 3x = (-11)
~ I Oy - 3 y 3 Sy S 3 Sy I
3x+5y (-11)+ I ~ 3x+5y -10 5

~ 3x-5y = (-11)-1 ( 6 ~IQl~GH.;J~QI)::::::} 3x-5y = -12 = 6
:. 3x + 5y : 3x - 5y = 5:6 (QOO)
QQliQt;'I - 6:
a,b,c,d,e,f '<JY'll~8191 626Q ~Yll~ QQ 6~, (a2+c 2+e 2) (b 2+d2+f2) =(ab+ cd + ef) 2
a c e .
~fll~I~ : a,b,c,d,e,f l(JY11~8191, 69~ b=d =f = k ( Y16gQQ)
:. a = bk, c = dk, e = fk
Ql~8~ = (a2+c2+e2) (b 2+d2+f2) = (b 2k2+ d2k2+f2k2)(b2+d2+f2)
= k2(b2+d2+f2) (b2+d2+f2) = k2(b2+ d2+r)2 ... .. (I)
Q~~8~ = (ab+ cd+ ef)2 = (bkb +dkd+fkf)2 = (b 2k +d 2k+f2k) 2
= k2(b2+d2+f2)2 .......... (2)
2 2 2 2 2
(I) (3 (2) ~ (a +c +e ) (b +d +f?) =(ab+ cd+ ef) 2 (~Y11~9)
QQl~t;l - 7 :
~~fol (3 g~91'il'Q QQ~lg QQl(JQ ~~819 9 : 7 I 4 ~ Q._6Q 61(J~lg'il'Q QQl(JQ ~~819
4 : 3 e!,QI I 696Q 4 Q<8 86Q 6'<1~1g~Q QQ'<JQ ~~819 6Q69 62Q ?
~fll~I~ : ~6gQQ ~~folQ QQ~lg QQl(J 9x Q<8 (3 g~91Q QQ~lg QQ'<l 7x Q<8 I
- < < < < .
~IQ~ Q..6Q 6'<lf!IWQ QQ'<l ~ell~6~ (9x-4) Q~ (3 (7x-4) ~ e!,QI I
9x-4 4
~rqil~'<ll 6 Q 7x - 4 "" 3
::::::} 27x-12 = 28x-16 ::::::} x = 4
~IQ~ 86Q 6'<1Yllg'il'Q QQ'<l 62Q (9x+4) ~ (3 (7x+4) Q<8 I
9x + 4 9(4) + 4 - 40 - 5
7x +4 = 7(4) +4 - 32-- 4
:. 4 ~ 86Q 6'<1Yllg'il'Q QQ'<JQ ~~mg 5 : 4 62Q I
Q91iQ'1- 8:
7000 ~IQ A B (3 C f1~6Q -<J8Q Ql~Q~ 6~ A (3 B , B (3 C 81ge/QI ~IQ ~~19 ~ell~6Yl
.... '
2 : 3 (3 3 : 4 629 I
'<lfll~I~ : Yi6gQQ A, B, C 81geJ.QI ~.-1 ~ell~6~ a, b, c I
[ 119]

'Y~l~«l16Q !. =~ (3 _!: =i => !_ =_!: (3 E_ =~ a b (3 b c
b 3 c s 2 3 4 s => s=12 12=1s
a b c
. . S =12 =ls = k ( ~()gQQl!JIQ)
.. a = 8k, b=l2k, c=1Sk ..............(1)
~cqjl~«l16Q a + b + c = 7000 => 8k + l 2k + l Sk = .7000

=> 3Sk = 7000 :. k = 200
k Q "12 ~lg~ ( 1) 6Q 'f,J6QIQ Q6Q,

a= 1600, b = 2400, c = 3000
:. A , B, C Q ~~I !JeJl~6Yl 1600 ~~I, 2400 ~~I (3 3000 ~~I I (Q~Q)
~Ql~'1- 9:
6Ql~'-Q QQ41~QQ W~Yl, gQyi (3 Q~Yl 6~6116Q ~I~ (3 ~1~1 «l0 ~41Q ~~£)lg !JeJl~6Yl 3 : l ,
s : 3 <3 7: s ~6~ 1cy§ 6~6116Q !JQ «JY'i1g «J 0 ~4Q QQ41e11 a1~1~ ()g6Q, QQ41~a6Q ~1~ (3 ~1~1
«J ~41Q ~~£J1g §~a QQ 1
0
«lVll~I~ : Y.16~QQ ~~yi 6~6116Q ~I~ «1°~41 3x (3 ~1~1 «1°~41 x
:. ~~~ 6~6116Q QQ41e11 «1°~41 =3x + x = 4x

goo 6~6116Q ~I~ «1°~41 Sy (3 3y ~l~l «1°~41
gQ~ 6~6116Q QQ41a1 «l0 ~41 = Sy + 3y = 8y

Q~~ 6~G116Q ~I~ «1°~41 7z (3 ~1~1 «1°~41 Sz
Q~~ 6~G116Q QQ41e11 Q0 ~41 =7z + Sz = 12z
~~l~Ql6Q 4x=8y=l2z
. 4x =Sy= 12z => ~=r=~ =k (~EigQQl!JIQ)

.. 24 24 24 6 3 2
:. x = 6k, y = 3k, z =2k
QQ41~Q6Q ~l~Q 0~41 =x+3y+Sz "3Q 0
~1~1Q ~41
0
=3x +Sy+ 7z
x+3y+5z
E)gq QQ41~QQ ~IQ (3
0
~IQ1 «l ~YIQ ~~t]lg = 3x + 5y + 7z
6k_
_ + 3(3k) + 5(2k)
..;._.....:_ __ = 6k + 9k +I Ok =25k
- =25
-
= 3(6k)+5(3k)+7(2k) 18k+15k+14k 47k 47
:. QQYl~Q6Q ~IQ C3 ~IQ1 Q ~41Q ~~£Jig 2S:47 I 0
(QOO)
l 120 I

W}Qli?Q'1 - l 0 : .
6£11~-:J ~IQ91QIQ E>~~Q 6QQ4 (3 'Y'QQ ~~819 2: 1 (3 ~~ 6Ql~'<J ~IQ~%i'IQ E;~QQ E;QQ4
C3 Q~bl ~~819 4:3 ~6~ IQ~ E>~~Q E>~~~QQ ~~819 2:3 626Q, 6<C1Yilgl;;'Q tJQ<Cl1YllQ ~gt:JIG' .
....
6"6b' ?
~YllCJfg : Y!E)~Q 'YeJY! ~IQ9E)~~Q E)QQ4 = 2x (3 'Y'Q = X '<JQ 0
~ """"~
~910. ~IQ96~~Q 6QQ4 = 4y 'Y'S= 3y
QeJYl 6~~Q 6~~~Q = 2x • x= 2x2 '<JQ0 ~910. 6~~Q 6~~XJ'Q = 4y . 3y= I 2y 2
2
2x 2 X 2
Q.qjlg<CJl6Q
....
-
12y
2 =-3 ~ x 2 = 4y 2 ~ x = 2y ~ -y = -I
Q_~ 'YeJYI 6~~Q tlQQ1Yll = 2 (2x+x)= 6x -QQ0 ~910. E)~~Q 8QQ1Yll = 2(4y+3y)= 14y
·0
~ 6x 6 2 12 6
E>Gq_ 8QQ1Yll ~QQ ~~819 = 14
y =l4 x I= l4 =?
:. E>~~~QQ £JQQ1YllQ ~~81g 6: 7
,,.
._,
~~'811Qcn'1 - 6
1. oog1 Yi~bJ. 6'1.', QGlQ~ QI~ t_g4cs1g ~Q~ QQ 1
(i) a:b=3:4, b:c=5:6, c:d=I I :9 626Q, a:d= .... (65:84, 30:40, 55:72, 45 : 63)
.. a b c 2 a
(n) "b=~=<l=s 626Q, <l= .... 4 5 8 2)
( 25, 2' 125' 25
(iii) p:q :: r:s 626Q, p:r =... (q:s, s:q, p:s, q:r)
(iv) a:b=2:3 626Q, (4a+b) : (2a+3b) = .... (3:5, 5:8, 7:9, 11:13)
(v) 2x=3y=4z 626Q, x:y:z = .... (2:3:4,6:4:3,2:3:4, 4:3:2)
(vi) x:y=2:5, y:z=3:4 626Q, x:y:z = ... . (20:15:6, 6:15:20, 2:5:3 , 5:~:4)
(vii) 3:(k+2) :: 5:(k+4) 626Q, k = .. .. (2,4, 1,6)
2. ~ g§ ~§Q OQ, QI ~~ Q~I~ I
(i) a, b, c, d «1Yll~tll91 626Q, «!YI~ QI~ '<JQ ~191Q 62QI ~IQ~4Q I
(ii) a, b, c, d «1Yll~tll91 626Q, 6«1Y116g ~~Q «1Yll~t:ll91 626Q 1.
(iii) ~~Q «lYll~tll916Q «lYI~ QI~ -<JQ ~1910. 626Q I
(iv) 916QI~ QI~ ~~Q «1Yll~tll91 626Q, 'YeJYI (3 9~e}Q ~~819, ~910. (3 Qg1QQ
gg1~rng «129 «lY!lg I
1121 J

< -
OOl~tllG '<12G '<IY!lg I
(vi) ~16QI~ QI~ ~?iQ '<IYll~tllG1 626Q, <yeJYI (3 ~G1QQ ~~mg, <ye.JYl (3 ~G1QQ
< -
QtlQQl~tllG '<12G QY!lg I
(vii) a, b, c ~?iQ QYll~tllG1 626Q, a+2, b+2, c+2 Yl~ ~?iQ c;ay,1~rng1 62E>9 I
(viii) ~16Q@ QI~ ~?;Q QYll~tll91 626Q, 6«1YllWQ ~9,~Yl ~QQ Yl~ ~~Q '<IYll~tllg1
6269 I
- - < - <
3. g~ Ql~YllWQ ~el <CJYll~al91 ~Q QQ I
(i) 5,7,15 (ii) 0.1, 0.01, 0,001

(iii) a, a2b, a2b2 (iv) a2 - b2, a+b, a-b
(v) a2+5a + 6 .- 3a + 6, 4a + 12 (vi) a3 - b3, a4+a2 b2 +b4, a - b
4. 00 Ql~YllWQ ~gig QYll~tll91 §4a QQ I
(i) 9, 15 (ii) a2 b, ab 2
(iii)x2 -y 2, x+y (iv)~+~. ~a 2 +b 2

b a
5. §~ Ql~~QQQ YI~ QYll~tl191 §4a QQ I
(i) 9, 25 (iii) (a-b) (a+b)3 , (a+b) (a-b)3
(ii) 4a2b, 9bc2
6. (i) (2+a) (3 (5+a) Q ~RI «IYll~tll91 (3+a) 626Q, a Q ~Q4 §GJ._tl61 ~Q I
(ii) (23-: x), (28- x) (3 (19- x) Q Yl~QYll~tll91 626Q, x Q Y,lg ~Q ~Q I
(iii) a (3 c Q YI~ QYll~tll91 b 626Q, 'YY1161 QQ 6~

a 2+b 2 (3 b2+c2 Q Yl~ QYll~tll91 ab+bc 62E)Q I
(iv) ~Q b, a c Q Yl~<CW11~tl191 ~'-Q 6969 'YYllGl QQ 6~,

(3
(ab+bc+ca)3 = abc (a+b+c) 3
1, 7, 17 'Y694Q6Q 6QfS <a ~41 6~1Q Q6Q, 6~1Q~9 ~~ ~?iQ QY11~tllG1 6269 ?
0
7. (i)
(ii) 6, 14, 18 C3 38 'Y694Q6Q 6Q69 6~1Q Q6Q 6~1Q~9~QQ '<!Yll~tllG1 6269 I

(iii) 5, 9, 17 'YE)G4Q6)_ 6~ Q0~41 Q(:;QIQ Q6Q, ~QIQ~9 ~QQ ~~ '<IY11~191 6269 .?
(iv) 14, 17, 34 C3 42 'Y694Q6)_ 6QfS <C1°~41 Q6QIQ Q6Q, QGQIQ~~~ «1Yll~jg1
6269?
8. (i) a:b = 2:3 626Q, (3a+4b): (4a+5b) Q YIQ4
c...
§QtlGl
c...
QQ 1
(ii) a:b=3:4 626Q, (6a+5b): (5a+4b) Q f1Q4 §QOO QQ I
c... c...
[ 122]
PK-01-29-17

(iii) 581 Iii a, b, c ~6~@ ~ 0 ~6Q QIQQQ 61(]£1~ 4a=5b=7c 629 1·
(iv) 6x +5y: 6x - 5y = 3:2 626Q, 2x+3y : 2x-3y Q 01~ ~Q QQ I

(v) (a-b): (a+b) = 1:5 626Q, a2- b2 : a2 + b2 Q 01~ ~Q QQ I
9. a, b , c, d ~ml'iiOIG1 626Q, 'Y01Gl QQ 6r(]
(i) pa+qc : pb+qd=ma+nc : mb+nd (ii) 3a+4b: 3c+4d= Ja2+b2 :Jc2+d2
(iii) b2 : d2 = a2 + b2 : c2 + d2 (iv) a2 + b2 : c2 + d2 = b2 + d2 : a2 + c2
ac a 2 - 3c 2 + Se 2 .. ace a 3 + c3 + e3
(i) bd = b 2 - 3d 2 + sf2 (u) bdf = b 3 + d 3 + f 3
... (a+c+e) 3 _a 3 +c 3 +e 3 . a c e 4a-6c-9e

(m) (b+d+t) 2 -b2 d2"fT (iv) b-d-f = 4b-6d-9f
(v) (a2+c 2+e2 ) (b2 +d2 +f2) = (ab+cd+ef)2
l l. a, b, c ~~Q Q10'ii01G1 626Q, 'Y01Gl QQ 6r(],

(i) a:c = a2 : b 2 (ii) a:c = (a2 + b2) : (b2 + c2)
(iii) (a2 +b2)(b2+c2) = (ab+bc)2 (iv) 2a + 3b : 3a + 2b = 2b + 3c:3b + 2c
12. a, b, c, d ~~Q Q01fiiOIG1 626Q, 'Y01Gl QQ 6r(],
(i) (b+c) (b+d)= (c+a)(c+d)
2
ab+ cd b2 +d (iv) a-b (3 c-d Q 0~ Q01fii~IG1 b--c
(iii) ab-cd = b2 -d2
2
c2 - d1 Q ~RI Q0lfii~1g1 b ~ c
2
(v) a2 - b 2 (3
(vi) (b-c)2+(c-a)2 +(b-d)2 =(a-d)2
2ab · x+a x+b

13. (i) x= b 62£Q, <y01Gl QQ 6r(], ~ + x_ b = 2 I
a+
6ab x + 3a + x + 3b = 2 1
(ii) x = 626Q, 'Y01Gl QQ Gr(], x-3a x-3b
a+ b
x+4a x+4b
2 1
(iii) x = Sabb 626Q, 'Y01Gl QQ Gr(], x-4a + x-4b =
a+
[ 123]

14. (i) x+y, y+z, x-y, y-z «1Y11~£1191 626Q,
~Y1161 QQ ()~, x,y,z ~~Q «1Yll~t:ll91 626Q I
(ii) _x_ =-Y- =-z- 626Q, ~Y1161 QQ ()~, (b-c)x + (c-a)y + (a-b)z = 0
b+c c+a a+b ·
x y z
(iii) 2 2 = , 2 = 2 2 ()2()Q,
b + be+ c c- + ca +a a + ab + b
~0161 QQ ()~, (b -c) x + (c - a)y + (a-b)z =0
<
15. ~§, ~ij 01~ ~Q Q~ Q~ I Q'61 ~ 9.._6Q ~ij (3 ~QQ QQ«lQ ~~mg 1 : 2 f,!QI I 0001g
E>«lYllg~Q QQ«l GG69 ?
16. QlQ ~ 9.._GQ ~§Q_ (3 ~§Q_Q QQQQ ~~gig 3 : 5 f,!QI I QIQQ~ £l()Q '<l2 ~~rng 5 : 7
G2Q I ooyi1g Ql21Q QQ<() GQ()g ?
0
17. 1400 ~61 ~l~elQI ()Ql~'<l QQ41~0.GQ ~I~ (3 ~~Q Q ~41Q ~~£119 35 : 2 ~()£' I ~IQ ~~Q
()Q()g ~61 ~~Q QQ41~Q()Q E>~IQ()QE)Q, '<l2 ~~mg 25: 2 ()2Q ?
18. 60 Q£1Q ~'2J61E)Q ~1Q (3 ~~ ~~mg 2: 1 I G«lelGQ ~IQ GQGg Q£1Q ~~ ~'611QGQ,
~'2161GQ ~1Q (3 ~ ~~mg s : 5 G2Q ?
19. A (3 B ~IQQ ~grng

.... 3 : 2 '<JQ E)QY!lg~Q QYQQ ~gmg
.... 5 : 3 eJG£1 I ~Q ~()gYQ 1500
0
£1~1 Ql!lQ G~elGQ, ()g()Q B Q ~IQ GQGg ? .
20. (i) 001~ E)~, 3: 4 Q OOl@lg, 15: 17 Q ~QGQIY11~@lg'<JQ°25: 42 Q ~~l@lgQ

G~QQ eJ~£11g 51 : 112 G2Q I
(ii) 001~ G~, 7 : 6 Q 001~£119, 125 : 343 Q QgQ_~l'ii£119 '<JQ 35 : 36 ~QGQl01 0
..
eJg£119Q 6~QQ ~gmg 1 : 1 G2Q I ..
21. 120 ~l'l_A,. B, C Yl~GQ '<J£1Q QltiQ~ 6~£1Q, G«1Y116g £11Qf,!QI £1~1~ ~ell~E>Yi 15 £1~1,
10 ~I (3 5 £1~1 G01Q 6%Q, G«lYllg~Q ~Q~~ £1~1 2; 3, 4 «12 «m1g£J1g1
.... E>26Q I
22. §§ 6'21611 Q~~ E>b!@-Q ~~Yl, goo (3 Q'61Y1 6'2!611Q ~1~ (3 ~1~1 «l 0 ~41Q 2'.l~rng
~eJl~G0 2 : 3, 3 : 7 (3 7 : 8 ~()£' I 6~611 QGg@GQ «101g «101g «1°~4Q {]QI £l~f,!6Q 696Q
QQYl90.6Q ~I~ (3 ~1~1 «1°~41Q ~~£119 §~Q QQ I
23. ~01~£119 Qfl.e?10. 9eN ~§QQ ~60.IQ()Q «lYllCJlg QQ I
. /);. + Jh+I 5 .. .J3;+i + rx+i "') ~+~

(l) 5x - J2x+I s= (u) J3x+l-M = 4 (ll1 ,--
va+x-Ja-x -
- b
[ 124]
•••

(STATISTICS)
7.1 Q£JgY1tlQI (Introduction):
q_CQ) 6'2]G116Q ~6Y1~16g 'OQQ 0~q1g' ~QE>Q ~eJi~ 9eJq (Data), GeJq. '<1°'2]2 Gell
XieJq~~ '<ICCl'<jil\ Q£J'611£Jg1 '<IA.~E>Q a~~ 1 gaqS? 6~ 91QA.IQ91 OOQGI QtQG11 . g~~,
QI~~ 91Qf>.IQ91 §tUQ, 9e.JqlQQ1Q QPQIQ1QQGI -<l9° ~eJql~1Q 6Q~Q OQ'9QI~ fCleJI:
~Q6Q~, 26~1'2]1Yl, ~6Q~, ~6Q~ Q~IOO ~~ QME>Q tJ9Q9 ~~ 1'<l Q~~ tl16Ql~I
Q2 '<l21Q ~~Q ~16Ql~I QQQI '<l tl~IQQ Q6Q-Qq I
7.2 ~6\~l~Q q~~fl (Historical back-ground) :

'aQ~ 0 ~lfl~'Q Q 0Ql~1 gOOQ 62Q~ S~tistics '<!9° -<J2 ~QQ tiel QI~~ <&'IQ Status
~el91 Q~IQ1Q .alQ Statista ~ Q99 691Q ~6~-<J I GlOQll '969qQ ~QQ tiel 6W~ 'Ql~6m
~Qlll' I
QIQG'9@6Q ~Q2~1Q 9@q_6Q ~~ ~~q£J 6YilfCllf~ ~l'<l~l<jil\6Q (~1.~ 324-300)
tlQ«l 0 '61lflgQ ~~ Q4Q21Q 621QeJ_91Q tl6~ «i.~g1 ~6Q I 6'i?l~Qlf~ ~cl~,~~ ~1.~ 300
6~ ~~ QIQ9 ~~G6Q ~94~ Q~9 ~QGIQ OQ«t 0~41~ Ofii'§ tl~QGI ~lft!IQeJ_QIQ fCl6e.lfi
!J~IGI ~69 I tJIQQQ.. Ql9V,' (1556-1605 ~1.tl.) Ql96Q ·91.-Q ~~~I ~ QI~ Y1~1
6g100~~ ~~ 9e.JI ~«14 QQIQg {(]f>.~6Q ~6'4~ Q~9 ~Q~Q OQ«l '6141~ «1°'2\2 ~eJ.91Q «!.~I
0
QIQ9 QG21«161_ ~GllfCll'<l I Ql91f .all«lgGQ OQ'<l ~41~ '9~6' 9lfWIQ 6'11q '<!2 Q@Q~ t16~
0
(Ql'8Xij)1Q 9111~) (Science of Kings) 6QIQ Q2eJI '~ I
8~~ ~91Q16Q 9fi1g1Q Ql94~1~..Q W60~Q ~§ ~I Q~46Q \il9 ~§ ·, ~i G'ell

~ QQ_IQ~ ~l~Q {iil~I {jj)QQIQ QlfQlll 621QeJ_QI I Q0 QG6Q E)g681QQ~-- '<l~QQ !CJ..~ QI~
~l'a~6Q \;19 ~§, ~~916' SQ4, 6QIQ..Q tJleJQ tJQlll '<lf>.~1Q QQ~ G'e.14 «1°'2]2 QQQIQ
[ 125]
rr
~1~%1'91 q& QQeJ_@I I '<!~~ ~ XJ_QIQI~ Y1~·4 .'tlQQo'6141~ ~Q t;'eJIQYll~ ~'()QQl~16Q
@QIQ ~I~~ I
QIQ 6Q1g1~~ ( 1890-1962) ge.J6Yl '()QQ 0 '614rnQ Q4Q21QQ '()Q'<JQ§i' Q~ _'tlQYll61 6Q

Q~IQ 6QQeJ_QI~ 91~ '£:JQ«J 0~111gQ {jjl~QIG'I' (Father of Statistics) ~1'6141 QZ.11£11'<1 1
'<12 QS!llg q£16Q '()QQ '6141gQ Q4Q21Q
0
Q~ 6la~6Q 6Q'611£11'<1 I~©, ~i, ~1~4, ~!al,
~IQg WQ 6la~6Q '()QQ '6141g Qgl 6Ql61Q g~ Q~l~6Q 82 &_QI QgQ £62' I ~6'42 '61QQ
0
QIQ<Qil q~l6Q Yl«U 8QQ 0 '6141g~;m Q§~ \l'e.J4 gQI~ '()IQeJ_QIQ 6Q'611~1'<l I
£]QQ 0~"11g Q 0 lllll :
'8QQ 0 '6141g'Q Q§~ ((] 0 1\l!IYllg~ Yl«U~ ~i~~ (3 {iill(36~~~ ~IQI Q@ '<1°1\l!I '<J6QI~~
Q6Q99 ~'<! I Q 1\l!I 62@1 :-
0
'«ll0Ql4{jjl GieJ"l «1°~~' '<l~IQ 96~@€1 C3 Q41~41 «1a~1a 91ll11g 2 .£:JQQ ~"!1g 0
1"
'<12 Q§Q ~ci gYJ~ QQl2Q61~ ~VJ~ 62Q I ~IYl Ql<Qil4Q ~~QIQ1Yllg~Q Ql@Q ~IQ
QS1.1&1Q ~16Y1 ~Q Q~, ''<I Ql<Qil4Q ~~QIQ1Yllg~Q Ql@G ~IQ ~94~ Gq', 66'6Q 6Qe.@ 6Ql61Q
VJ~ CJIQ611 QQQI~ 6~6@ ~I~§:? 6QQ WQQ1Yll ~«U66l 6G(ig (iQIGi' ~~§ 91'Q 9e.J4 '<JIQI Ql<Qil4~
'<1°~2 QQQISi' 6~ I ~'<12 6'2Jlfi 9cug «lfilG' gQIQ1(iQ Q£]Qf£]g1{jj!Q91Si'6~ ~211~ 6«1~~
......
«l'WIQ QQt91i 6~9 I 6'1'£:J6Q 6'1 ~«l'i?G' 6'2Jlfl9Q1i 941~41 C3 96~@~QQ
...... - """
G'~~
--
Q~ ~~l'i6Q £l~!J_91i 6~ I Q£l6QI~ £:Jrl41Q~fg~ ~tJ 6QQ 6QlQ~ ~fil'l'i6Q ~£:Jg16'
-
6~1 g~QI~ £:JQ«J ~41g
0
I
7.3 ~2Jlf (Data) :
'9e.J4' Gi'26@ ~160 'Ql 0~Gi' 9e.J4' 6QIQ 2~QI I '~i' 'Q~g' '<1'<12 -alQ Q4921Q ~IQI
~6gG '<l~QGQ Q©~ QqQ £1Q~l€1 ~s-1.~6~ ~Q~I Q~l!tllQe.Jl"<I I ~12 6'<12 ·~IQ~~Q ~l~~GQ
'tlQ0161 QA.l&<lQ (iQl61~ Q~ CJIQ611 ~6'in' g12' I ~g4 tl~E)Q ((] '6141 ~1~~6Q 'Y"1'1~9 626@ 0
£:JQ0161 «IA.l&ElQ . Q~ CJIQ611 ~~e.Jl-<J I ~ell, 'Q9Gi'IQQ QQl(iQ Q£'El@IQ Q£l~G' EJ_6Q' (3
'Q9Gi'IQQ «l~IElQ 'YIQ 5000 ElQl'i? QO~g 2l_6Q', . Q§~Q 91~2 ~91Q Q§~IQI '<1Qlll'in'6Q
Q£)~g ~ '61411 QIA.~E)Q ~~Gil Q~ CJ'IQGll {jjlQ~'<I I gem Q§6Q 'Q~' -alQ~IQI 'Y'll'l~G' 9e.J4
0
-<JG? «llCJIQ61 9e.J4, 012 ~gm Q§6Q 5000 '<IQ '<11°'61_"1' 9e.J4 I 'Ql 0 Qt"IQ ~eJ"l' (Numerical
data) 62Q~ '()QQ '6141gQ q_'m'§G) I
0
.
6QJ61~ {;'~ Qla4§? W~6Q Q~ «llCJIQ6198 ~~'<l~1gG1Qml6g g94~QIQ6Q 9eJ4 '<10~2

~m1'§ I -<J2£:IQ '<l ~J,Q16' 9214'1, ~leJflQ 6\21~ .(Primary data) ~21~1'<1l~I§'6Q6~ 6~§'6Q
0
'4.YIQ, ~Q~I QI ~eJl~IQ~ XJ_~QtQ'IQ, «IQ'1'1Q1 GIQ~8§' QI ~QQQIQ~~ ~~ QQ~ b'a~ '<10~2
[ 126]

QQl'11Qe.Jl'<l t '<IQ~ gay~ £:16~1~ G'ellf (Secondary data) ~21fll'<l I 20 W!l96Q 'ii'~~l~I~
~ 6' 6'111Gl'"1'°Q ~1~2 <:afi~6Q ~~~l'ii' <ii'QQI QI§ 260 0~ ~0 ~106Q QQ QQ ~Q <ii'l21 Ql~6Q
6~66'1~ 'ii'~WQ~ ~~ '<12 gei4 <:a '2J2 <ii'Q81Q I 01~ '<l2 gei4 <:a 0 ~2 g~QI '<JOl6Q 20QI§
0
~~q4 'ii' 621Q 6QIG1Q ~~ <:a 0 ~~m geJ4.Q .Q8lll8'ii'I '3 ~6.qi~GJ g~Q1.~1Q' ~~<ii' ~W4 1
<:a ~2m gei4~ Q'iJI~ (Score) ~21fl!'<l I Qe.J41Q91~ ge.160 Q8q9 g611916Q Q8lllelQ
0
QQl~QI WQ-&14<ii' I 'ii'626Q '<I~ 6Q161~ '{~'ii'I ?1~Q 'ii'l2' I Q6}01'ii' Q8lll8'ii'IQ QQ~ g61191
Q~Q6Q W6Ql~'ii'I <ii'QQI I
7.4 «J ~216' 6'2JlfQ Q£lill~~I {Presentation of data) ·:

0
6Q161~ '<l<ii' Q~419Q~ <:a 0 ~21Q gY,lll ge.J41Q91Q QQl2Q61~ Q~4<ii'Q I 6Q161~ ~Q1~16Q
30 ~61 8Q1~1ci1 81QeJ._QI 'ii'FiQ gY.l <:alQS116Q 6Q~lfl!Q~ 1«l1Q6116Q q4 ""1°~41 (Total marks)
50 ~ 6«l01'ii'~~ gl£]1~ ~~lfJIQ~ I
«l1QQ1-l
(30 ~Gl 8Q1~1ci1~Q ·'ii'fl.Q QIQQI)

19, 14, 10, 12, 24, 29, 34, 10, 14, 12, 19, 24, 40, 34, 24, 5, 7, 19,
12, 14, 24, 19, 38, 32, 29, 24, 19, 19, 14, 25
Q8Qll «llQ6'116Q eJ._QI 30~ Qlll~~ 6Q~ £jQl01'ii'_,-Q «liq_2<ii' 8Q1~1~9 «lfi~6Q W60
6§1€;1~ CJIQ6'11 <ii'QQI «12~ ~62 I fie.JI «JQl~<ii' . 'ii'FiQ 6~69 , '<JQ~Y.l 'ii'FiQ 6Q6Q, 8Q1~1ciW11'ii'~ ·
Y1~6Q QQ ~lg 6Q69 , 0~0 CJQ61Q ~lg 6<ii'6Q, '<l<ii' g~ 'ii'A.Q 01~ ~~<ii' QI <ii'q 'ii'fl.Q
Q~eJ_QI ~1gc;a 0 ~41 6Q69, '<12Q~ !J.qiYll'ii'~Q Q~Q Q\J6QIQ «llQG11~ «12~6Q 81Q62Q 'ii'l2 I
"<I~ «] 0 ~219 Qlll~~~~ '<l\JQ Q\JQl{)G ~QQI~ 6~ 6.Q\lQ 6«lQ Q\Jll18'ii'I~ Q\J6QI'!!}
~~~~{ii'Q Q~Q 81QQI ~~~ 629 I '11Qdl1-1GQ fl.'l't O&tiOi Raw data ~I tm~ 6'2J'I
~21fl!'<J I '<J~~S? ()Q~Ql()QE)~ '<1°~1.,29 S~S? Q~IQ Q~l~IQ~ I
7.4.1 6dlgsqg~ 96'Q61 ~IQ611 (Frequency distribution table) :
'<l2 !JQIQ Q8l118·'ii'I «lYlQGQ 2Q~ !J~QJ ~~l~'ii' QQl'11'<1 I G«l ~Q~ !J~Ql62Ql-
(i) ~8~ QeJ4 (Raw data) QI Qillllii~~~ Q~~Yl (ascending order) QI ~CJS~Yl
(descending order)6Q «l~IQ Q~QI I _'<l ~QIQ «l~IQ Q~QIS? 6Q@'<l Q'ii'41«l QI Array
~1~1'<11
~ 9eJ4«l~2S? Q~SY16Q «l~IQ Q~6Q,
5, 7, IO, JO, 12, 12, 12,14, 14, 14, . 14, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 12, 24, 24, 24,
24, 24, 25, 29, 29, 34, 34, 38, 40.
[ 127]

(ti) '<l~l~WIQ. Q~IQ Qil~~~ QIQfl.IQ ~ 6Q~ 6'<101~--Q «l ~41'l_ E;illgsqg4 91
0
~IQRIQQl(Frequency) ~6~ g'1'1~ '1'Q91 I

'<I~ 'Y€11Q16Q gqg '<llQ€11~ QIQQIQG'I 96'Q'1 <CllQ'11 91 E;illgsqg4 9G'Q'1 <CllQ'11
(•'requency distribution table) 'l_21rJl'<I I
<CllQ«11-2
(«l1Q~1-16Q eJ..91 6'el4Q 91Qfl.IQ6'1 Q00€1 '<11Q~1)

Q4il'ir 91QQIQ91 QCSI_. 91QQIQ6'1 Q'ill.. QIQQIQG'I
5 l 17 0 29 2
6 0 18 0 30 0
7 l 19 6 31 0
8 0 20. 0 32 0
9 0 21 0 33 0
10 2 22 1 34 2
l 1 0 23 0 35 0
12 3 24 5 36 0
13 0 25 1 37 0
14 4 26 ·o 38 1
15 0 27 0 39 0
16 0 28 0 40 . 1
30
(i) '<JQ§~ .C3 '<191~'1' Q'ill_. ~Q~ ~~IQ€1 QQlk:JIQ~ I
<- < < -
(ii) '<l~ Q'fll~ '<191~'1' Q'ill_. ~k:l4~ ~01~Q6Q 6Q~lk:l1Qi I
6~1~1Qi
- I QIQ€11- lE>Q .
(iii) '<llQ€11-1Q 6'el4t9Q1 ~~~9 'Y6~'1' Q'ill~ '<1°~41!' 6'<12 Q'ill_.Q 91QA.IQ6'1 ~6~
""'
6~Q Q9-~I~ ~12
- . -
6'121Q 91QA.IQ6'1~ ~~ ~WrJIQi I ~~ QIQA.IQ91
9i~ Q~~I~~ QI~ 69Q ~Q~1 QIQ€11-3 'Y¥l_6' QQlrJIQ~ I
(()IQ'11-3 ('<JIQ€11-2Q Q~ ~~)
Q'i·1.- · 91001001 Q'ill.. 91QQIQ91
(Score) (Frequency) {Score) (Frequency)
5 24 5
7 1 25 1
JO 2 29 2
12 3 34 2
14 4 38
19 6 40 1
22 30
[ 1281

ii) <aQ§Y) gri.Q 6G6G ? <aQ§Y) gri.Q 5 Gl21 ~~ 6Ql~'<I 8QI 81Q~ I
iii) 6G6G ~I~ 50% QI G~ gri.Q Q'Ql_~§? 7 ~GI ~I~ 25 gA,Q (50%) QI Gl'OI~ 6Q~ OOQ
~§1 .
, iv) 6G6G ~I~ 30%~ Gq gA,Q Q'Ql_~ij ? 11 ~61 ~I~ 30%GJ. Gq gA,Q Q'Ql_~ij I
v) 6G6G ~61 ~I~ 30%~ ~¢,!G (3 40% GJ.
(50Q 30% = 15 50Q 40% = 20)

19 Q QIQA.IQGI <aQ1¢.!G I
.... <
7.4.2 Q~l~l~Q ~IQRIQ91 9~Q
(Determination of frequency of the Scores):
~~6~'iiXi' 6Q'611-..g '((IQI QIQA.IQGI §Eija §f,1~6G GQlrn'<I :
(i) QQ§Y] Q'ill_.~ QQICj_G Q'ill'ii" (QI QQICj_G~ QQ§Y)) Yllg'ii"Q GIQGI~ 6Q'611~1'<1 I
(ii) GeJ41W1 ( QIQ611- l)Q g6G4G Q'ill~ QIQ Q'ill'ii"· GIQGl6Q 6«12 Q'ill_. Ql21616Q
6Ql§-<J 6Q@-<J QIQ (/) «llY!lgY §fiy~ Ql6Q ~'ii"g GQl~l'Q~I (~IQ 9~ · tally mark) ~21~1'<1 I €JQQ@1 Q'ill'ii 14 QIQ Q'ill_.
GIQQl6Q e{_QI 14 01'616Q ~IQ 9~~'<1 QWrn'<I I '<IQ€JQ «11Q611- l Q «lYI@ Q'ill'ii" QIQ Q'ill_.
GIQQl6Q e{_QI g6G4G Q'ill~ Ol'616Q 6«1Yllg~Q QIQfl.IQGI §6~ G~e{_QI £'IQ 9~ ~lg
Q~l~l'<I I ~Q'614 6Ql~'<I Q'ill .. 01'616Q '0116QI~ £'IQ 9~ 6QQ «llQQI €16Q €!~~ £'IQ 9~~~
tt_Q~ ~~G ~IQ 9~ 916Q@Q 6~QG 6Q'611~6€1 (QI 6«l~lg.. Q€16Q) ~'ii"g GQl~l'<I I
[ 129]

8'~6Q 5~ <'J~Gi'QIQ Q2eJ_QI Q'ill~ 81~6Q eJ_QI ~I@ §~ ?ii8 ~Ql6Q 621QeJl'<I I
5 eJQ Q2eJ_QI Q'ill~Q ~1@ §~ Cfffl) QI cmn
6 eJQ Q2eJ_QI. Q'ill~Q ~I@ §~ (tffl /) QI (T17T /)
lp eJQ Q2eJ_QI Q'ill~Q ~1@ §~ (tffl tffl) QI (TfTT I///)
7.5 Qlill'6' 91QRIQ6'1 (Cumulative frequency) :

'<IQ GeJ41Q~1Q QQ§~ Q'ill~OI~ 6Ql61~ '<IQ§~ Q'ill~ 8fl4~ QYJ~ Q'ill~Q 6£1!£10'~S?
Q~ §~ Q'ill~Q Ql~ib' QIQs:AIQG'I (Cumulative frequency) ~21~1'<1 I 6QlGJ~ '<IQ
gleJ~Q QQ41~QQ l11~l11~ml~~ QQQ Qti.~1£1 GeJ4 8QQ6i1 QIQGl16Q QW£1!Q~ I '<llQGl1~
§r,i g~.~~QQ Q~Q 81QQI~ 6'01~1 QQ I
QIQ611-4
QQQ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
QIQti.IQGI 30 32 36 42 38 38 25 18
(i) 7 Q~ QI 91'01~ . Qq QQ~ {]QI~ Q 0 ~41 6Q6G ?
<'JIQ'814Q Q 0 ~41 = 30 + 32 = 62 I ( '<1016Q Q'ill~ 7 Q Ql~~G' QIQA.IQG'I 62 I)
(ii) 8 Q~ QI 91'01~ Qq QQQQ {]Ql«J 0 ~41 6Q6G ?
= 30 + 32 + 36 = 98 I
= 7Q Ql~~G QIQFl.IQG'I + 8Q QIQA.IQ91

( '<1016Q Q'ill~ 8Q Ql~~g QIQA.IQGI 98)
(iii) Q06Qll!J QIQGl16Q Q'ill~ 6 Q Ql~QG' QIQftlQG'I 6Q69 ?

6
·: 6 01~ Qq 621QeJ_QI 6Ql61~ Q'ill~ Q9 QIQ6116Q ~12; 69~ 6 Q Ql~~G' QIQfl.IQG'I 30
Q06Ql9 <'Jl6Ql'01~1~ <;J_v.J~ 6~61Q Qill_.Q ~l~ib' QIQs:AIQG'I
[ 130]

QIQ611-5
(QIQ611 -4 ~~2~ Q~l--Yll~-,.Q QI~~~/ 91Qft1QGll {i'~Q)
Q~~ QIQl=1.IQGI Ql~GX>' QIQ0.IQX>'I ~0~1

"
( f) (c.f.)
6 30 30 = 30 (6 Q QIQ0.IQX>'I)
7 32 62 = 30+32 (7 Q QIQHIQX>'I)
8 36 98 = 62+ 36 (8 Q QIQ0.IQGI)
9 42 140 = 98+42 (9 Q QIQ0.IQGI)
10 38 178 = 140+38 (11 Q QIQ0.IQGI)
1I 38 2I6 = 178+ 38 (I 1 Q QIQ0.IQGI)
12 25 24I = 216+25 (12 Q QIQ0.IQGI)
13 18 259 = 241+18 (13 Q QIQ0.IQGI
~f= 259
CH ~ ~Qf11/6QIQ 891£11'<1 (3 '<ll?IQ ~cl '<191@ Q~IQ'Q QIQ0.IQX>'IQ «1¥1&)
gt:]Q'i,l ~0gl ~m~ 2Yl ~~QI @IQ Q<allQ Q<'.Jl£JIQ~ I 26¥1
«JIQG116Q eJ_QI Ql~~G
QIQ0.IQGI §~fo, G@l6Q6~ 6«1 @g~ Q<allQQIQ <'.JIQcal~GX>'I g12' I
~~Q4 : 6<a1@ @~IQ'6Q Ql~~X>' QIQ0.IQ91 (3 LfQ Yll~ '<Jrng 626@ Ql~~G ~IQ0.IQGI
~~~ 01? <'.J~ 6QIQ ~Gll£11'<1 I
~~~1'in'g1- 7(a) : ·;
I . §Y,ll:l «llQG11 W~~~ @¥11~Yllg{;ii"Q Ql~~G QIQ0.IQGI §~Q GQ I
@~IQ' IO I I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
QIQS:!IQGI 5 8 17 29 41 36 27 16 10
@lJI~ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ql~GX>' QQ0.IQGI 5 13 25 43 56 66 73 77
"
[ 131]

3. (a) ??~6Q 25 ~Gl 6QIQ(q\Q Qgg1 ( 6«1.~.6Q) 6Q~lfllQ~ I 6«1~~~ Q~~~ 6 Q «l~IQ
~Q E;t]lggqg4 QG'QGl «JIQG116Q ~Ql'51 QQ I
160, 162, 170, 171,165, 166, 161, 159, 158. 175, 163, 162, 164, 166.• 170, 172,
171, 170, 173, 180, 160, 165, 164. 163, 167
(b) Q~6QI~ «11QG11~ ??~Q~l_G' g~~lg{;iiQ QQQ Q~ I
(i) «JQ??~ Qgg1 6Q69 ?

(ii) c;JQj~Q Qgg1 Q~~ 6QIQ '<1°~41 6Q69 ?
(iii) 6QQ Qgg1 Q~~ c;JQjt.l_Q 6QIQ ~W ?
(iv) 6Q69 ~Gl 6QIQ{;iiQ Qgg1 180 6«1.~. ~ Q~ ?
(v) 6Q69 ~Gl 6QI~ QWI 170 6«1.~. ~ 180 6«1.~. (Q~Q Q~I «12) H~J6Q
621Q~ ?
4. (a) 30 'cirGl {]Ql{;iiQ Q~G' ~Ql~I g~Q Q~lfllQ~ ( ~Ql~IQ 6~1~ g~Q 100) I
00 9eJ41QQ1~ <:;gQ ~Q <:;t]lggqg4 QOOGl «11Q~1 ~~g QQ I
21, 12 ~ 51, 48, 21, 32, 48, 32, 81, 72, 32, 48, 48, 91, 51, 61 , 51, 81,
72, 51, 61, 51, 61, 5 i' 51, 91, 61, 72, 81 , 61
(b) ~rig QQeJ_QI «11QG11£1 ??~ gcqJ~lg{;iiQ QQQ Q~ I
(i) flQ rn~ g~Q 30 ~~. 6G'6Q 6Q69 ~Gl {]Q1 rn~ QQW ?
(ii) flQ 81-100 ~~A 6~~ (3 61-80 ~~ B 6~~, 31-60 ~~ C 6g~,

10-3~ D 6~~ (3 l~~ E 6~~ Q~lfll~ , 696Q !J6~Q 6g~ 81QeJ_QI
{]Ql{;iiQ '<1°~41 ??~fa QQ I
(iii) rn~ g~Q 6Q69 Q'61_6Q 29 ~Gl {]Q1 rn~ QQ6Q ?
5. (a) ??~6Q QWfllQeJ_QI QlJl{;ii~~Gi Q~~Y16Q «191~ I
74, 64, 67, 73, 80, 78, 65, 69, 73, 84, 83, 73, 93, 62, 72, 72, 62, 79, 88, 79,
61, 53, 87, 56, 87, 81, 42, 70, 45, 66 I
(b) Q~6QI~ Qg41«1 (Array) ~ '(]Q 6tllgsqg4 Q9QGI «11QG116Q !JQl<Q QQ I
(c) gqg QOOGI~ §~Q~g !J'&JY'llg{;iiQ QQQ Q~ I
(i) «1Q??8 Qlll{;ii 6Q6G' ? (ii) «16QI~ Qlll~ 6Q6G' ?

(iii) 6~ QlJl{;iiQ QIQA.IQG'I '<JQl~Q ? (iv) Qlll~Yll~~Q c;J 0 ~41 6Q6G' ?
[ 132]

7,6 ~IQ 9Q~ QIQRIQG'I 9G'Q61 (Grouped frequency distribution) :
~61 GQll;°Q QIQ91.IQG1 QGQ61 «JIQ611 ·_, 6Q ~o~fo 621Q~ 1 {)Q1 «1°~41 '1Q Q~G
10
6~ ~'<l '<lQ q_tUll;" 50 ~ 6~1Q I 00 ~'<I Gl21 626Q '<12 «JIQ611 ~ ~G ~ 621QBQ I 8Q1~16Q
0
(JQ1 ~1eJ1Q' '<1°~41 !JQ 5.000 ~'<] '<]Q q_~IQ' 300 ~'<I 6G6Q '<18Q'6.16'iii' <.cJIQ611- I Q .~~~8
0
-<JQ QIQ91.IQGI <.cJIQ611 <y~G GQQI QQ~GQ, «JYIQ «1168~ (3 G~GQ 62Q I '<18Q '<IG <.cJIQ6112
§~ GeJ4 §tdQ GQQI YI~ G~GQ 62Q I '<18Q '516'iii' '5J6G4G Q'i:l(;il' 81Q QIQ0.IQGI §~0.
0
gQQ Q'i:l(;il'~~~ 6G6GG 6'2)611 QI Q0 QIQ (class or group )6Q QQ~ GQ '5J6G4G <.cJ ~IQ
t:JIQ QIQfllQGI §tdQ GQl!Jl'<I I '<12 g~QI~ Q QIQ1QQ61 (classification) ~21£11-<l I
0
§~6Q 6Q@'<l GeJ41QQ1~ ?i'~l!Jlliil~ I

20. 35, 48, 17, 63 , 28, 52, 12, 64, 73
15. 5L 37. 70. 68. 73. .l9. 53 , 26. 42
44. 31 , 36, 16, 24. 31 , 43, 50, 36. 45
23, 74, 53 , 62, 19, 52, 46, 53, 66, 32
'<llCllQ61G8 GeJ41Q'iii'1Q Q@IQ ~CLG 6211iil<'1_6Q GeJ41Q'iii'1Q Q 0 QIQ1GQ61 GQl£Jl'~I GQQI I 6'2141Q'iii'1Q Q691{ii' C3 Q9§f,l Q'i.ll'ii"~Q Y1~6Q
2'_QI ~Q~~ 6'2J41QQ1Q Q~IQ ~21£11-<l I
QQ GeJ41QQ1Q <.cJ6QI~ '<]Q «JQ§~ Qill;"~Q !JeJl§?6Yl 74 '<]Q
0 0
12 I 6kJ62~ 74 (3 12
Q~Q G214 GeJ41Q'iii'1Q Q@IQ = (74 - 12) + I = 63.
OQ GeJ41Q'iii'1Q '<1°QIQ1GQ61 '<llCllQ61G8 §~Y16G GQlkJIQ816Q 1.
(A) 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80
(B) 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 .
«!YI@ GeJ4~ 7§ QIQ (class ) 6Q Q~~ GQ1£llliil~ I '<IQ <y§?QI~ '«1°QIQ1GQ61 ' S!l?lrn'<I I
~ QIQ1QQ61 ~~QI Qf1.~6Q 6Q6G'(W CCi?l~QI (i?2JI:
0
1. Q0 QIQQ Q~Q1Y11 C3 §f,JQ1Yll (Upper limit and Lower limit of the class):
(~) 6Q go~fo '«l 0 QIQ1GQ61'6Q '<1°~IQ~~G 626Q, 10-20, 20-30, .......... ..... ........ ..... ..
(B) 6Q <yO~G ' ca QIQ1GQ61 ' 6Q '<1°QIQ ~~G 626Q, 10-19, 20-29 ....... ....................... ..
0
<y6G4G Q QIQQ0
6Ql~'<l §~ca1rn '<JQ 6Ql§'<l Q~'<l1Yll ell'<! I
0
!Cle.JI : 10-20 {(] 0 QIQQ §~cam1 (lower limit) = I 0 '<JQ Q~'<l1Yll (upper limit) = 20
0
6'<1Qt:JQ 20-29 '<! 0 QIQQ §~'<!1Yll =20 '<JQ Q~'<l1Y11=29

0
2. Q0 QIQQ Y1~9~ (Mid -point of the class) :

6§161~ '<! 0 QIQQ ~ (3 Q~1Yllc;;?Q !Clell§'E>Yl t, (3 /2 626Q, '<1°QIQQ Yl¢.100= I,+ Li 62Q
.... 2
I
~ 10+ 20
QOl2Q61 <;J~t:l, (I 0-20) '<1°QIQQ Y1¢.JQ~ = - 2 - = 15
[ 133]

3. QIQQ ~~IQ (Size of the class or class interval) :
Q
0
!'JG9%i' «1°QIQ '<121 ?}Y,]<;(]WllOI~ Q~<(]Wll 8fJ4~ Q@,,9 I '<12 Q@,,§~

0
<;J QIQ Q@IQ
~l lCJl 'J_QI ~~ <(1°9,l~Q Yl~~ m (3 nli 621Qe.JM , G~Q ((] QIQ ~~IQ m2- m, G2Q I
0
1
~'ii'4 '<IQ 9QIQ6Q Yl~ ell6Yl ((] (.l)IQQ Qg!Q ?}£1_8 61 QQ '()IQ01 I
0
(ii) ~'ii'4 ~QIQ6Q (A) GQ gQ~g ((] QIQ1QQ616Q <;(] 0 Ql~l Q@IQ = g~~«JWll - ?i'8«l1Yll
0
'<IQ" (B)GQ gQ~O <;(] 0 ~'l!Q1QQS1Q <;(]?Ql'Ol Q@IQ = ( Q~((]1Yil-§Y,J<;JW11)+1

7.6.1 ~21~1991Q C<J 0 QIQ1~Q61 :
«l 0 QIQ1QQ61 g~9 §8 6Q601£'' Qe.JI Q86Q 'ii'~Q GQQI ~IQ~4Q I
(a) ge.10 <;J 0 QIQQ gY,l<;(]Wll~ QQ O?J41Q~1Q «JQ§f;1 QYll\;ii «J GQ ((]Yll'ii' QI 91'01~ G~
0
Qyt ?.'~lfJl'<I I Ei«l28Q ((]6Qlg <;J 0 (.l)IQQ Qcy<(]WJI§? Q6'l 9e.141Q~1Q ((]6Qlg QYllfiii' .<;J2 <;JYll'ii' QI
91 ' 01~ <Cl1911'ii'4 ~~Q g~l!tll'<I I
'<1016Q Q~4QQ-
(i) 92JY1 <;J QIQQ ?.'YJ<41Y11 J0,

0
G0696Q6~ b'e.141Q~1Q ((]Q§Y) QYlifiii' 12
(ii) 6'51~ ((] 0 QIQQ ~~<;J1Y11 80 QI 79 60.696Q6~· 9e.J41Q~1Q <;J6QI~ QYJl\;ii 74
(b) QQ 9e.141Q91§? 6QG91~ 6'2]611 QI c<l QIQ6Q QQ~ QQlflQ , 6'<12J_§Y16~ 6~51~ CIQIQl&I
0
?1'£J.Yl 'ii'l2' I 9eJ41Q~1Q Q@IQ~ 'i[&6Q Q~ '<121 ?,)Eij£J, QQl!()l"l I 6960 ((] \Y!IQ 5 ~ I 5Y.1~6Q
0
((]1~9 Q~QI QQ I .
(c) ((] 0 QIQ Q@IQ c<llCllQ~98 «;J_QCJI QIQ 5, 10 QI 20 ?i'W01Q2Jl'<l I
( d) <(] 0 QIQ1QQ5JQ gQIQ6QQ :
(i) A GQ gQ~Xi' 1<J 0 Q1£11QQ61GQ ge.1Yi «J 0 (.l)l£1Q ~~«l1Yi1 ge.11 ~om «l 0 QIQQ
§~((]Wll gG94Q 20 I "lOIGQ 20~ g~Xi'GQ ~Xi'W. ((] QIQQ ~~~~ G~IQ
0
ciQ10M 1 gei91 ((] 0 Q1£1 "1 o-20"Q ~cl 62Q~ "l2 ((] 0 G1QQ 1o~ ~IQYl E>21g
20 8fJ%1 ( Yllg 20 Q4010) Q@,,9 I "l21§? Q2~~ Q 0 QIQ1~Q61 (Exclusive
classification) §?21fJl"l I .
~ . < - -
(ii) B6Q gx;i~g «J 0 QIQ1QQS1GQ ge.10 ((] 0 QIQQ Q~Ql1911 19 !Jl21Q Qt;\10, '<] 0 QIQQ
"
§Y,J«JWll ((]2 «JYll'ii' ~62 I "lOIGQ gem «J 0 QIQ 'I 0-19' Q ~cl G2Q~ '<12 <;J QIQ
0
I0~ ~IQ~ G21Q 19 8fJ4~ Q~9 I "l21§? W~~~ Q 0 QIQ1 ~Q61 (Inclusive
classification) §?2101"l I
7.6.2. QIQ~Q~ 91QRIQ6'1 96'Q61 C<JIQ611 (Grouped frequency distribution) :
QIQQQ'!) QIQ~IQ91 QllQS11GQ 9694Q «1°QIQQ QIQftlQ91 QI G8l'ii'8Q_'ii'4 §6~9 ~'.IQ91 I
QQ QGJ41QQ16Q eJ_QI GeJ4 «Jq_~~ G'n'Q ~GJ~ (A) ~G11Q1 ~IQ! «1°QlQ1QQGI QGQ-
«10QIQ 10-20 Q QIQS1.lQ91 = 5 ~e.Ji~ 'in\'YllQ' 10 ~ 20 ~~GQ (20 Q%l11(;') eJ_Ql Q'Yll~
i;;] 0 ~41 = 5
~2Gl «l QIQ~l~Q
0
QQeJ_QI QIQl=>.IQQI ~~0. QQQIQ ~GllQ1<oJ_~~ ~GQ GQ~ I
(i) cs;JGJ6~ (A) ~e.JQI (B) GQlGI~ 6QI~ ~G11Q1Q Q 0QIQ<oJ_~ GQI~ '!lrn;Q 6~ l
(ii) Qe.J41QQ1~ GQ~ ~21Q 'S;l694Q Q'YllQ' QlQ 9121 ()!()~ Q QIQQ ~~~g 0
Ql~IQ Ql211516Q ~~ Q~ I
(iii) 9e.J41QQ1Q «1~~ Q~IQ' QIQ ~IQ~~ 6QQ QIQQI 'J6Q GQ<oJ_~~ Q~ ~GQ4Q
«l QIQQ QIQl=>.IQQI 6Q~ I
0
QQ 9e.J41QQ1~ Q'JQ QIQ 9Q~ QIQl=>.IQQl <(]IQ~16Q <JQG19 QQl!()llQ~· 9121 «11QG11-6 6Q
6Q'd1 I ( <(] Ql'011QQG1 - A ~Gll'iii'l)
0
QIQ~1-6
QoQIQ ~IQ?i'~ QIQfUQQI ( f)

10-20 HH 5
20-30 HH 5
30-40 HH II 7
40-50 HH II 7
50-60 HH II 7
60-70 HH 5
70-80 /Ill 4
I,f = 40
<(] 0 QIQ1QQG1 (A) cs;JG11Q1 'JQQGG) (B) ~Gll'iii'l ~QQfl.'n' QQQGQ ~~ ~IQ~~ «1°'6141 9ell
«J QIQQ QIQl=>.IQQIGQ Q~ 'JQQ@cn' 621Q en' GJISI I ~~GQ QIQfl.IQQI Q~'n' «11QG11~ QWQQI I
0
«!IQG11-7 GQ'di I
QIQ~1-7
·Q•QIQ ~1§?i'~ QIQRIQQI ( f)
10-.19 HH 5
20-29 HH 5
30-39 HH II 7
40-49 HH II 7
HH II 7
50-59
HH 5
\ 60-69
/Ill 4
70-79
r. · 40
[ 135]

~l(ii'I : <1) "i.f <.fJQXi'1 6Yl1~ lill~l'ii" CJ 'ci1Y1
0
~6fur ~r11~,· b11.''<.'I c.;1'q·Cir-J1ii· 1 cr?t;'!i·G'rn1 £'1Q0~
6001 QI ~IQ~~~ Q~ Ql~HIQG'I 6Q~QI ~611Q16Q §~ ~£1 ~~ 6QIQ ~~QI~ 62Q I
(2) 6fJ6Ql61~ 9eJ41QQ1~ QIQYJ.IQG'I QGQ61 ((]IQ611Q ~Gi'l'31 Gi'6Q «.ll~IQ6198

6Q~QI 6fJ ~90 Q~l~OI~ Yl~QIQ W \f~ QIQs:i.IQGI §'Yl<t;l 8 ~~81'<1 (3 Yl~QIQ~ ~~)@0 Q'ill~
~I~~ QIQA.IQGI ~0~8 ~l«.181'<1 I fJQ QIQYJ.IQGI QGQ616Q 04§§'0 621Qe.Jl'<I 6Ql61~ '<!Gi'
~«JIQIQQ 8Q~§Q '{~gl Q'<I I
7.7 ~IQ9~~ 91QRIQ~I '<llQ6116Q Ql~~G' 91QRIQgl

'<1016Q QIQ QQg «.JIQ6116Q C'.l_QI Q'ill~Yllg~Q Ql~~G QIQYJ.IQGI Q~Q ~611Q1 «.lfl.~6Q
~16Ql<;)lgl Gi'QlfJIQ~ I Q~"1 «.JIQEJ1~ 6~.~ I
QIQ611 -8
<,(JoQIQ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
QIQYJ.IQGI 18 22 27 25 20 16
Q€JQ"1 «.llQEJ1Q 0-5 <.(] QIQQ QIQYJ.IQGI =I 8,
0
'<le@ W6Yl Gi'' 61 ~1~6Q ?
(0-5) «.1°QIQQ @'ill~ ((] 0~41 ( ~eJI~ '<10~ Q'ill~Q QIQYJ.IQGIQ <.fl0&) 62Q~ I 8,
.
5 Q Ql~Gi'G QIQYJ.IQGI
" = 18
6'<12£:1§,
, lOQ Ql~~G QIQYJ.IQGI = (0-5)'<1°QIQQ QIQfl.IQGI + (5-10) «.J QIQQ QIQYJ.IQGI

0
= 18 + 22 = AO
l 5Q Ql~Gi'G QIQfl.IQGI
"
= 10 Q Ql~Gi'G QIQfl.IQGI
" .
+ ( I0- - 15 l «.1°GIQQ QIQA.IQGI
= 40 + 27 67 =
tl_Q8Q ~g4 <.fl0~ , «.1°QIQQ ~~<.(]1911, ~e.Jj~ 20, 25, 30 <'.JI~ Q~IQ'Q Ql~~g QIQ~IQGI
Q~Q Gi'Q 62Q I
f16~~ : g6~lf~ Q QIQQ QWQl~IQ Ql~l'~ QIQA.IQ~I~ 6Q2 Q QIQQ_ QI~·~~
0 0
91Qf1.IOOI ~l~l'<I I .
QIQ611-9
('<llQ611-8 ~@~g '<1°GIQYllcr?~Q Ql~~G' QIQ~IQG'I ~;~Q )
((]oQIQ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15- 20 20-25 25 30

QIQA.IQGI 18 22 27 :? 5 20 16
Ql~Gi'G QIQA.IQG'I 18 40 67 92 11 2
" 128 I
[ 136 J

~~ca11~~1 - 7(b)
I. 6Ql~'<l '<'llQ6Q~ 6QIQ1g6Q fll'<'JQQ Q~~ Qgf11g~6Q Q~ 621QeJ_QI '<'JIQ6~ '<1°~41
g~E>Q Q~lfJIQ~ I
18, 32, 30, 23, 11, 8, 24, 15, 27, 29, 32, 22, 13, 17, 21,
IO, 28, 30, 15, 12, 26, 31, 22, 19, 14, 17, 15, 21, 18, 23.
(a) Q86Q el_QI Q'ill'il'f!lg'i!' f1~6Q t,(]6QI~ (3 ((JQgY) Qlll~ 6Q6G ?
(b) Q86Ql9 Gel49~1Q Q@IQ 6Q6G ?

(c) 5-9, 10-14 ~IQ t,(] 0 QIQfllg ('<lfllg ((J 0 QIQ-Q@IQ Q~~) 6~ QIQ QQ9
6~gsq_g4 QGQG11 t,(]IQG11 ~~G QQ I
(d) Qt:J6Ql9 '<1°QIQfllg~Q t,(] QIQ Q@IQ 6Q6G ?
0
(e) 6QQ '<1°QIQQ QIQA.IQGI t,(]Ql~Q ?

(t) 6QQ '<1°QIQQ QIQA.IQGI t,(]QgY) ?
(g) ?-10, 10-15 w0 Q Q1Q (t,(]rng '<'J QIQ Q@IQ Q~~) GgQ 6~gsqg4 QOOGJ
0 0
'<11QG11 ~~G QQ 1. . . .
2. 50~ g~~I Q~eJ_QI QQ~l6Q Q~~lg~~ Q~ ~~6Q 6Gl~lfJIQeJ_QI ~~I '<1°~.41 §Y)6Q
QWfJIQ~ I
192, 160, 120, 135, 210, 222, 190, 138, 157, 216,
154, 188, 205, 208, 175, 145, 168, 127, 161, 132,
180, 200, 172, 125, 133, 147, 152, 209, 212, 216,
146, 173, 227, 136, 185, 140, 189, 130, 188, 150,
210, 170, 183, 190, 220, 164, 200, 128, 193, 171.
(a) Q86QIQ Gel41W1~ <:(]QgY) (3 '<16QllD' Q'ill~ g~Q QQ I
(b) Gel41W1Q Q@IQ 6Q6G ?

(c) 120-130, 130-140 QG41Q '<1°QIQfllg 6gQ Ge.J419~1~ QIQ QQg 6~gsqg4
<:(]IQ6116Q tyQI~ QQ I
'
( d) Qt:J6Ql9 '<'! 0 QIQ1QQ616Q <:(] 0 QIQ Q@IQ 6Q6G ?
(e) Q'ill~ 150 6QQ <:(] QIQQ w~~g 629 ?
0
(t) 6~ t,(] 0 QIQQ QIQA.IQGI <:(]Qi~Q ?

(g) 6QQ t,(] 0 QIQQ QIQA.IQGI (()QgY) ?
3. 6ftlQ QIQ QQ9 QIQA.IQGI <:(]IQG11Q <:(]l>QIQfllg~ fl~Q~fllg 62QI 25, 35, 45 , 55 ,
65, 75 (3 85 6<:(]2 <:(]IQG11'6i <:(] 0 QIQ-Q@IQ 0
(3 <:(] QIQ-t,(]1fllfllg §~Q QQ I
[ 137]

4. §~} «11Q611 c:'.J~~~ «J QIQrng1;1Q
0 Ql~~G QIQf1.IQ91 §40i GQ ,Q'YJl'ii" 39 Q Ql~~G'
QIQfl.IQGI 6G6G' QQ QQ I
«loQIQ 0 9 10 20-29 30-39 40-49

19
QIQf1.IQ91 8 13 21 15 6
5. (a) §~~ GeJ41QQ1~ 0-9, I 0-19, 20-29 ~IQ «] QIQ Q~~ '<JG QIQ QQ~ 68lgsqg 4 QQQ6l
0
«11Q6116Q ~Ql<al GQ (3 QQ_6Q «J QIQ01gl;IQ Ql~~G' QIQf1.IQ91 6Q~ I

0
25, 32, 38, 52, 32, 11, 5, 8, 18, 37, 35. 42,
68, 35, 42, 52, 2, I 8, 7, 22, 30, 41 , 56, 64,
31 , 27, 32, 41 , 28, 7, 53, 41, 46, 58, 12, 25,
64, 45, 39, 40
(b) Q'YJl'ii" 39 Q Ql~QG QIQf1.IQ91 6Q6G ?
"
(C) 6QQ «1°QIQQ QIQf1.IQ91 Q2@0 ?
"
(d) 6Q~ «1°QIQQ Ql~Q9 QIQf1.IQ91 Q2@0 ?
" "
6. 200 8Q1!alel1'ii"Q 6Ql61~ '<IQ 8Q1!alQ '619G~l6Q ~Ql~G' <J'Ql<J'Q «12 Ql~~G QIQfl.1£)(,11
§'()~ «11Q6116Q Qc:'.Jl£JIQ~ I
8Q1!al gi;iQ
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
( '61G'G\i'l6Q) :
QI~~ QIQfl.IQGI : 5 12 27 46 102 135 160 181 196 200
«11Q611£1 6Q~ §'()~ ~.qi01g1;1Q g@Q Q~ I
(i) tll«l, gs:J,Q '6191ii'\i'I 30 621Qe./_6Q 6Q69 U'l§I 6<J'~ 621QU'§ ?
(ii) .gJ9Q\i'I 60 QI 9~~ gs:J,Q Q~e./_6Q 8Q1!al6Q ~EJ0 6'2]611 ?i~EJl'<I I 6Q6Q Q86QI~
8Q1!al6Q 6Q69 U'l§I ~EJ0 6'2]6116Q tll«l, GQU'§ ?
(iii) 40% QI 9Q~ c:'.J~Q mg 60%~ lii'Yl_ gs:J,Q Q~e./_QI U'l§I «1°~41 6Q6Q ?
(iv) .gJQQ\i'I 80 QI 9~~ gs:J,Q Q~e./_QI 8Q1!alEJi~ 'i1~ ?i~QIQ QYQ~I eJ._GQ QtlGQI~
8Q1!al6Q GGGQ 8Q1!alEJi 'i1~ 81QQI @IQ Q6Q~G 626Q ?
7.8 G'2.J419Q1Q 6Q~~ £JQ~~I~ (Graphical representation of data) :
«ll 'Q14G 9EJ41QQ1Q «1°'Qll!l '<IQ '<IQIQ «J§QQGI c:'.leJIG', QIQR.IQQI QQQGI «11QG11 Yll~Yl6Q '<JQIQ
0 0
Qff~ltlg Q@£\6Q ~l~Q I §~ QEJ4~ 8§ 6«1 Q§£\6Q ~QQQ'91 QQQIQ laYlQI ~GQ Yi~ ~6gQ
c:'.Jl~Wlfg~Q ((]91£\ ~eJQI 6El~4 g EJIQ 816Q I 911~ 'Qll<J',, 'O'I~, QI ~~ Yll~Yl6Q ~Ql~Q QeJ4
«J91Q6Q
«l~Q ~1919Jlg~Q '!iij ~IQ~Gl QQQI «16Q' «16Q' ~191 91g6Q QEJ4 «1f1.1&1Q ~~ CJIQGll «Jij. Q6Q 1
< - - ~ "'
~l~Q HU 'QlltJ:, 'O'I~ QI CO'~ ~IQ 911<U916Q ~Q~Q Q~ QeJ4~ ~Q, QYi_ «lYlQ 91~6Q 6<t;•'Q1 tJIQQI «JYlQ
[ 138]

~-4 I '<I~ G'eJYIQQ1~ QIQ611 ( QIQA.IQG'I QG'Q61)6Q 'i]~%1 QQQI QQ 6Q~§QQ 6Q~Q £1Q'i]QI~
(~ltl',, ~1£', QI~~ ~1~~6Q 'i]Qlial) ~~ £1QQ 0 ~y1gQ '<IQ ~~.N~4i t:l~YIQ I
6'~YIQQ1Q QQ~ 6Q~Q t:JQ~Qlial 62QI :-
(i) QIQf1.IQ~I §b~Q E>Q~I~ (Frequency polygon) (ii) ~fil~IA (Histogram)
(iii) ~Gl ~Q~ (Pie Chart) (iv) a'~ E>Q~ (Pictograph)
Q._QQ6)1 ~'2]611~1g~6Q
I
~6~ ge.JYIQQ1Q Qt:l~lt:JglQ 6Q~Q tJQ'i]QI~ <ClA.1&6Q Q~ ~I~~ I
'<IQ 6~6116Q gg, ~A.1&1Q QQ6'51~ ~'.ll6Ql~g1 QQl~Q I
..... < .....
7.8.I QIQRIQ~I ~E>Q~~ 6Q~l9~:
QIQ-QQ~ g 621QeJ_QI QIQA.IQgl QIQ6116Q 'S:]Ql~G' 9eJYIQQ1Q QIQA.IQG'I §6Q.aiQ

6Q~I~~ (QI 6tl'lgsq_gy 6~~1~~) ('J~g Qfl.~6Q 'S:]eJ6~ C'.Jl6Qlt;;igl QQl!CJIQ I
QIQA.IQgl §6~Q 6Q~I~~ ('J~gQ '<IQ QQl2QG1 :
§~6Q '<IQ gleJ~Q Q<Ci'YIQQQ U'l~U'l~1~1g~Q QQQI~ QIQfl.IQG'I QllQG11 ( QllQG11-10) 6Q
~W!CJIQ~ I
6Q12 geJYIQQ1Q QIQfl.IQgl §E>~Q 6Q~I~~ ~<!!9 QQQI I
'<11Q611 10
QQQI i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
QIQfl.IQG'I 18 24 37 42 58 50 33 . 22
..... <
QIQf1.IQ~I ~E)Q~Q E)Q~I§~ fl~~ QQQI ~61191
~eJYl 6Qll£11g :
~6~ ~IQ' QIQ~6Q '<IQ
C'.Jl~~~Q C'.J~6Q~I (x-axis), 2'.)gy
~Q ('JQQfl.1Q C'.J~6Q~I ·
(y-axis) w;;g QQ (3 Qt:Jqf!) 6Q.~
E)gQ x- C'.J~6Q 0 ~ 15 (3 y-
< ~ '
W86Q 0 ~ 60 '<JQQ <Ci'~IC'.J I . ~·
' +·
6Q.~ Qlfl.~6Q '{9gl :

..
'<Jt:JQ 62QI QQ~
'
' 6Q.~ .. .
..
6f(]t:JQ ~~ ~IQ' QIQ~ C'.J~Ql ~

0
..
C'.J t>i ('J~QIQ QQQ I
0 .. .
.. ---
(~~ 7.1)
[ 139]

~QlQ 6«11€11~:
'<llQG11~ 6Q~ !:l6QYQ QQQ (3 «191,~ QIQfl.IQQI~ ~eJl~6~
x <'3 Y '611~1~ ~60 6~Q Q~Yll~ ~6~ QQ, ~ell- !:lelYI Q~Q x- '611~1~ 5 '<IQQ ( QQ«I)
(3 y- '611~1~ 18 '<IQQ ( QIQfl.IQQI)
'<IQOQ ~10~ Q~ ~IQ' QIQ~6Q ~~QI
~QlQ 6«11€11~ :
Q~I~ ~Yll~Q6Q 6Q~l~~Yll~~ ~IQI «! 0 6~1Q QQ 16~QQ~~ tllQQ g121 «llQG11-10Q

QIQfl.IQQI ~6~Q 6Q~IQG I
""
QQl'i?Q~-1
6Q@'<J ~IQO''<I~, ~Q6Q rn~g 6QIQ1Q Q~Q Q~Q «l~Q6Q @8Q~ Ql8~1~1~ ?:i~
'<llQG116Q Q~l~IQ~ I «IYIQ-QIO~IQI 6Q~QG ~~m QQ I
""' ""'
«IYIQ 7a.m. 9 a.m. 11 a.m. 1 p.m. 3 p.m. 5p.m. 7p.m. 9p.m.
QIOYllGI (8°F6Q 100 101 104 102 100 99 100 98
(Q~ 7.2)
x-W86Q «l~Q '<IQ y-W86Q QIO~l~I~ ~~l~IQ~' ?:i~§~g ~~g 6~1~ rn~~ 6~Q
0
~6~%?~ 6Ql~'<I 6Ql~'<I 6Q~I~~ ~IQI 6~1QQQ '<IQ 6Q~Q~ tllQOIQQ I

(7' 100), (9' 101 ) ..... (9 ,98)
[ 140)

QQl~Q~-2:
6Ql~'<I ~l~Q £lQ6QQ (velocity) QQg Q~Q()Q f()l21eJ_QI, 6«1 Q~~~ §~

'<JQ QCfil()Q
(C]IQ6116Q Q~lf()IQ~ I ~6) ge.i~~ ~ICJIQ li?Q ()Ql~'<l £JQ6QQ-Q~Q ( velocity-time)6Q~~~
~--g QQ I
Q~Q (time) 7.00 7.15 7.30 7.45 8.00 8.15 8.30 8.45 9.00
£]Q()QQ
45 50 60 40 60 70 30 45 60
( velocity in km/hr.
(~~ 7.3)
( ~1YIQ, £JQ()QQ )§'?1g()f()l~~ICfil~ ()Cfi!Q ()Q~~~ ~~g QQIS()IQ~ I
7.8.2 QIQ-~Q~ 91QRIQ6'1 ~IQ~1Q 91QR.IQG'I §E>Q~~ 6Q~I§~:
§Y,1"1 QIQG11-l l (3 .«JIQG11- 12 ~ Q!S~QQ I
~IQ~1 - 11 ~IQ~1- 12
Q~Cll~ QIQH.IQGll «JoQIQ QIQH.IQGll

5 12 0-5 3
6 18 5-10 8
7 32 10-15 12
8 . 23 15-20 17
9 16 20-25 11
10 9 25-30 .6
[ 141]

<CllQG11 - l l 6Q g694Q Q~CJl(;i," QIQ <(]~~ QIQf1.IQ91 Q~1rtJIQ~QI ~6~ <CllQG11- l26Q
g 694 Q <Cl QIQ QIQ Q]~Q QIQf1.IQ91 Q~1rtJIQ~ I
0
<(]IQG11- 12 Q g694Q <(] 0 QIQ~ 6Ql~'<l 6Q~I~ <(] 0 ~416Q ~QI~ QQlrtJIQ'(]IQ6Q '<121
QJIQGl1--' l l ~IQIQ Q~~ 6\?IQ~Q 1 g~6Q '<JIQ~1- 11 QI§ ~~fl.QI ~G11~1 ~QQf1.~ QQ
QIQ~1- 12 Q QIQf1.IQ91 ~6~Q 6Q~I;;;,~ ~~ ~~~ QQlr<:llQ rn§Q I 6Gl~Q QJ 0 QIQ~ 6Ql~'<l
<Cl ~_416Q gQI~ ~QQI gGi1~1 6Q~ I
0
<Cl QIQ Yl~Qft ~~Q : 6GlG1Q <(] 0 QIQQ Q~i;]1YJI (Upper lirtlt) JI ~YJ<CIWll (Lower
0
(3
limit) i 2 ~QQ 21Ql21Q~ QI!) «! QIQQ
0
Yi~Q·~ (Mid-point ~1 mid-value) ~21rtll'<l I
<(]oQIQQ Yl~QQ= 4 + '1_

... 2.
'<JQ gG11~16Q g694Q «!0 QIQQ Yl~QQ ~~Q QQlftll'<J I QQl2QGl~ 6Q~J
...
~1Q611 13
<(]o~IQ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
QIQf1.IQ91 8 11 19 32 24 11
-
<(]oQIQ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
Yi<UOO
.... 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5
QIQf1.1QGI 8 n 19 32 24 11
91QR1Q91 §6Q61~ 6Q'!Ml92 ti.-~ ~61191 :
~lq QIQ~6Q {i)WrtJIQ~QI x-

WS6Q QO!fJ_Q 6~~ <.(1121ftl46Q 0 012 30
Oltl4~ ~l(;i," Yll~ 001Q ~6G'4Q <.(1°QIQQ
Y1.UQ~
... ~6~ QQl~Q I y- WS6Q 0 01~
40 '<I~ Oltl4~ QIQf1.IQGI ~~ Gi'Ql86Q
~6G4Q Y1.UQft (3 G'l21Q QIQf1.IQGI~
£Jel1~6Y1 x- ~l~l(;i," (3 ..Y- ~l~l(;i," ~68
6gQ ~lq QIQ~6Q Q~Yll~ ;;;,~~ QQl~Q
(3 6<.(12 · Q~Yll~~ li].Y11~Q6Q
6Q~IGY11g~~IQI 6rtJIQ QQlrtJIQ
QIQf1.IQGI ~6Q~Q 6Q~I~~ ~--~
(9~ 7.4)
001'-JQI
( 142)

~fi.~ : 6Q~I~~~ geJ6YI «l 0 ~IQQ Yl~Q~ 2.5 01~ 6'51~ «1°~IQQ Yl~Q~ 27.5 8!Cl4~
Q¥lg 62QI I Yll~ Q~tJl~Y116g 0 01~ 30 8!Ci%l Q'!l9 I '<IGJ.. 6Q~I~~ YI~ 0 ~ 30 8!Ci4~ Q~9
Yl~Q~Q ti_QQ~i Yl~Q~ Qii'gl QQl!(JIQ 9121Q QIQ~IQ91 0 ??C'Jl!(JIQ~
62QI Q6tJQ I '<IGJ.. gay,
(3 6«1Q8Q 6~~ «1°~IQQ Yl~Q!i;'Q
.... 8Q~i Yl~Q!i;'
... Qii'gl QQl!(JIQ 9121Q QIQ~IQGI 0 ??W!(JIQ~ I
~6Q A (3 B ~Q~ Qli'~Q Q~ ~l\J: QIQ~6Q §WQQI I 6Q~I~~~ QIYI rn.qi6Q A 8!Ci4~ (3
Ql861 rn.qi6Q B 8!Ci%1 Q~g QQl!(JIQ~ I ~6'! «11Q611 «1?},9 6Q~I~~~ P 01~ Q 8!Cl4~ Q~9 I
A (3 B Q~ WY!~ 6Q~l~~Q g1~ Q~ p (3 Q~ 81QQl6Q «1121!()4 QQ§ I
~~~1~~1 - 7(c)
l. QgQ Q~~ «1YIQ6Q ~6Gl 6QIQ1Q 918Yll~I 0'16Q~21Q~, '<JQQ6Q §~Q QQl!(JIQ ??YJ .
«JIQ6116Q 6Q~l!(JIQ('J~ I Q~ 9eJ41Q~1Q '<IQ 6Q~I§~ ('J~g QQ I
i;(J~Q 8.00 a.m. 10.00a.m. 12.00Noon 2.00p.m. 4.00p.m. 6.00 p.m. 8.00 p.m.
£T16Q~21Q~,6Q
g1<Jf1IQI 100.4° 102.4° 103.6° 104.0° 102.8° 102.0° 100.8°
C'JQoG 6Q~I~~~ ??Y,ll.1 g<qiY11g~Q Q@Q ~~Q QQ I
(i) C'Jt:JQI~ 3.00 Q~I «1YIQ6Q 6QIQ1Q Gl8Yll~I 6Q69 C'.l.QI?

(ii) 6QQ QYIQ6Q 6QIQ1Q 91t:JYll~I 103° O'IQ~21Q~, C'.l.QI ?
2. ??Y,l QIQ6116Q C'.l.QI GeJ41Q~1~ (time-Temperature) 6Q~§~ Yll~Y16Q gg1~ QQ I
«lYIQ (in hrs.) 8a.m. 10 a.m. 12noon 2p.m. 4p.m. 6p.m. 8p.m.
Glt:JYll~I (in °F) 100 101 104 103 99 88 100
«lYIQ (in hr.) 7a.m. 8a.m. 9a.m. lOa.m. lla.m. 12noon lp.m. 2p.m.
t:JQ()QQ (in k.m./hr.) 30 4, 60 50 70 50 40 45
.s
Q~tJI~ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
QIQfl.IQ91 8 13 22 30 24 12
[ 143)

, I· I .l
5. 130 ~61 Q4~--Q Q~91 6'<1.~. Y1186Q gYJ '<llQ6116Q QWKJIQ~·I '<l2 9eJ4Q 6rngsqg4
6Q~ IQ~ ~~g QQ I
175-185 185-195 195-20~
Q~I( 6'<1.~.6Q) 145 15: 155 165 165- 175
·32 IO .2
~IQA.IQQI 3 35 ' 48
6. 6Ql~'<l Q~6Q eJ_QI 205 ~61 Ql~'tl'iiQ Yll~Q ~~ gYJ '<llQ6116Q Q~IKJIQ~ I '(32 geJ4Q
E>rngsqg4 6Q~1Q~ ~1;;g QQ 1
Yll~Q ~g 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-30( 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500
QIQA.IQ91 25 33 40 31 30 22 16 3
7.8.3. ~6~1'2llfl. (Histogram):

QIQA.IQ91 '<llQ'6116Q (iQI Q~~l'iiQ Q~IQ§1 W£~~Q QI~ (3 '(]21Q QIQA.IQgl~ Q~fl QI~
~6tl E)gQ ~IQ9Q2Yllg ~1;;g QQ gYJY169 Q@ 9eJ41Q~1Q 26~1~Wl ~--g QQIKJIQrn6Q I
'<llQQ1-14 '<llQQ1-15
~~~I~ 5 6 7. 8 9 10 Q~~l'ii 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

~IQA.IQ91 12 21 ' 28 24 16 8 QIQA.IQ91 8 18 28 . 22 12
(Q2 7.5) ~ ~ (Q2 7.6)

~QI: QIQH.IQ91 ~~Q ~~6Q ~~ Q~~ 0 g~l~IQ 6VJ.lii} ~£~1Q1 QJ 0~41~~Q ~Yll~Q6Q
Q~ t'.l~Q QtJQ ~I~~ ~9g 621Q ~ii'§ I Q2J Q~~l'ii ~~6Q 0 01~ 4 tiri4G) ()<q.lij} ~gKJIQ1
~ ~ ...
gt'.JI g KJIQ 4 01~ '<1°~41~~~ ()q,lij} ~~~IQ1 ~Yll~Q6Q ~12161 rn~~ "11£Jg QQIKJIQ~ I '<JQg~
~M_. 5 621QeJ_QI~ 6'<1Yllgi 4 01~ ~99 QQl~IQ~ I W'<l~Y!lg gQYI ~£Kl!Q1 Q~~I.- 5 Q
~IQ 4.5 ~ 5.5 tiri4~ '<JQ ~g4~~QQ Q~IQ 9Q£~1Q1 g~l~l'<l 1
0
QIQ QQ~ QIQfllQ91 '<llQ611 ~~~~ 9eJ41Q~1Q 26~1~1q ~--gQ ~g4 '<JQ g~g1 9~
5.6 6Q Q~IKJIQ~ I . . . ~
[ 144 J

1.8.4 l'G 6Q'c\f (Pie-chart 91 Circle graph):
0
<Cl £121G' G'eJY~ ~6~Q QY1Q6Q '<JQ 'i16llQIQ 6~gQ W~rn§Q ~ ~~60 gQI~ QQl'1IQ
0
~§' ~~ QQlfJIQeJl'<J I ~~6Q '<I ~QIQ §2Q '<JQ ~YJ.<n'I Q~lfJIQ~ I

6Gl61~ '<IQ ~i'l~~I~ 240 ~61 Q~'OllQ1~ 6QYll'W~Q Yll~Q 6QW 2'.J~fJIQ1 ~YJ QIQ6116Q
QQ~ ~IQ6Q g~I~ ,~QlfJIQj I
QIQ~l-15
0
Q~'OllQ1 Q ~YI Yll~Q 6QG''W Q1Yll
I
30 1000 £1~1 Qfl.I gfl~ 2'.J~Q
80 700 £1~1 Qfl.I G'flG'l 2'.JCJQ YllXJI 1000 £1~1~ Q~
90 500 £1~1 Qfl.I gfl~ ~~Q Yllg 700 £1~1~ Qyt
40 500 £1~1~ Qyt
-
Q86Ql9 G'eJYi '<IQ ~Gl 6Q~6Q ~Gill~ QQQI~ 626Q, '<JQ ~GllQIQ 6~g~ ~IQ£1 2'.1°<51 - --
( ~6llQ~I) ~IQI QO~Ql9 'OllQ 6~G11Q Gi'~'OllQ1 Q 0 ~YI~ -<J8Q «J_§G' Gi'Ql~Q 6'10Q ~QGi'91
cti'IQ~Q 6~gO~Q 2'.l~rng 01Q6~G11Q Gi'~01Q1 Q 0~YIQ 2'.l~al6l Q6Q' QYll<n' 62Q I
:. 'i16lQ~I 'OllQ~Q 6~209Q ~~81G'= 30:80:90:40 = 3:8:9:4
Yll§t ~~lfil~ 6la~ ei~19~ 6~fil~ 6Q§'1Q 6QIG1Yll~ OQY1161Q ~~16' I
:. ~Gl991 01§~Q E>Gi'§'m E>~IG1Yil<W~Q ~~mg = 3:8:9:4
~6lGi'"I ~l~§Q 6Gi'§'1Q 6Ql~Y!l'ft"Q 0IY11~ x01, x02, x03, x04 ~2'.J~ I
. . x 3
0~6Q x, : x2 :x3 : X4 = 3:8:9:4 ~I X1 +X2 ;X3 +X4 = 3+8+9+4
3 . 3 .
QI x1 = 24 x (x1 +x2 +xJ+~4) = 24 x 360 = 450
( ·: QYl~ ~Gl~~IQ 6Q§'1Q 6QIG1Q 8QY11G1Q QY,ij = 360°)
6'<128§ x2 = ~
24
x 360° = 120°, X3= ...2._
24
x360° =135° '<1Q x 4= ~
24
x360° = 60°
0
~~QY : 6Q§'1Q 6Gi'IG1Q 8QY11Gl q_~ '<1°~YGi' §~1 'W 626Q '<121Q ~IQ~Yll'W 6Gi'Q9 ~~16Q
gQI~ Gi'Ql'11'<1 I 6Q§'1Q 6Gi'IG1 ~~Q QIQ611 QIQ~l - 16
~~ 6Q9'W Q1Yll 0
Q~01Q1 Q ~YI 1~m1~rn91 ~~Q 0~YI 6Q§'1Q 6Gi'l61
Qo~IQ ( QIQfl.IQG'I) J
T
f
0= -fr X360°
~
{<W) 1000 ~~I (3 9~" 30 30

-=-
240
I
8
I
- x 360°= 45°
8
(~) 700~.-1000~. 80 80 I I
- x 360°= 120°
240 =3 3
90 3 3
{Q) 500~.-700~ . 90 -=-
240 8
- x 360°= 135°
8
{Q) 500~.~ <Wq 40 40

-=-
240
I
6.
I
... x 360° = 60°
6
If =240 m =360°
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(PROBABILITY)
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~8Q<Q19 <aYlJQYOI ~62_861 QQ I
(i) P (9~£1 H), . (ii) P (~g£1 H), (iii) P (6£11~'{] H), (iv)P(6§161~~ g()QH) ...
Q86Q ~~fo <a91Q401 YJlgl;i <aYJij ~b2._861 QQ I
f 1541

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~IQG116Q QC'.ll!(JIQ~ I 696Q Q69%i' £1'QQ «m1QY91 §Q QQ I
£1'Ql£1'9 I 2 3 4 5 6
QIQ~IQ9 1 144 152 136 128 11 8 122

8.3 6Q~, b'~ Q(l6Q ~ICllQb' QHIQYb'IQ CllQGll :
6'<1~, Y11~Y16Q '<lrnQY91Q '<1°~1 l3 CllQE;l! Q~b'llll Kalmogorov QQlg QQP,!6Q I
Y16gQQ '<IQ C'.lQQGl 8_~1~ ~<cl. QQl£1~: 1 I 0Q H 8 T Y1~~ 6!()6QlE;Jca 6£1 1~'<1 8~Q I '<1Y1@
£1'Ql£1'9 Y11g~ 6'<1~, S 626Q , S = {H,T } 62Q I ( 1)
'<1016Q 6'<1~, S ~ <Cll~~ 6~'<l (Sample space) ~211()1'<1 I 6'<1Q£1Q 6£1@'<1 @I~ ~QeJQ ~«1.
Q6Q £1Q1~G1Q '<ll~Q 6V.1«1.S = { HH, HT, TH, TT } 62Q I (2)
Y16cri'Q~ 6Xl, 6Ql~'<I ~I~ ~Q2JQ ~'<°l QQQI <3 ~Q~ ~I~ '<IQ <Cl6Q' 216Q ~'<°l QQQI
'<I ~Q 61S~6Q <Cll?fQ 6~'<l <CJY!lcri' I
6'<12t:iQ '<JQ §Q6£1~ ~~ 6£1@~ ~6Q £1~1Q6Q £1'91£1'9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Yi~~ 61() 6Q1Gica
6£11~'<1 62Q I '<1016Q '<1Y1@ £1'91£1'9 Yilg~ 6'<1~, C'.lell9, '<ll~Q 6VJ«l. S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Q~€11 (Event) : '<IQ (]Q1~G16Q '<ll~Q 6V.1«1. S 626Q '<121Q 6!()6Q1Gica Q86'<1~, (Sub set)
E '<IQ Q~Gll I ~el19, '<IQ Q~Gll E c S I
QQl2QG1 ~~8 , 6£11~'<1 @I~ eJ6Q ~c;q_ Q6Q Q~Gll E: ig6'<1~, <J>, {H }, {T }, {H,T } ~ 61()
6Q1Gica 6£11~'<1 I E =<l> ~ QIQY6Q C'.ll6Y1 9Y)G'Q19 Y16g QQI~ QQ 81QQI I
E : @1£i eJ6Q ~«1. 62~ £1'Q H <3 T ~ 6Q1Gl~~ ~62' I
6'<1Q£1Q E = S ~ QIQ46Q QQI~ Q6Q E : @@ eJ6Q ~<cl. 62~ £1'9 H Q~I T
E = {H} Q C'.lel @1£1 eJ6Q ~c;q_ 62~ £1'9 H '<JQ E = {T.} Q C'.lel 62Q~ @@ eJ6Q ~<cl. 62~
0
£1'9 T I
<Cl 0 Fial : '<IQ £JQ11S€16Q <Cll?fQ 6~'<l S 6~6Q, S Q E>Xl 6"1€1~ Q£l6<Cl~, E '<IQ Q~€11 <3 E
EQ Q£1IQlg«J•~41 IEI
Q~€llQ <CJal91lb'I p (E) = SQ Q£11Q1g <a 0 ~41 ISi
(": S ={ H, T})
IEI 1 . 1
E = {H } 626Q, I E I = l <3 P(E) = ISi = 2, E = {T } 626Q IE I = 1 <3 P(E) = 2 ,
E = <!> 626Q , I E I =0 <3 P(<!>) = 20 =0 , E = S 626Q I S I =2 <3 P(S) = 22 = 1,
~~19Q€1 - 5 : 6Ql~'<l YJ.21~ ~Q eJQ ~<cl. QQl£16Q £1'9 ~Q~ H ~~QIQ '<lg1QYg1 9~£1Gl QQ I
<CJYllCllcri' : 6Q@'<l @I~ ~Q eJQ ~<cl. QQl£16Q £1'9 ~§Q HH, HT, TH <3 TT I
(155)

~\;'QI• Ql?tQ 6Q<,(1_ S == { HH , HT, TH, TT } :. ISi == 4
IEI I
Q6l Q~611 E = {HH }, 6\;'6]_ I E I = I ~9Ql 0 P (E) == P ( {HH}) = Isl = 4 I
~~~ : ~Q OQ ~9 Qyt6Q 6£11~-<l H ~l~I QQl~l'<l 6t;'6Q E == {HH, HT, TH} t3 IEI = 3
~9Ql 0 '<l 6!a96Q p (E) == i5.! =

3
- ISi 4
Q~l~61 - 6 : 6£11~-<J liU.~ 6£11~'1 eJ6Q Q~IQQl6Q rn;;i '<JQ 6~~ Q 0 ~41 OIQQIQ ((]glQ491 §b)_861
00 I
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0
~9Ql Ql?tQ 6Q'<l_ S == { l , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } :. ISi == 6
Q6'! £1~611 E ={2,3,5}, :. IEI == 3
. . p (E) == IEI =3 =I (goo)
ISi 6 2
~~~1~g1 - 8 (b)
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626Q Q~611£'1ii QQI~ Gi'Q I
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(i) E : OQ 5;
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(iii) E : OQ '<JQ ~q~ ((] 0 ~41 ; [ '<l016Q OQ l §Fl.I 3 §A.I 5]
(iv) E : OQ '<JQ Q ~41 k < 5
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[ '<l016Q OQ ~§Q 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
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1156)
•••
~~~Hii'~1 - 1 (a)
1. (i) e . (ii) e;, (iii)=, (iv)=, (v) c, (vi)"*; 2. (i) {3, 4, 5, 6} , (ii) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ,
(iii) { l, 2, 3, 5, 6}, (iv) {5}, (v) {3}, (vi) <1>. (vii) {3, 4}, (viii) { 1, 2}, (ix) { 1, 2, 3},
(x) {6} , (xi) {4,5},(xii) {5,6} ;4.(i) {1,-1}, (ii) {2,4}, (iii) <1>, (iv) {O, 1,2,3}
5. (i) {a, b, d, e, P}.-(ii) {a, b, p, n, m, x, y}, (iii) {a, b, p, m, y};
7. (i) A B (ii) A B (iii) A B .
~
(AnB)u(A-B)=A
~
(AnB)u(B-A)= B
9. 120 - 116 = { 17, 18, 19, 20}, 116 -120 ={}QA.I<!>;
~~~19~1
•
(AuB)-(AnB=(A-B)u(B-A)
- 1 (b)
1. (i) { 1, 3, 5}, (ii) E, (iii) $. (iv) E, (v) A, (vi) (A nB)' , (vii) (Au B)' , (viii) A ~ B,
(ix) (AuB)-(AnB), (x) $,(xi) AnB (xii) A' nB' ;
2. 6~, Q§ : (i) , (ii), (iv), (v), (vi) ; 3. (i) {± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ...... }, (ii) E (3 <!> (iii) 11;
~~~19~1 -l(c)
1. (a). (i) 12, (ii) 2; (iii) 3, (iv) 6, (v) 13, (vi) 4, (vii) 7, (viii) 12 ;
(b). (i) x = -2, y = 3, (ii) x = 2, y = 3, (iii) x = ±2, y = ±3, (iv) x = 2, y = 1;
(c). (i) {(l, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)} (ii) {(2, 3)};
2. 15; 3. 90; 4. 31' ; 5. 30; 6. 50; 7. 35, 40; 8. 5; 9. 52; 10. 11, 34; 11. 500; 12. 60,100;
~CCi~19~1 - 2(a)
1. (i) T, (ii) T, (iii) F, (iv) F, (v) T, (vi)T, (vii) F, (viii) T, (ix) T, (x) F, (xi) T, (xii) F ;
2. (i) -±,(ii) - ~,(iii) 0, (iv) 1 (~1-1 ), (v) ~ (vii) 2, (viii)3, (ix) OOIQ, (x) 0, (xi) N, (xii)-1;
3. (i) d, (ii) a, (iii) c, (iv) a, (v) b, (vi) b, (vii) a, (viii) c, (ix) c ; 4. 00, Gl'IQG'l 2 -QQ El~ ~I;
8. g12, QIQ617 + 5 = 12 (3 -.Q21 q<qi,; 9. 29, 50 (3 77; 10. Q, Gl'IQ61 -.Q21 ~~Q~ E>~QgQ_~G?
~ ~ 11.
OOYJQQI~;
131 - 13 . q = 300 , p =-34 , ·i6i ; 14. Q~ ~ ~YI = 15
; 12. 0.3 -l 5 (3 ~IQ
0
1 2
1000
- I5 9 I 9 39 79 5 II 23 -- . I
~0 ~YI =- 1
-; 15. , ,
40 80 160
(3
320
; 16. -12., - ,- ; 17. 3.857142; 19. (1) '9
24 48
.. I ... 89 . 37 123 . 289 ( .. ) 49 ( ... ) 69 (' ) 4 ( ) 641
(n) 9 (m) 99 (iv) 99, (v) 999, (vi) 900, Vil - 90, Vlll 10, IX - 33' x 49500
20. (i) l (ii) O (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) ~ (vi) 1 (vii) 2\

( 1S7]

~~~1~g1 - 2(b) .. ...
l. (i) c, (ii) b, (iii) a, (iv) c, (v) a, (vi)d, (vii) d, (viii) b, (ix) c, (x) b, (xi) a, (xn) a, (xm)d
2. (i), (ii), (iv), (vi), (ix), (x), (xii), (xiii), (xvi), (xvii) - Qg4;
3. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (x), (~i) ...... 8Q6YIQ, e!Q~~ e!8Q60Q;
4. (i) ~, (ii) ~, (iii) -Ji , (iv) e!IQ<;j!, (v) _ 4 +.J3 (vi) l (§~I -1), (vii) P :t 0,
(viii) R, (ix) 7t, (x) O; 5. (i)-? (vii), (ii)-? (ix), (iii)-? (iii), (iv)~ (ii), (v) ~(iv),
(vi)-? (viii), (vii)-? (vi), (viii)-? (i),(ix)-? (v);
6. (i) Ji (3 - J2, (ii) 2J2 (3 -1 +J2, (iii) J2 -1(3J2+1, (iv) J2 -1 (3 Ji+ I,
"'
(v) J2 (3 J6; 7.· (i) o, (ii) I (Q~l -1) (iii) g12, QIQSl
,/3 (vi) J2 (3 -J2, (vii) J2 (3
~21 62QI elel 0 ~IQI QIQ QQQI fll21 e!Q@Q, (iv) J2 + 1 (3 Ji - l, (v) 4 +Ji (3 3 -Ji
(vi) QQ6Q e!QQ§ (6QQ~ 8Q6YIQQ QQ~ fJQ 2 §~I 5 QQl'ti'Q Q~~Gi_ ~I§ - E;rn;;gE;Q6~
£l.8~ QQ§) 911~ 8Q6YIQ 6~~6Q 651<;;-isq_§Q 01~ el8Q6YIQ 6~~6Q e!Sl 651<;;-isq_§Q I
8. (i) 9J2, (ii) IOJ2, (iii) 0, (iv) 18.J3 ; 9. (i) JiO, (ii) 10, (iii) 7, (iv) 90
10. (i) ~,(ii)~, (iii) 2-J3, (iv) (.J5 +I), (v) J3 - J2; 11. el8Q6YIQ, QIQSl ~21 e!QQ§
4
(3
~ 'ti'calYIQ
e!Sl q_gg q_gQ ~ I 12. (i) 7,(ii)7.2, (iii)2.4, (iv)47t; 13.(i) 2( J3 -2) , ("') ( {;:;- )
11 2 v2 - l , .
3
2
(iii) (3 -J2), (iv),:2 -1, (v) 5(3 +.J2), (vi) J6 +J3 -.J2 -2, (vii) Jlo-J5-J2 + 2 ,
7 7 . 3
'"" ) 2 +Ji-.J6 ,
(Vlll ("IX) 5J6- 2Jl5- 3JIO+I 2 ,. 14(")8
. 1 , ("")12·
11 , 15(")2-l.
. 1 , , ("")_?__!_~
11 I I , I I ,
4 12
(iii) ~7 , -~ ; 18. 2 + 4'J6; 20:(i)a, (ii) 3, (iii) 81; 21. (i) a-b, (ii) 1- a, (iii) 1 - a, (iv)
x+y, (v) x-2 + x-1y- 1 + y-2; 22.(i) x-i y-tz -i, (ii) xyh-i, 25. (i) 1, (ii) 1, (iii)_!_
. 2
1 3
28. (i)-4, 10 (ii) 10, -12, (iii) 2, -1, (iv) - , -3; 29. (i)
3
2_
4
.JS
4
(ii) i_ Ji
7 7
(iii) 2 - J3
(11. ") x < - 1 ;=;C11
1nr4 X>
5
1 (".111") - 3 5
: :; X:::; 3 (1v) ~ x;;:: -3
3 Q~I
. x:::; --
. 2 2
8 ~ 2
(vi) x :::; -7 Q~I x 2: 7
~~~1~~1 - 3 (a)
1. :~ y9 , 7y8 , - 8y4, l.4y3 , fi. y2, J3 y; 2. 12x2, -5x2; -3x, ; , ~ x3, J3 x3;
10x4 ;3.(i)-5,j (ii)2x 2, - ; x2 (iii)x 3 -l,2x 3+5x (iv)x2-5x+2,2x2
8
15, ;
11
- 3x - 7,(e!~~QQl2Q6191~Q@Q 1);4. (i)y3 +2y-2, (ii)2x4 +x3 -3x2-4,(iii)x2-1,

(iv) 4x 3 + 2 x2 - x + 4, (v)z3 + z2+ 6z - 5, (vi) 9xyz, (vii) x2+ xy +3y2
[ 158]

rJ~~,Q~1 - 3(b)
1
\. (i) 4, (ii)-4, (iii) :, (iv) 31; 2. (a) (i)-6, (ii) 5, (iii)-21, (iv) 60, (v)-3, (b) (i)-1
I ( .. ) d ('. ') l (3 1 .
(3 - 3, 11 -;•Ill 2 - 2,(iv)ll'3-2; J.(i)x+3,(ii)x-2,(iii)2x-l,(iv)2x-3;
4. (i) (iv); 5. (i) (3 (iii); 6. (i)-2, (ii) -(2+J2), (iii) J2 -J, (iv)-%; 7. (i) 0, (ii) 9,
(iii) l l, (iv) -l; 8. (i) (x - 4) (x - 3), (ii) (x - 4) (x + 1), (iii) (x - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1), (iv)
(y - 1) (y 2 - 2)
~~~,Q~1 - 3(c)
1. (i) (x-2) (x-1 ), (ii) x2 -4x+3, (iii) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x-y), (iv) (2a -b) (2a- b) (2a- b)
(v) (25 + 5x 2 + x4) (25 - 5x2 + x4) (vi) (1 - a+ b) (vii) 6 (2x - 3y) (3y-4z) (2z - x)
(viii) 16380 (ix) 3 (a- b) (b- c) (c- a) (x) (x- 1)
2. (i) (2x+ 1) (x-1), (ii) (2x - 1) (x- 1), (iii) (5x + 4) (x- 1), (iv) (4x + 3) (x - 2)
(v) (3x + 2) (x + 3) (vi) (7x- 6) (x + 1), (vii) (2x + 7) (x - 1)
(viii) (4x - 1) (x- 1), (ix) (4x- 7) (b- c) (x + 1)
3. (i) (5a 2 + 4b) (5a2 - 4b), (ii) (3 + 8pq) (3 - 8pq), (iii) (2x + 3y) (4x2 - 6xy + 9y2),
(iv) (2x- 3y) (4x2 + 6xy- 9y2), (v) (a+ b+ 3) (a+ b- 3) (vi) (2a + 9) (2a + 1)
(vii) 3y (2x + y), (viii) (8a + p) (7p-4a), (ix) 3 (12a - 3b + 5) (8a - 7b + 5),
(x) (4a2 + 2a + 1) (4a2 - 2a + 1), (xi) p (p- 3q2) (p 2 + 3q2 + 9q4),
(xii) - (a+ 1) (a2 + 5a + 7), (xiii) (5 - 2x) (4x2 - 8x + 7), (xiv) 5p2q (8p 2 + q3) (8p 2 - q3)
(xv) (a+ 3) (a2 + 3a + 3), (xvi) (2x-1) (4x2 -16x + 19), (xvii) (a+ 2b) (a+ 2b) (a+2b)
(xviii) (a+ 3) (a+ 3) (a+ 3), (xix) (2-3p) (2-3p) (2-3p) (xx) (b- c)(b- c) (b- c)
4. (i) (a2 +a+ 1) (a2 - a+ 1), (ii) (a2b2 + ab+ 1) (a2b2 - ab+ 1),
(iii) (4a 2 + 6ab + 9b2) (4a2 -6ab + 9b2), (iv) (a4 - a2 + 1) (a2 +a+ 1) (a2 - a+ 1),
(v) (x 2 + 2x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 2), (vi) 2 (a2 + 2ab + 2b2) (a2 - 2ab + 2b2),
(vii) 9 (2a2 + 2ab + b2) (2a2 - 2ab + b2), (viii) (2a2 + 3a + 4) (2a2 - 3a + 4),
(ix) (a2 + 2ab + 3b2) (a2 - 2ab + 3b2), (x) (a2 +a- 1) (a2 - a- 1),
(xi) (5a 2 + 7ab + 3b2) (5a2 - 7ab + 3b 2), (xii) (3x + y + 2z) (3x + y - 2z),
(xiii) (4 - 3y + x) (4 + 3y- x), (xiv) (ax- by+ ay +bx) (ax - by- ay- bx)
(xv) {x(a-b)+y(a+b)} {x(a-b)-y(a+b)};
5. (i) (a+ b + x) (a 2 + b2 + x2 - ab - bx- ax), (ii) (2a + b + c) (4a2+b 2+c 2-2ab--bc-2ac),
(iii) (a+ b - 2) (a 2 + b2 + 4- ab+ 2b + 2a), (iv) (l- 3m- n) (f +9m 2+n2+ 3/m-3mn+ln),
(v) 2a [(a - b) + (b- c) 2 + (c- a) 2], (vi)(a2 +a- l)(a4 - a3 + 2a2 +a+ 1)
(vii) (x + 6) (x 2 - 6x + 12), (viii) (m - 1) (m + 2) (m4 - m3 + 3m2 + 2m + 4)
1 4 2 1 1
(ix) (a 2 + a 2 - 2) (a +a + a 2 + a 4 ), (x) (r2 + 3r-2) (r4-3r3 + 1lr2+6r+4)
(xi) 2 (2x - 3y 2 - z) (4x 2+ 9y 4 + z 2 + 6xy 2 + 2xz - 3y 2z); (xii) (a+b-~c)

i
( a 2 + b2 + c2 - ab+ ac + bc-). (xiii) (3a - 2b 2 + 5c) (9a2 + 4b4 + 25c2 + 6ab 2 + 1Ob 2c - 15ac)
3 3
(xiv)-3 (2x + 3) (3x - 2) (5x +I); 7. 3 (x-y) (y- z) (z- x)
[ 159)

~~~19~1 - 3 ( d)
l. (i) xy, (ii) 2a2b2, (iii) 3ab 2c, (iv) xy, (v) 36x 3y6z6 ; 2. (i) x+ 1, (ii) a-b, (iii) 2a -b,
(iv)(x- 1)2, (v) x2 -xy + y2, (vi) 2(a-2b), (vii) x + 4, (viii) 2x + 3, (ix) a + b + c,
2 2
(x) a+ b + c, (xi) a - b, (xii) x - b; 3. (i) 12a3 b, (ii) 12a3b4, (iii) 340a3b3c5 , (iv) 12a b
2
(v) 150x.1 y 3z3 ; 4. (i) ab(a+b)(a- b), (ii) I2x(x+y)(x -y), (iii) xy(x+y) (x 2-xy+y ),
2 2 2
(iv) 24a b (a- 2b) (a 2 +2ab+4b 2) , (v) (x+y)(x-y)3, (vi) x(x+y)(x-y) 2 , (vii) 24(a+b) (a-b)
(viii) (2x -1 )2 (x+ 3), (ix) a(a+2)(3a+2), (x) x (2x-3)2 (3x+2), (xi) 2x(x+2) (3x+ 1)(3x -1 ),
(xii) (x+y) (y+z) (z+x), (xiii) (a-b) (b-<;) (c-a), (xiv) (a+ b + c) (a-b- c) (c - a- b),
(xv) (a+b) (a-b) (a2 +ab+ b2) (a2-ab + b2) , (xvi) (a+b)3 (a-b) (a2+ab+b 2) (a2 -ab+b )
2
(xvii) 3(x-y) (y -z) (z -x)

~~~19~1 - 3 (e)
2 2 4xy
1. (i) X (ii) X (iii) t/ (iv) X (v) t/ (vi) X ; 2. (i) ~ (ii) xx 2 ~ Yy 2 (iii) 0 (iv) y2 _ x2
. x -y
-2y b2 2 b2 6( 2 2) 2
(v) ( ") ( .. ) ( ... ) a + (' ) x - ( ) x
(x + y)(x - y)2 v1 a+ b vu 0 vm a2 - b2 ix (x2 - l)(x2 - 4) x 6(x + 3)(x - 3)
(x-5)(x 2 -2x+4)
2
x 2y2z2 .. x ... . y 6 -x 6 x (z+x)
.
3. (i) abC '(n) y(x + y), (111) l, (1v) (x - 7)(x2 + 2x + 4) , (v) y6 (v1) y
3
2ab ( " ') l (' )
( vu.. ) ~b2
a +
Vlll lX xy (x) -a-b
a
( . (a-3Xa-7)
. a- a-
. 2x+l (") 2 (" ' ) {' )
Xl) ( 2X 6); 4.(1) - 3
x+
x
2' 11 a , lll y, lV x3 -x-1
~~~19~1 - 4(a)
1. (i) ~Wl~ rni' (ii) 3, (iii) 2, (iv) -1, (v) 8, (vi) 2; 2. (i) (3 (iv) ~EiQ~ ; (ii) , (iii) (3 (v) - ((]filf£';
(vi) ~((]filf£' ; ii, iii ~~~~ [(ii) 3, (iii) 3, (v) 3b - 4]; 3. (i) 3, (ii) -30, (iii) 3b - 2a, (iv) 3,
(v) 11 , (vi) 4; 4. (i) -6 (ii) 6, (iii) 12, (iv) 2, (v) ~~, (vi) 10, 5. (i) -7, (ii) 2, (iii) -1,
(iv)
1~, (v) - ~~, (vi) 1
~~~19~1 - 4(b)
1. (iii) Q%%1 ~gtj ((Wl~ ~Ql9 QJY11{iilQ~. 2. (i) 0 l3 3 (ii) 2 l3 -2, (iii) 1 l3 2•, (iv) .fi. <3 _ 2.fi.,
(v)-1(32; 3. (i) 14 <3-14 (ii) 0 l3 ~·(iii) 2 l3 1, (iv) 4 <3-~, (v). J3~t 1*,
(vi) 3 l3 - ~, (vii) a l3 -2a, (viii) - (a+ b) l3 b - a; 4. (i) 3 l3 %(ii) 4 l3 - ~, (iii) -9 (3 -2,
(iv) 1 <3 -2; 5. (i) 12, 4, (ii)-2, -3
~~~19~1 - 4(c)
I. 10, 11; 2. 0, 1 3. 42, 9 4. 3, 4, 5 5. 15, 8 6. 4, 4l

7. 22, 14 8.18 9.5,6,7 10.11,13 11.6,8 12. 12 §.~. 13. 9, 5
14. 19, 7 15. 48, 32 16. 5 §.~ 17. 36
( 160]

~~~,~~, - 4(d)
1. (ii), (iv) <3 (vi) : Qlgl~Q Q~1GQ~; 2. (i) %, (ii) -4, (iii) 3, (iv) ~, (v) 2, (vi)-4; 3. (i) 2,
(ii)2, (iii)%, (iv)%; 4.(i) 15,(ii)~, (iii)%,(iv)-4, (v)~, (vi) 1, (vii)2, (viii) 1, (ix)3,
(x) 1 <3 2
~~~1Q~1 - 5(a)
3. (i) -<JQ, (ii) ~Q, (iii) Rene Descartes, (iv) 4, (v) (ri., (vi) 0-yi,(vii) Q11i'Q~g (viii) 5, 4
5. (i) Q4 (ii) Q 2 (iii) Q 3 (iv) ~CJB, (v) QI~, (vi) Q

3
~~~1Q~1
- 5(b)
I. (i) ax+ by+ c = 0 (a-:!- 0) (b -:1- 0), (ii) ~QQE>Q~I, (iii) y = 0, (iv) x = 0, (v) x = 3,
(v1') y= - 2, (vn") y = mx, (viii) .,. (ix) 2,.,. (x)(O, O); 2. (i)
liiEl~, -2I , -4,
7 (") I 2,
n 2, 5 (" 3 O
m') 4'
3. (i) <3 (iv); 4. (i) 1, (ii)%, (iii) 1, (iv)-5, (v) 1, (vi)-1
~~~1~1
- 5(c)
5. (3, 0), (0, 2); 7. (3, 4), (-3, 4), (-3, -4), (3, -4); 9. (1, -1) (-2, -2), 10. (-3, -1)
~~~19~1 - 6
(i) 55:72 (ii) ~

1.
15 (iii)q:s (iv) 11:13 (v) 6:4:3 (vi) 6:15:20 (vii)k=l
2. (i) (ii) (vii) ~~ Q§, ~00~ 6~ Q~ I 3. (i) 21, (ii) 0.0001, (iii) a3b 3 , (iv)l
(v)l2 (vi) a2-ab+b2 I 4. (i) 25 (ii) b 3 (iii) x + Y (iv) ab
x-y
5. (i) ± 15 (ii) ± 6abc (iii)( a2-b2) 2 6. (i) a = -1 (ii) x = 3
7. (i) 8; (ii)2; (iii)l; (iv)2; 8.(i) 8:23; (ii) 38:31; (iii) 245, 196, 140 (iv) - 11: 1 (v) 5:13
15. ~gQ 14 Q~ (3 ~~lii,lQ 12 Q~ I 16. ~~lii,lQ 16 Q~ (3 ~~lii,lQ 24 Q~ I 17. 32 ~~ I
18. 5 Q~Q 19. B Q ~IQ 6000 ~~I 21. 35, 40, 45, 22. 7:11;
2ab
23 . (i) -% (ii) 8 (iii) b2+1
~~~19~1 - 7 (a)
I. Q<.i_'CJI~ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ql~Qg QIQftlQgl 5 13 30 59 100 136 163 179 189
"
2. Q~CJI~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
QIQftlQgl 5 8 12 18 13 10 7 4
3. (b )(i) 158 6'<1. ?i., (ii) 3 ~~ (iii) 170, (iv) 24, (v) 9; 4. (i) 27 (ii) A - 2, B - 11,
C - 14, D - 3, E - O; 5. (c) (i) 42, (ii) 93 (iii) 73 (iv) 30

[ 161]

~i~1Q~1 - 7 (b)
I. (a) 32, 8 (b) 24 (d) 5 (e) (15 - 19) (t) (5 -9)
2. (a) 120, 127 (b) 107 (d) 10 (e) (150 - 160) (f) (130 -140) '<JQ 0
(180 - 190)
(g) (220 - 230) 3: «] QIQ Q~IQ , IO '<JQ «] 0 QIQY11~ (20- 30), (30-40), ... . (80- 90) .
0 0
4. «JoQIQ 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49

Ql~QG QIQfl.IQGI
~ 8 21 42 57 63
5. (a) «JoQIQ 0 -9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50- 59 60-6<

Ql~Q(;' QIQli.IQXil 5 9 14 24 32 37 40
(b) 24 (c) (30-39) (d) (60-69)

6. (i) 27 (ii) 65 (iii) 89 (iv) 19
~i~1~g1 - 8 (a)
I I I 4 61 . 475
1. {H, T }, 2. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 3.
2; 4. 1; 5. 4, 6. (i) 5, (ii) 5; 7. 366 , 8.(1) 1000
,
( "") 814 (""") 211 9 (") 60 ("") 180 ( ""') 195 ( ' 65
ll 1000' Ill 1000 ; . I 500' ll SOQ' lll 500' lV) SQO
~i~1~g1 - 8 (b)
· I" I
1. { H,T}, {HH, HT, TH, TT}, 2. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 3. l' 4. l' 5. { 1,2,3;4,5;6},{ 1,2,3,4}
6. (") I
I 6,
c· ") l,I (". ") l,I (" 2 7.(")
) 3, I (' ") 3 8.(') 2
l S,
c·. lS7
-·-
11 Ill IV I S, 11 S, 11)
1162 I

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