DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHENNAI – 600 123.

DEPARTMENT OF science and humanities

MA2111
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I
Question Answer manual

UNIT I
 MATRICES
PART – A

1. The Eigen values of the matrix A =

[ ]
2 2 1
1 3 1
1 2 2
are equal to 1 each. Find the Eigen

−1
values of A .
Solution: Let the third Eigen value be λ .The other two eigen values are 1, 1.
We know that sum of the Eigen values = Trace of A.
1+1+ λ = 2 + 3 +2 = 7 ¿>¿ λ = 5
The Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.
The Eigen values of A
−1
are 1, 1, 1/5.

[ ]
6 −2 2
2. The product of two Eigen values of the matrix A = −2 3 −1 is 16.Find the third
2 −1 3
Eigen value.
Solution: Let λ1 , λ2∧λ 3 be the Eigen value
Given λ1 λ2=16
We know that λ1 λ2 λ3 = | A| = 32
32
λ3 = = 2.
16

3. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix A =
[ ]
2 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 2
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = trace of A = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
Product of the eigen values | A| =6

[ ]
7 4 4
4. One of the eigen value of 4 −8 −1 is – 9 , Find the other two eigen values.
4 −1 −8
Solution: Let λ3 =−9 , We know that λ1 + λ 2+ λ3 = trace of A = 7 −¿ 8 −¿ 8
= −¿ 9
λ1 + λ 2−9=−9
λ1 + λ 2 = 0 => λ1=−λ 2 ………. (1)
We know that λ1 λ2 λ3 = | A| = 441
λ1 λ2 (−9) = 441 => λ1 λ2 = −¿ 49
2
Using (1) λ1 = 49 => λ1 = 7, λ2 = −¿ 7
5. Prove that eigen values of -3 A−1 are the same as those of A = [ ]
1 2
2 1
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A−λI| = 0.

=>
2
|
1− λ
2
2
1− λ |
=0

(1−λ) - 4 = 0 => λ2−2 λ−4=0 => λ = -1, 3

The eigen values of A are -1 , 3 => The eigen values of A−1 are -1, 1/3
The eigen values of -3 A−1 are3,−1
Hence the eigen values of -3 A−1 & A are same .
6. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of 3 × 3 matrix A are equal , Find the value of
| A|

Solution: Given sum of two eigen values = trace of A

ie. λ 1+ λ2=λ 1+ λ2 + λ3 => λ3 =0
Product of the eigen values = | A|
λ1 λ2 λ3 = 0 => | A| = 0.

7. Find the sum of the square of the eigen values of

[ ]
1 2 3
0 4 5
0 0 6
Solution: If the given matrix is the upper triangular matrix then the eigen values are the
leading diagonal elements.

The eigen values of the given matrix are 1, 4, 6

∴T he sum of the square of the eigen values are 12+ 4 2+ 62=¿ 1 + 16 + 36 =
53.

[ ] ( )( )
2 2 0 1 0
8. 6, 3, 1 are the eigen values of 2 5 0 . If 2 , 0 are the two eigen vectors then
0 0 3 0 1
find the third eigen vector?

()
a
Solution: Let X 3= b be the third eigen vector.
c
T
X 2 X 3=0=¿ 0 a+0 b+ c=0
T
X 3 X 1 = 0 => a + 2b + 0c = 0

()
−2
By solving we get X 3= 1
0
9. Verify Cayley – Hamilton theorem for the matrix [
A= 3 −1
−1 5 ]
Solution:
We know that | A−λI|=0

|3−λ −1 =0
−1 5−λ |
( 3− λ ) ( 5−λ )−1=0
15−3 λ−5 λ+ λ2−1=0
2
λ −8 λ+14=0
2
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem, A −8 A+ 14 I =0

( )(
A 2= 3 −1 3 −1
−1 5 −1 5 ) ¿(−810 −826 )
A −8 A+ 14 I =( 10 −8)−8 ( 3 −1 )+ 14 ( 1 0 ) ( )
¿ 0 0
2
−8 26 −1 5 0 0 0 0
2 2
10. Determine the nature of the following quadratic form f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) =x1 +2 x 2 .
Solution: Here λ1=1, λ 2=2, λ3=0. Two of the eigen values are positive.
Hence, the quadratic form is semi positive definite.
11. Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem find the inverse matrix of A=
1 4
2 3 [ ]
Solution: | A−λI|= 1−λ | 2
4
3−λ | =0

( 1−λ )( 3−λ )−8 = 0

3−4 λ+ λ2−8 =0
2
λ −4 λ−5 =0.
2
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem, A −4 A−5 I =0
2
Multiplying by A
−1
, A
−1
A −4 A
−1 −1
A−5 A I =0
=> A−4 I −5 A−1=0

2 3[ ] [ ] [ ][ ][
5 A−1= A−4 I = 1 4 −4 1 0
0 1
¿ 1 4 − 4 0 = −3 4
2 3 0 4 2 −1 ]
[ ] −1
ie., A =
1 −3 4
5 2 −1

[ ]
2 0 0
12. Find the eigenvalues of A= 1 3 0
0 4 4

[ ]
2 0 0
Solution: Given A= 1 3 0 Clearly given matrix A is a lower triangular matrix.
0 4 4
Hence by property then eigen values of A are 2, 3, 4.
 13. If 1 and 2 are the eigenvalues of a 2x2 matrix A, what are the eigenvalues of A 2∧ A−1 ?
Solution:
By property, If λ1 , λ2 … λn are the eigenvalues of A, then λm1 , λ2m … λ mn .
Given 1 and 2 are the eigenvalues of A. Therefore, 12∧22 . i.e. 1 and 4 are the

1
eigenvalues of A2; 1 and are the eigenvalues of A
−1
.
2
14. State Cayley – Hamilton theorem.
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
15. Write the matrix of the quadratic form 2 x 2 +8 z 2+ 4 xy +10 xz−2 yz
Solution:

[ ]
2 1 1
coeff x coeff . xy coeff . xz
2 2
Q=
1
2
1
coeff . y x

coeff . zx
1
coeff y
2

coeff . zy
1
2
coeff . yz

coeff z
2
[
2 2 5
¿ 2 0 −1
5 −1 8 ]
2 2

PART B

( )
−2 2 −3
2 1 −6
1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix −1 −2 0 .

Solution:

( )
−2 2 −3
Let A= 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
3 2
The characteristic equation of A is λ −S1 λ + S2 λ−S3 =0
Here S 1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = a11 + a22 +a33
S 2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
a a a a a a
| 22 23| | 11 13| | 11 12|
a a a a
= 32 33 + 31 33 + 21 22
a a
S 3 = |A| = Determinant of A
Here
S 1 =−2+1+0=−1; S 2 =−12−3−6=−21; S3 =45
3 2
i.e. λ + λ −21 λ−45=0
The Eigen values are 5, −3, −3
The Eigen vectors of A are given by ( A  I ) X  0
 x1

( )( )
−2−λ 2 −3
2 1−λ −6 x 2 =0
−1 −2 0−λ x3
i.e. ---------- (A)
Case (i) when λ=5
−7 2 −3 x 1

(A) ⇒
( 2 −4 −6 x 2 =0
−1 −2 −5 x 3 )( )
i.e.
−7 x 1 +2 x 2 −3 x 3 =0 ------------------------------------(1)
2 x 1 −4 x2 −6 x 3 =0 ----------------------------------- (2)
−x 1 −2 x 2 −5 x 3 =0 ---------------------------------- (3)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (1) and (2)
x1 x2 x3
2 −3 −7 2
−4 −6 2 −4

()
1
x1 x2 x3 ⇒ X 1= 2
= = −1
−24 −48 24
Case (ii) when λ=−3
2 −3 x 1
( )( )
1
2 4 −6 x 2 =0
−1 −2 3 x3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
x 1 +2 x 2 −3 x 3 =0 ------------------------- (4)

()
0
x2 x3 ∴ X 2= 3
2x 2 =3 x 3 ⇒ = 2
Take x 1=0 ⇒ 3 2
As the given matrix is not symmetric, the Eigen vectors need not be orthogonal.

()
3
x1 x 3 ∴ X 3= 0
x 1=3 x 3 = 1
Take x 2=0 , (4) ⇒ ⇒ 3 1

( ) () ()
1 0 3
∴ 2 3 0
−1 , 2 and 1 are eigen vectors of A corresponding to the eigen values
5, -3 and -3
2. If -1, 1, 4 are the Eigen values of a matrix A of order 3 and
T T T
[0,1,1] , [ 2,−1,1] , [1,1,−1] are corresponding Eigen vectors, determine the matrix
A.
Solution:
 Given that the Eigen values of A are -1, 1, 4 whose corresponding Eigen vectors
0 2
�� � � � � 1
�� � � � �
1 , �
�� 1� , �1 �
��
1 � 1 � �1�
are �� � � � �The given set of Eigen vectors is orthogonal in pair. Therefore
matrix A is a symmetric matrix. Therefore we use orthogonal transformation to
T
diagonalise that symmetric matrix. By orthogonal transformation, N AN  D , where N is
a matrix whose columns are normalized eigen vector and D is a diagonal matrix whose
diagonal elements are the eigen values. Therefore the modal matrix
2 1

( )
0
√6 √3
1 −1 1
N=
√2 √6 √3
1 1 −1
√2 √6 √3
T
w .k. t. A=N D N
� 2 1 � � 2 4 �
�0 � �0 �
� 6 3 �1 0 0 � 6 3�
� �
�1 1 1 �� � �1 1 4 �
ND  � �
� 0 1 0 � � �
�2 6 3��0 0 4 � � 2
� � �1
6 3�
�1 1 1 � 1 4 �
� � � �
Now �2 6 3� �2 6 3�

2 1 1 1

( )( ) (
0 0
√6 √3 √2 √2
2 1 1
N D N T=
−1
√2
1
−1
√6
1
4
√3
−4
2
√6
1
−1
√6
1
1
= 1 1 −2 = A
√ 6 −1 −2 1
−1
)
√2 √6 √3 √3 √3 √3

( )
2 −1 2
A= −1 2 −1
3. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given 1 −1 2 .
−1 4
Hence find A and A .
Solution:
For the given matrix
S 1 =6 , S2 =8, S 3=3
The characteristic equation of A is λ3 −6 λ 2 +8 λ−3=0
3 2
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A −6 A + 8 A−3 I =0 ----------------- (1)
−1
To find A
(1) x A−1 => A2 −6 A+8 I−3 A−1 =0
1
⇒ A−1 = ( A 2−6 A+8 I )
3
 =
1
3 {(
2 −1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
)(
1 0 0
−1 2 −1 −1 2 −1 −6 −1 2 −1 +8 0 1 0
1 −1 2 1 −1 2 1 −1 2 0 0 1
)( ) ( )}
=
1
3 {(
7 −6 9 −12 6 −12 8 0 0
−5 6 −6 + 6 −12 6 + 0 8 0
5 −5 7 −6 6 −12 0 0 8 )( ) ( )}
( )
3 0 −3
1
1 2 0
3
A
−1
= −1 1 3
4
To find A
4 4 3 2
(1) x A ⇒ A −6 A +8 A −3 A=0
4 3 2
⇒ A = 6 A −8 A +3 A
2 2
= 6 ( 6 A −8 A+3 I )−8 A +3 A by using (1)
2
= 28 A −45 A+18 I

( ) ( ) ( )
7 −6 9 2 −1 1 1 0 0
−5 6 −6 −1 2 −1 0 1 0
= 28 5 −5 7 -45 1 −1 2 +18 0 0 1

( )
124 −123 162
−95 96 −123
A = 95 −95 124
4

4. Use Cayley – Hamilton theorem, to find the value of the matrix given by
A 8 −5 A 7 + 7 A 6 −3 A 5 + 8 A 4 −5 A3 +8 A 2 −2 A+ I ,

( )
2 1 1
A= 0 1 0
if the matrix 1 1 2
Solution:

( )
295 285 285
0 10 0
A −5 A + 7 A −3 A + 8 A −5 A +8 A −2 A+ I = 285 285 295
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

( )
2 0 1
A= 0 3 0
5. Diagonalise the matrix 1 0 2 by means of orthogonal transformation.
(Nov 2006)
Solution:

( )
2 0 1
A= 0 3 0
Let 1 0 2
 Here
S 1 =7 , S2 =15 , S 3=9
3 2
The characteristic equation of A is λ −7 λ +15 λ−9=0
The Eigen values of A are 1, 3, 3
( A  I ) X  0
The Eigen vectors of A are given by the equation
x1

( )( ) ( )
2− λ 0 1 0
0 3− λ 0 x2 = 0
1 0 2− λ x3 0
----------------- (A)
i.e.
Case (i) λ=1
x1

( )( ) ( )
1 0 1 0
0 2 0 x2 = 0
1 0 1 x3 0
(A) ⇒
i.e.
x 1 +0 x 2 +x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (1)
0 x 1 +2 x 2 +0 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (2)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (1) and (2)
x1 x2 x3
0 1 1 0
2 0 0 2

()
−1
x 1 x2 x 3 ∴ X 1= 0
= = 1
−2 0 2 .
Case (ii) λ=3
−1 0 1 x 1
( )( ) ( )
0
0 0 0 x2 = 0
1 0 −1 x 0
3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
−x 1 +0 x 2 + x 3 =0 ----------------------- (3)

()
0
x2 x3 ∴ X 2= 1
0 x 2=x 3 ⇒ = 0
Take x 1=0 , (3) ⇒ 1 0 .
As the matrix A is symmetric, whose eigen vectors must be orthogonal to each other.
x1

Let
X 3= x 2
x3 ()
be the third eigen vector which is orthogonal to X 1 & X 2
X T . X 1 =0 X T . X 2 =0 −x 1 + 0 x 2 + x3 =0 and
i.e. 3 and 3 . i.e.
0 x 1 + x 2 +0 x 3 =0
Solving the above two equations by cross multiplication method,
 ()
1
X 3= 0
We get 1 . Clearly All the three Eigen vectors are orthogonal to each other.
1

( )
−1
0
√2 √2
0 0 1
1 1
0
The normalized matrix is
√2 √2
T
Using orthogonal transformation, N AN =D
1 1

( )( )( ) (
−1 −1
0 0
√ 2 2 0 1 √2 √2
)
√2 1 0 0
N T AN = 1 −1 0 3 0 0 0 1 = 0 3 0 =D
0
√2 √2 1 0 2 1 1
0
0 0 3
o 1 0 √2 √2
2 2 2
6. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x 1 +7 x 2 +3 x 3−12 x 1 x 2−8 x 2 x 3 +4 x 3 x 1 to the canonical
form through an orthogonal transformation and hence show that it is positive semi definite.
(Dec. 2002)
Solution:
The matrix corresponding to the given quadratic form is

( )
8 −6 2
−6 7 −4
A= 2 −4 3 . Here 1
S =18 , S 2 =45 , S 3 =0 .
3 2
The characteristic equation of A is λ −18 λ +45 λ=0 . The Eigen values of A are
0, 3, 15
( A  I ) X  0
The Eigen vectors of A are given by the equation

2 x1 0
( )( ) ( )
8−λ −6
−6 7−λ −4 x 2 = 0
2 −4 3−λ x 0
3
------------------(A)
i.e.
Case (i) λ=0
2 x1
( )( ) ( )
8 −6 0
−6 7 −4 x 2 = 0
2 −4 3 x 0
3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
8 x 1−6 x 2 +2 x 3 =0 --------------------------- (1)
−6 x 1 +7 x 2 −4 x 3 =0 ---------------------------- (2)
2 x 1 −4 x2 +3 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (3)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (1) and (2)
 x1 x3 x2
−6 8 −6 2
7 −6 7 −4

()
1
x1 x2 x3 ∴ X 1= 2
= = 2
10 20 20 .
Case (ii) λ=3
2 x1
( )( ) ( )
5 −6 0
−6 4 −4 x 2 = 0
2 −4 0 x3 0
(A) ⇒
i.e.
5 x1 −6 x 2 +2 x 3 =0 --------------------------- (4)
−6 x 1 +4 x 2 −4 x 3 =0 ---------------------------- (5)
2 x 1 −4 x2 +0 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (6)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (4) and (5)
x1 x2 x3
−6 2 5 −6
4 −4 −6 4

()
2
x1 x2 x3 ∴ X 2= 1
= = −2
16 8 −16 .
Case (iii) λ=15
x1

( )( ) ( )
−7 −6 2 0
−6 −8 −4 x 2 = 0
2 −4 −12 x 0
3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
7 x1 −6 x 2 +2 x 3 =0 --------------------------- (7)
−6 x 1 −8 x 2−4 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (8)
2 x 1 −4 x2 −12 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (9)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (7) and (8)
x1 x2 x3
−6 2 −7 − 6
−8 −4 −6 −8

()
2
x1 x2 x3 ∴ X 3 = −2
= = 1
40 −40 20 .
iagonalise the given matrix.
Since the Eigen vectors are orthogonal in pairs, we can D
 1 2 2

( )
3 3 3
2 1 −2
3 3 3
2 −2 1
3 3 3
Hence the normalized modal matrix is
1 2 2 1 2 2

( )( )( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
8 −6 2
2 1 −2 2 1 −2
N T AN = −6 7 −4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 −4 3
2 −2 1 2 −2 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
0 0 0
=0
0
( 3
0
0 =D
15
)
y1

( )( )
0 0 0
( y1 y2 y3 ) 0 3 0 y 2 =3 y 2 2 +15 y 32
T
0 0 15 y3
Canonical Form=Y DY=
Since all the terms in the canonical form are positive and one of the eigen value is
zero, the nature of the quadratic form is said to be positive semi-definite.

7. Reduce the quadratic form 1 2 1 3 2 x x +2 x x −2 x x

2 3 to canonical form by an
orthogonal transformation.
Solution:
The matrix corresponding to the given quadratic form is

( )
0 1 1
1 0 −1
A = 1 −1 0
Here
S 1 =0 , S2 =−3 , S3 =−2
3
i.e. λ −3 λ+ 2=0
The Eigen values of A are 1, 1, −2
( A  I ) X  0
The Eigen vectors are of A given by the matrix eqn.
x1

( )( ) ( )
−λ 1 1 0
1 − λ −1 x 2 = 0
1 −1 −λ x 3 0
---------- (A)
i.e.
Case (i) λ=−2
1 x1
( )( ) ( )
2 1 0
1 2 −1 x 2 = 0
1 −1 2 x 0
3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
2 x 1 +x 2 + x 3 =0 --------------------------- (1)
 x 1 +2 x 2 −x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (2)
x 1−x 2 +2 x 3 =0 ----------------------------- (3)
Solving by cross multiplication method from (1) and (2)
x1 x2 x3
1 1 2 1
2 −1 1 2

()
−1
x1 x2 x3 ∴ X 1= 1
= = 1
−3 3 3 .
Case (ii) λ=1
1 x1
( )( ) ( )
−1 1 0
1 −1 −1 x 2 = 0
1 −1 −1 x 0
3
(A) ⇒
i.e.
x 1−x 2 −x 3 =0 --------------------------- (4)

()
1
x1 x2 X 2= 1
x 3 =0 in (4) x 1=x 2 = 0
⇒ 1 1 .
Take
As a matrix A is symmetric, the eigen vectors must be orthogonal to each other.
x1

Let
X 3= x 2
x3() be the third Eigen vector which is orthogonal to X1 & X 2
X T . X 1 =0 X T . X 2 =0
i.e. 3 and 3 .
i.e.
−x +x + x =0
1 2 3 and 1 2 3x +x +0 x =0
Solving the above two equations by cross multiplication method,

()
1
X 3 = −1
2
As the eigen vectors are orthogonal in pairs, we can diagonalise.
1 1

( )
−1
√3 √2 √6
1 1 −1
√3 √2 √6
1 2
0
Hence the normalized modal matrix is
√3 √6
 1 1 1 1

( ) ( )
−1 −1
√3 √3 √3 √3 √2 √6
0 1 1 1
N T AN =
1
√2
1
1
√2
−1
0

2
( 1 0 −1
1 −1 0 √
1
3 ) 1
√2
0
−1
√6
2
√6 √6 √6 √3 √6

( )
−2 0 0
= 0 1 0 =D
0 0 1
y1

( )( )
−2 0 0
( y1 y2 y3 ) 0 1 0 y 2 =−2 y 1 2 + y 22 + y 32
T
0 0 1 y3
Y DY= is the required
canonical form.

UNIT II
THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
PART A
1. Find the centre and radius of the sphere 2x2+2y2+2z2-6x+8y-8z-1=0.
Given S : 2x2+2y2+2z2-6x+8y-8z-1=0
1
Rewrite it as x2+y2+z2-3x+4y-4z - =0
2
1
2u= -3 ,2v =4, 2w =-4 d=-
2
−3
u= , v =2 , w = -2
2
Centre (-u,-v,-w) = (
3
2
,−2,2 ), Radius = √ u2+ v 2 +w 2−d =
√ 43
4
2. Find the radius of the Sphere whose centre is (4,4,-2) and which passes through the origin.
.

√
Radius = (u−a)2+(v−b)2 +(w−c)2−d
(a,b,c) = (0,0,0) and Centre (-u,-v,-w) =(4,4,-2)
√
Radius = (4−0)2+(4−0)2 +(−2−0)2
= √ 16+16+ 4
= 6 units.
3. Find the equation of the Sphere whose center is same as that of the Sphere x 2+y2+z2-2x-4y-
6z+7=0 and which passes through (1,-1, 1).
Centre (-u,-v,-w) = (1 , 2,3 ) the point (1,-1,1)
Radius = √ u2+ v 2 +w 2−d
= √ 0+9+ 4
= √ 13
The equation of the Sphere is (x−a)2 +( y−b)2 +(z−c)2=r 2
z−3
¿
¿
( x−1)2+( y−2)2 +¿
2 2 2
x + y + z −2 x−4 y−6 z +1=0
 4. Find the equation of the Sphere having the circle x2+y2+z2=9, x-2y+2z=5 as a great circle.
The Sphere S : x2+y2+z2-9 +k(x-2y+2z-5)=0 -------------------(1)
Centre (-u,-v,-w) = (0 , 0, 0 )
(1) gives -9 + 5k = 0
9
k=-
5

9
S : x2+y2+z2-9 - (x-2y+2z-5) = 0
5
5( x2+y2+z2) -9x+18 y -18 z =0.
5. Write the equation of the tangent plane at (1,5,7)to the Sphere (x-2) 2+(y-3)2+(z-4)2=14 .
The equation of the tangent plane at ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) to the Sphere is
x x 1 + y y1 + z z1 +u ( x + x 1 ) + v ( y + y 1 ) + w ( z + z 1 ) +d=0.
(x-2)2+(y-3)2+(z-4)2=14
x 2+ y 2 + z 2−4 x−6 y−8 z +15=0
U =-2 ,v=-3 , w= -4 , d= 15
X + 5y +7 z−2 ( x+1 ) −3 ( y +5 ) -4 ( z+ 7 ) +15 =0
x+ 5 y +7 z−2 x−3 y−4 z−2−15−28+ 15=0
x+ 5 y +7 z−2 x−3 y−4 z−2−15−28+ 15=0
x-2y-3z+30=0.
6. Find the equation of the normal at the point (2,-1,4)to the Sphere x 2+y2+z2-y-2z-14=0.
S: x2+y2+z2-y-2z-14=0
1
Centre (-u,-v,-w) = (0 , ,1 )
2
The equation of the normal is parallel to the line
x−x 1 y− y 1 z−z 1
= =
x 2−x 1 y 2− y 1 z 2−z 1

1
y−
x−0 2 z−1 x−0 2 y−1 z−1
= = => = = .
2 −3 3 2 −3 3
2

7. Check whether the two Spheres x2+y2+z2 +6y+2z+8=0, x2+y2+z2 +6x +8y+4z+20=0
intersect each other Orthogonally.
S1: x2+y2+z2 +6y+2z+8=0 S2: x2+y2+z2 +6x +8y+4z+20=0
u1=0 , v1=3, w1=1, d1=8 u2=3, v2=4, w2=2, d2=20
Condition for Orthogonality is 2(u1 u2+ v 1 v 2 +w 1 w 2)=d 1+ d 2
2(12+2) = 20+8
2(14) = 28
28 = 28
The given two Spheres cut Orthogonally.
8. Find the equation of the Sphere whose centre is (6,-1,2) and touches the plane 2x-y+2z-2
=0.
x−6 y+ 1 z−2
The line CP is = =
2 −1 2
The point on CP is (2r+6, -r-1,2r+2) which lies in the plane 2x-y+2z-2 =0.
2(2r+6)- (-r-1)+2(2r+2)-2 =0
4r +r+4r+13+4-2 =0 => 9r+15 = 0 => r = -5/3
−10 5 −10 8 2 −4
The point is ( +6 , −1 , +2 ) = ( , , ).
3 3 3 3 3 3
 √
2 2 2
Radius CP = 8 2 −4
( −6) +( +1) +( −2)
3 3 3
1
= √ 100+ 25+100
3
=5
The equation of the Sphere (x-6) 2+(y+1)2+(z-2)2=25 => x2+y2+z2-12x+2y-4z+16=0.

9. The point is (2,-3,4)is the one end of the diameter of x2+y2+z2-x-2y-11z+11=0.Find the
other end.
The Sphere S : x2+y2+z2-x-2y-11z+11=0
−1 −11
u= , v =-1 , w = ,d=11
2 2
11 11
Mid point of AB = Centre ( , 1, ).
2 2
2+ x 1 −3+ y1 4 + z 1 11 11
( , , )=( , 1, )
2 2 2 2 2
2+ x 1 11 −3+ y 1 4+ z 1 11
= gives x 1=−1 , =¿ gives y 1=5 , = gives
2 2 2 2 2
z 1=7

The required point is (-1,5,7).

10. Find the equation of the Sphere which passes through the origin, (1,0,0),( 0,2,0),(0,0,3).
The Sphere S : x2+y2+z2+2ux+2vy+2wz+d = 0
It passes through (0,0,0) gives d=0
−1
It passes through (1,0,0) gives 1+2u =0 , we get u =
2
It passes through (0,2,0) gives 4+ 4v = 0 , we get v = −1
−3
It passes through (0,0,3) gives 9+6w =0 , we get w =
2
The required Sphere is x2+y2+z2 -x-2y-3z = 0 .
11. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis is the
x y z
line = = , having semi vertical angle of 450.
1 2 3
x y z
Vertex (0,0,0) , Axis = = , semi vertical angle of 450 , ( ℓ,m,n ) =(1,2,3)
1 2 3
The equation of the right circular cone ( l 2+ m2+ n2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) cos2 α =( lx+my+ nz )2
2 2 2 1 2
(1+4+9) ( x + y + z ) = ( x +2 y +3 z )
2
7 ( x + y + z ) −x −4 y 2−9 z2 −4 xy −12 yz−6 xz=0
2 2 2 2

6 x 2+3 y 2−2 z 2−4 xy−12 yz−6 xz=0

12. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis the Y
axis and semi vertical angle 300.
Vertex (0,0,0) , Axis Y −axis , semi vertical angle of 300 , ( ℓ,m,n ) =(0,1,0)
( l2+ m 2+ n2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) cos2 α =( lx+my+ nz )2
2
( x 2+ y 2+ z 2 ) √ 3
( ) = y 2 => 3 ( x 2+ y 2 + z 2 )−4 y 2=0
2
2 2 2
3 x − y +3 z =0 .
13. Find the general equation of a cone of second degree which passes through the axes.
The general equation of a cone of second degree ax2+by2+cz2+2fyz+2gxz+2hxy = 0 ----------(1)
It passes through X –axis ( the direction cosines are (1,0,0) ) gives a=0.
It passes through Y –axis ( the direction cosines are (0,1,0) ) gives b=0.
It passes through Z –axis ( the direction cosines are (0,0,1) ) gives c =0.
(1) becomes 2fyz + 2gxz + 2hxy = 0 => fyz + gxz + hxy = 0
14. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis the Z
axis and semi vertical angle α.
Vertex (0,0,0) , Axis Z −axis , semi vertical angle of  , ( ℓ,m,n ) =(0,0,1)
( l2+ m 2+ n2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) cos2 α =( lx+my+ nz )2
( x 2+ y 2+ z 2 ) cos 2 α =z 2
( x 2+ y 2) cos 2 α=(1−cos2 α )z 2
sin2 α
x 2+ y 2 = 2 z 2 => x 2+ y 2 =¿ z
2 2
tan α .
cos α
15. Find the general equation of a cone whose vertex is (α,β,γ)and base y 2 =4ax and z=0.
vertex is (α,β,γ) , base y 2 =4ax------------(1) and z=0
The generator through (α,β,γ) is
x−α y−β z−γ
= = -------------------(2)
l m n
x−α y−β −γ
It meets z=0 , = =
l m n
−lγ −mγ
x= + α y= +β
n n
−lγ −mγ
The point ( x= + α , y= + β , 0 ) lies on y 2 =4ax
n n
−lγ
n
2 + α ¿ -------------(3)
−mγ
( + β) =4 a ¿
n
m y−β l x−∝
From (2) = =
n z−γ n z−γ
2
(3)gives [ β −γ (
y −β
z −γ] [
) =4 a α−γ (
2
]
x−∝
z−γ
)

On simplifying we get , [ βz− yγ ] =4 a (αz−γx)( z−γ ) .

16. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is at the origin and passing through the
curves x2+y2=z , x +y + z = 4.
x y z
Any line through origin (0,0,0) is = = ---------------(1)
l m n
Any point on this line is P (ℓr,mr,nr)
x2+y2=z & x +y + z = 4
2 2 2
(
r l + m =nr ) -----------(2) r ( l+ m+ n )=4
4 4
l+ m+ n= => r=
r l+m+n
2 2 4
Substitute r in (2) , we get ( l + m ) =n
l+ m+ n
( l 2+ m 2) 4=n ( l+ m+ n ¿ -------------------(3)
x y z
From (1) , l= , m= , n=
r r r
 x 2 y 2
(3) becomes (( ) ( ) ) 4= rz
r
+
r
(
x y z
+ + ¿
r r r
4 x 2 +4 y 2−z 2−zx−zy =0 .
17. Find the equation of the Cylinder whose generating lines have the direction cosines
(ℓ,m,n) and which passes through the circle x2+y2=a2 , y=0.
Let P(x1,y1,z1)be any point on the Cylinder.
x−x 1 y− y 1 z −z 1
The Generator Equation through P is = = -------------(1)
l m n
The guiding curve is x2+y2=a2 -------------(2) & y=0
x−x 1 −y 1 z−z 1
(1) becomes = =
l m n
ny
1−¿ 1
m
l y1
1−¿ ; z=z ¿
m
x=x¿
ly
1−¿ 1
m
x¿
¿
ny
(2) becomes 1−¿ 1
m
z¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
ly
−¿
m
x¿
¿
ny
The locus of (x1,y1,z1) is −¿
m
z¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
x y z
18. Find the equation of the Cylinder whose generators are parallel to = = and
2 −2 5
whose guiding curve is the ellipse x2+2y2 =1 , z=3.
x−x 1 y− y 1 z −z 1
The Generator Equation through P is = =
l m n
x−x 1 y− y 1 3−z 1
If z=3 = =
l m n
3−z 1 5 x 1−2 z 1+6
x=2 ( )n
+ x 1 implies
5
3−z 1 5 y 1 +2 z1 −6
y=−2 ( ) n
+ y 1 implies
5
 5 x 1−2 z 1+ 6 2 5 y 1 +2 z 1−6 2
2 2
x +2y =1 implies
5 ( +
5 )( =1 )
simplifying 25 x2 +50 y 2 +12 z 2−20 zx + 40 zy + 60 x−120 y −72 z +83=0 .
x−α y−β z−γ
19. Find the equation of the Cylinder whose axis is = = and radius is r.
l m n
Let P (x,y,z) be any point on the Cylinder.
x−α y−β z−γ
The equation of the axis is = =
l m n
l m n
The Dr’s are (ℓ,m,n) . The Dc’s are , 2 2 2, 2 2 2
√l +m + n √l +m + n √l +m + n
2 2 2

The radius of the Cylinder is r The distance between the point on the Cylinder & the point on the
axis is √ ( x−α )2+( y−β )2+(z−γ )2
2
2 2 2 2 [ l ( x −α )+ m ( y−β ) +n( z−γ ) ]
The Required equation is ( x−α ) +( y −β) +(z−γ ) =r + .
l 2 +m2+ n2

PART – B
2 2 2 2 2 2
1. Show that the spheres x + y +z =25 and x + y +z −18 x−24 y−40 z+225=0
touch externally and find their point of contact.
Solution:
2 2 2
x + y +z =25 ------------------------------------------------- (1)
Centre of this sphere C1 is (0,0,0) . Radius r 1 =√ 0+0+0+ 25=5 units.
2 2 2
x + y +z −18 x−24 y−40 z+225=0 ---------------------- (2)
Centre of this sphere C2 is (9,12, 20) Radius
r 2 =√ 92 +122 +202 −225=20 units.
.
C1 C 2 =√( 9−0) +(12−0) +(20−0)2 =25 units.
2 2

We see that r 1 +r 2=25=C 1 C 2 . ∴ The two spheres touch each other externally.
Also the point of contact P divides C1 C 2 internally in the ratio r 1 :r 2 5:20 i.e.1:4.
x , y ,z x , y ,z
[The point P which divides the line joining two points ( 1 1 1 ) and ( 2 2 2 )
mx 2 +nx 1 my 2 +ny 1 mz2 +nz 1
internally in the ratio m : n is m+n
,
m+n ( ,
m+n
(¿ P)
]
)
Hence
P= ( 1+9+04 ,12+ 0 20+0
1+ 4 1+4 )
,

i.e. P (Point of contact of given two spheres) is

( 95 , 125 , 4) .
2. Show that the plane 2 x −2 y +z+12=0 touches the sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z −2 x−4 y+2 z=3 and find also the point of contact.(May 2009)
Solution:
2 2 2
Given x + y +z −2 x−4 y+2 z=3 ----------------------------------------- (1)
2 x −2 y +z+12=0 ----------------------------------------------------- (2)
Center and radius of the sphere (1) are ( 1,2,−1 ) and r= √ 1+4+1+3=3 .
 [Length of the perpendicular from ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) , the center of the sphere to the plane
|ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d|
ax +by +cz+d =0 is √ a2+ b2 +c 2 .]
Length of the perpendicular from ( 1,2,−1 ) on plane (2)
|2−4−1+12| 9
= = =3
√ 4+4+1 3 units. = radius of the sphere
∴ The plane (2) touches the sphere (1).
Let P be the point of contact. Then CP is normal to the plane (2).
∴ Direction ratios of CP are ( 2,−2,1 )
Also CP passes through C ( 1,2,−1 ) .
x−1 y−2 z +1
= = =r
Hence the equations of CP are 2 −2 1 (say).
Any point on this line may be taken as ( 2 r+1,−2 r+2, r−1 ) ---------- (3)
If this point lies on plane (2), it will be the point of contact.
This point lies on plane (2), if 2 (2 r +1 ) −2 (−2 r+2 ) + ( r−1 )+12=0
⇒9 r + 9=0 => r = -1
∴ From (3) the point of contact is (−1,4,−2 ) .
2 2 2
3. Find the equation of sphere which passes through the circle x + y + z =5 ,
x+2 y +3 z=3 and touching the plane 4 x+3 y=15 .(May 2009)
Solution:
Equation of any sphere passing through the given circle is
x 2 + y 2 +z 2 −5+λ ( x +2 y+3 z −3 )=0
2 2 2
i. e . x + y +z + λx+2 λy +3 λz−3 λ−5=0 ----------------------------- (1)

Center and radius of the sphere (1) are

(− λ2 ,−λ ,− 32λ ) and

r=
√ λ2 2 9 λ2
4
+λ +
4
+3 λ+ 5= √
14 λ2 +12 λ+ 20
2
As the Sphere (1) touches the plane 4 x+3 y=15 ----(2) Length of the perpendicular from the
center of the sphere (1) to the plane (2) is equal to radius of the sphere (1)
|−2 λ−3 λ−15| √ 14 λ2 +12 λ+20
i. e . =
√ 4 2+32 2
|−5 λ−15| √ 14 λ2 +12 λ +20
=
5 2
|−λ−3|=
√ 14 λ +12 λ+20
2

2
2
14 λ +12 λ+20
(−λ−3 )2 =
4
4 ( λ2 +9+ 6 λ ) =14 λ2 +12 λ+20
 4
2 2 λ=2,−
10 λ −12 λ−16=0 => 5 λ −6 λ−8=0 =>
5
Using these values in (1), the required equations of spheres are
2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y +z +2 x +4 y+6 z−11=0 and 5 ( x + y +z )−4 x−8 y−12 z−13=0 .
2 2 2
4. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle x + y + z =9, x+ y + z=3 as
a great circle. (Jan 2009)
Solution:
Equation of the sphere passing through the given circle is
2 2 2
x + y +z −9+ λ ( x+ y + z −3 )=0 .
2 2 2
i. e . x + y +z + λx+λy +λz−9−3 λ=0 --------------------(1)

As the given circle is a great circle of the sphere (1), Centre

( −λ2 , −λ2 , −λ2 ) should
lie on the plane x+ y+ z=3
∴ ( −λ2 )+( −λ2 )+( −λ2 )=3 ⇒−3 λ=6
=>
λ=−2
Putting λ=−2 in (1), equation of the required sphere is
2 2 2
x + y +z −2 x−2 y −2 z−3=0 .
5. Find the centre, radius and area of the circle in which the sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z +2 x−2 y−4 z−19=0 is cut by the plane x+ 2 y +2 z+7=0 . (May
2002, Jan 2006, May 2006,May 2010)
Solution:
2 2 2
Given: x + y +z +2 x−2 y−4 z−19=0 ----------------------------------- (1)
x+2 y +2 z+7=0 ------------------------------------------------------- (2)
Center and radius of the sphere (1) are C (−1,1,2 ) and r= √ 1+1+4+19=5
Let Q ( x , y ,z ) be the center of the circle. Then Q is the foot of the perpendicular
from C (−1,1,2 ) to the plane x+2 y +2 z+7=0 .
The direction ratios of CQ are x+1, y−2, z−2 .
The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are 1, 2, 2 .
Since CQ is parallel to the normal plane, we have
x +1 y−2 z−2
= = =r
1 2 2 (Say) (If 2 lines are parallel then their ratios are proportional)
Hence any point on CQ is ( r−1, 2 r+1, 2 r +2 ) .
As this point lies on the plane x+2 y +2 z+7=0 , we have
12 4
⇒9 r +12=0 ⇒ r=− =−
r−1+2 ( 2 r+1 ) +2 ( 2r+2 ) +7=0 9 3
4 4 4
∴ Center of the circle is
3 3 (
Q − −1, 2 − + 1, 2 − +2
3 ( ) ( ) )
7 5 2
i.e.Q − , − , −
3 3( 3 )
 7 5 2
The distance between C (−1,1,2 ) and
Q − ,− ,−
3 3 3 ( ) is

√√( 7 2 5 2 2
2
CQ= −1+
3 ) ( ) ( )
+ 1+ + 2+
3 3
( 4 )2 + ( 8 )2 + ( 8 )2 12
CQ= = =4
3 3
From the triangle PCQ radius of the circle
PQ=√ CP 2 −CQ 2
PQ=√ 52 −4 2=3
2 2
∴ The area of the circle is π r =π ( 3 ) =9 π .
6. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
2 2 2
x + y +z −2 x+3 y −4 z+6=0, 3 x−4 y +5 z−15=0 and cuts the sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z +2 x +4 y−6 z+11=0 orthogonally. (Nov/Dec 2006)
Solution:
Any sphere passing through the given circle is
x 2 + y 2 +z 2 −2 x+3 y −4 z +6+ λ ( 3 x−4 y +5 z−15 ) =0 .
i. e . x2 + y 2 +z 2 + ( 3 λ−2 ) x−( 4 λ−3 ) y + ( 5 λ−4 ) z−15 λ+6=0 ----------(1)
Sphere (1) cuts orthogonally the sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z +2 x +4 y−6 z+11=0 .
Condition for orthogonal sphere is 2u 1 u2 +2 v 1 v 2 +2 w1 w2 =d 1 + d 2 .

Here
u1 =− ( 3 λ−2
2 ) , v=
4 λ−3
2 1, w =−(
5 λ−4
2 )
, d =−15 λ+ 6
1 1

u2 =−1, v 2=−2, w 2 =3, d 2 =11

3 λ−2 4 λ−3 5 λ−4
∴2 −
( 2 )
( ) (−1 )+2 (
2 ) ( 2 )) 3=−15 λ+ 6+11
(−2 )+ 2 −(

1
⇒ λ=−
⇒ ( 3 λ−2 )−8 λ+6−15 λ+12=−15 λ+17 ⇒−5 λ=1 5
Using value of λ in (1), the required equation of sphere
this is
2 2 2
x + y +z + 3
−1
5 (( ) ) (( ) ) (( ) ) ( )
−2 x− 4
−1
5
−3 y + 5
−1
5
−4 z−15
−1
5
+6=0

i . e . 5 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )−13 x+ 19 y −25 z+ 45=0 .

7. Find the equation of the sphere described on the line joining the points (2,-1,4) and (-
2,2,-2) as diameter. Find the area of the circle in which this sphere is cut by plane 2x
+ y – z = 3. (Nov 2005, Jan 2009)
Solution:
Equation of the sphere described on the line joining the points ( 2,1,4 ) and
(−2, 2, −2 ) as diameter is ( x−2 ) ( x+2 ) + ( y +1 ) ( y−2 )+ ( z −4 )( z+2 )=0 .
i.e ( x +2 x−2 x −4 ) + ( y 2 −2 y+ y−2 ) + ( z 2 + 2 z−4 z−8 )=0
2

2 2 2
i. e . x −4 + y − y−2+z −2 z−8=0
 x 2 + y 2 +z 2 − y−2 z−14=0 ---------------------(1)

Center and radius of the sphere (1) are

(0, 12 , 1) and

CP=
√ 1
4
+1+14=
61
4 √
CQ= Perpendicular distance from (0, 12 , 1) to the plane 2 x + y −z=3 is
1
()
|2 ( 0 ) +1 −1 ( 1 )−3|
2
=
|1−8| 7
=
√ 4+1+1 2√ 6 2 √ 6 .
2 2 2
From ΔOMA , CP =CQ +QP
⇒QP 2 =CP 2 −CQ 2
61 49 317
i. e . r 2 =
− =
4 4 ( 6 ) 24 , where r is the radius of the circle.
317 π
2 =
Area of the circle =π r 24

8. Find the equation of the tangent planes to the sphere

2 2 2
x + y +z −4 x−2 y−6 z+5=0 which are parallel to the plane x+4 y +8 z=0 . Find
also their points of contact.
Solution:
2 2 2
Given sphere is x + y +z −4 x−2 y−6 z+5=0 -------------------- (1)
Given plane is x+4 y +8 z=0 --------------------------------------------- (2)
Center and radiusof the sphere (1) are C ( 2, 1, 3 ) and r= √ 4+1+9−5=3
Any plane parallel to the given plane x+4 y +8 z=0 is
of the form x+4 y +8 z +k =0 ---------------------------------------------(3)
If the plane (3) is a tangent plane to the given sphere (1), length of the perpendicular
from C ( 2,1,3 ) 0f (1) to the plane (2) = radius of the sphere.
|1(2)+4 (1)+8 (3)+k| |30+k|
i. e . =3 i.e . =3
√1+16+64 9
i.e. |30+k|=27 30+k =27 or − ( 30+k )=27
=> =>
k=−3 or k =−57
∴ The two tangent planes parallel to the given plane (2) are x+4 y +8 z−3=0
-------(4) and x+4 y+8 z−57=0 ------ (5)
Let P ( a,b,c ) be the point of contact of (4) with the sphere (1)
As P ( a,b,c ) lies on plane (4), a+4 b+8 c−3=0 -----------------------(6)
The direction ratios of CP are ( a−2, b−1, c−3 ) is normal to plane (4)
a−2 b−1 c−3
∴ = = =k
1 4 8 ------------------------------------------- (7)
 From (7) a=k +2, b=4 k +1, c=8 k +3 ------------------ (8)
Using (8) in (6), we have k +2+4 ( 4 k +1 ) +8 ( 8 k +3 )−3=0
−1
i.e.k=
i. e . 81 k +27=0 3 .
5 1 1
∴ From (8) required point of contact is P
( 3
,− ,
3 3 . )
Let Q ( p,q,r ) be the point of contact of (5) with the sphere (1)
As Q ( p,q,r ) lies on plane (5), p+4 q+8 r−57=0 ----------------- (9)
The direction ratios of CQ are ( p−2, q−1, r−3 ) is normal to plane (5)
p−2 q−1 r−3
∴ = = =λ
1 4 8 ----------------------------------------- (10)
From (10) p= λ +2, q=4 λ+ 1,r =8 λ+3 -------------- (11)
Using (11) in (9), we have λ+2+ 4 ( 4 λ+1 ) +8 ( 8 λ+3 )−57=0
1
i . e . λ=
i . e . 81 λ−27=0 3 .
7 7 17
∴
( , , )
From (11) required point of contact is 3 3 3 .
9.Find the equation of the tangent planes to the sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z −2 x−4 y−6 z−2=0 which passes through the line
9 x−3 y+25=0=3 x +4 z+9 . (Nov/Dec 2006)
Solution:
2 2 2
x + y +z −2 x−4 y−6 z−2=0 (1)
9 x−3 y+25=0=3 x +4 z+9 (2)
Any plane containing the given line (2) is 9 x−3 y +25+k ( 3 x+4 z+9 )=0 .
i. e . ( 9+3 k ) x−3 y + 4 kz +25+9 k=0 (3)
Center of the given sphere (1) is ( 1,2,3 ) and radius =√ 1+4 +9+2=4
Perpendicular length from the center of the sphere to the plane (3) is
|( 9+3 k ) 1−6+12 k+25+9 k| |28+24 k|
= =
√ ( 9+3 k )2+9+16 k 2 √25 k 2+54 k +90
Plane (3) touches the given sphere if radius = perpendicular distance.
|28+24 k|
∴ 4=
√25 k 2 +54 k + 90
Squaring on both sides, we get
( 28+ 24 k )2
∴16=
25 k 2 +54 k + 90
16 ( 25 k 2 +54 k +90 )=( 28+24 k )2 2
400 k +864 k + 1440=784+ 576 k +1344 k
2
=>
2 2
176 k + 480 k −656= 0 =>
11 k + 30 k−41=0
41
∴k=1,−
( 11 k + 41 )( k−1 )=0 11
=>
 Substitute the values of k in equation (3), we get the required equation of tangent planes
12 x−3 y+4 z+34=0 and 24 x +33 y+164 z−94=0 .

10. Find the equation of cone formed by rotating the line 2 x +3 y=6, z=0 about the
y axis.
Solution:
The vertex is the point of intersection of the line 2 x +3 y=6, z=0 and the y axis.
x y−2 z
= =
∴ Vertex is ( 0,2,0 ) and generator of the cone is 3 −2 0 .
∴ The direction ratios of the generator are 3, -2, 0 and the direction ratios of the axis of
the cone ( y−axis ) are 0, 1, 0.
3 .0+−2 . 1+0. 0 −2
cos α= =
The semi vertical angle α is given by √ 32+ (−2 )2+02 √ 13 .
Let P ( x , y ,z ) be any point on the cone so that the direction ratios of AP are
x, y−2, z .
x . 0+ ( y −2 ) . 1+z . 0
cosα=
Since AP makes an angle α with AZ , we have √ x 2+( y−2 )2 +z 2 .
2
( y−2 ) 4
=cos2 α=
2
Thus x + ( y−2 ) + z
2 2 13
i. e . 4 x 2 −9 y 2 +4 z 2 +36 y −36=0 , which is the required equation of the cone.
11.Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is (1,2,3) and which passes through the circle
2 2 2
x + y +z =4, x+ y+z =1 . (May 2009)
Solution:
x−1 y−2 z−3
= =
The equation any line through (1,2,3) is l m n . (1)
x−1 y−2 z−3
= = =r
Any point on this line: l m n (say)
x=lr+1, y=mr+2, z=nr +3
2 2 2
Equation of the base curve is x + y +z =4, x+ y+z =1 .
2 2 2
∴ ( lr +1 ) + ( mr +2 ) + ( nr+3 ) =4
=>
2 2 2 2 2 2
l r +1+2 lr+ m r +4 +2 mr+ n r + 9+6 lr=4
r 2 ( l 2 + m2 +n2 )+ 2r ( l +2 m+ 3 n )+ 10=0 (2)
−5
r=
lr+1+mr +2+nr +3=1 r ( l+m+n )=−5 ( l +m+n )
=> =>
25
r2=
(l + m+n )2
2 2
From (2) r ( (l +m+n ) −2 lm−2 mn−2 nl ) +2 r ( l+m+ n+m+2 n ) +10=0
 25 2 .25
( l +m+ n ) 2
( l+m+n )2 −
( l +m+n ) 2
( lm+ mn+ nl )+2
−5
(
l+ m+ n
( l +m+n ))
+2 (−5
l +m+n
2
) ( m+ 2n )+10=0
2 2
i . e . 5 l +3 m +n −2 lm−6 mn−4 nl =0
x−1 y−2 z−3
l= , m= ,n= 2
Put r r r and multiplying by r , we get
5 x2 +3 y 2 +z 2 −6 yz−4 zx−2 xy+6 x+8 y +10 z−26=0 .

12.Find the equation of cone formed by rotating the line y−z=0, x=0 about the axis
x=0, z=2 .(May ’09)
Solution:
x y z
= =
Equation of the generator is 0 1 1 =>Direction ratios of the generator are
( 0,1,1 ) .
x y z−2
= =
Equation of the axis is 0 1 0 => Direction ratios of the axis are ( 0,1,0 ) .
0 ( 0 ) +1 ( 1 ) +0 ( 1 ) 1
cos θ= =
∴ Semi vertical angle √1 √ 2 √2 .
Equation of the right circular cone is
2
{ l ( x −α )+ m ( y−β ) +n ( z− γ ) } =cos 2 θ {( l 2 +m 2 +n 2 ) ( ( x− α )2 + ( y − β )2 + ( z− γ )2 ) } .
1
α =0, β=2, γ =2, l=0, m=1 n=0 &cos θ=
Here √2 .
1
1. ( y−2 )2= { ( 1 ) ( x 2 + ( y−2 )2 + ( z −2 )2 ) }
The required equation of right circular cone is 2
.
⇒ x 2 − y 2 + z 2 −4 z + 4 y=0 .
13. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and axis is
x y z
= = 0
the line 1 2 3 and which has semi vertical angle of 30 . (Jan 2009)
Solution:
Equation of the right circular cone is
2
{ l ( x −α )+ m ( y−β ) +n ( z− γ ) } =cos 2 θ {( l 2 +m2 +n 2 ) ( ( x− α )2 + ( y − β )2 + ( z− γ )2 ) } .
0
Here α =0, β=0, γ =0, l=1, m=2 n=3∧θ=30 ∴ The required
equation of cone is
2
{ x+2 y +3 z } =cos2 30 0 {( 1+4+9 ) ( x 2 + y 2 +z 2 ) }
2
¿ √ ( 14 ) ( x 2 + y 2 +z 2 )
(2 )
3

2 2 2
⇒19 x +13 y +3 z −8 xy−24 yz −12 zx=0 .
 x y z
= =
14.Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to 3 1 √ 6 and
2 2
whose directrix is x + y =25 , z=0 .
Solution:
Let ( α , β ,γ ) be any point on the cylinder
x−α y−β z−γ
= = =k
Equations of the generator through ( α , β ,γ ) are 3 1 √6
(say)
Any point on this generator ( 3 k +α , k +β , √ 6 k +γ )
Generator meets the guiding curve at z=0
x−α γ x−β γ −3 γ −γ
∴ =− , =− x= + α , y= +β
3 √6 1 √6 => √6 √6
2 2
The guiding curve also meets x + y =25
2 2
−3 γ
∴
√6( +α +
−γ
√6 ) (
+ β =25
)
9γ2 γ2
⇒
6 ( +α − 2 6 αγ
√6
+
6 )(
+ β 2−
2 βγ
√6
=25 )
9 1 6 αγ 2 βγ
α 2+ β 2+ γ2 + − (
6 6 √6 ) −
√6
=25

6 α 2 +6 β 2 +10 γ 2 −√ 6 αγ−2 √ 6 βγ−25=0

2 2 2
The locus of ( α , β ,γ ) is 6 x +6 y +10 z −√ 6 xz−2 √ 6 yz−25=0 , which is
the required equation of the cylinder.
15.Find the equation of the circular cylinder having for its base the circle
2 2 2
x + y +z =9, x− y +z=3 .
Solution:
Given equation of plane is x− y +z=3 (1)
The direction ratios of the normal to the above plane are 1,−1,1 .
2 2 2
Given equation of sphere is x + y + z =9 (2)
The centre of the above sphere is at ( 0,0,0 ) and radius 3 units.
The axis of the cylinder is normal to the given plane and passes through the center
x−0 y−0 z−0
= =
of the sphere is 1 −1 −1 .
Length of the perpendicular from ( 0,0,0 ) , the center of the sphere to the plane
|−3|
|OM|==√ 3
x− y +z=3 is √3 .
x , y ,z
[Length of the perpendicular from ( 1 1 1 ) , the center of the sphere to the plane
|ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d|
ax +by +cz+d =0 is √ a2+ b2 +c 2 .]
 OA= Radius of the sphere = 3 units.
Radius of the circle = AM
2 2 2
AM =OA −OM =9−3=6 . Radius of the circle = AM =√ 6
Equation of the right circular cylinder is
2
l ( x−α ) +m ( y−β ) +n ( z−γ )
( x−α )2 + ( y −β )2 + ( z−γ )2 =r 2 +
( √l2 +m2+ n2 )
Here α =0, β=0, γ =0, l=1, m=−1n=1∧r = √6
∴ The required equation of the circular cylinder is
2
1 . x −1. y +1. z
(
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =6+
√3 )
2 2 2
x + y + z =6+ ( )
2 2 2 x + y + z −2 xy−2 yz +2 xz
3
⇒2 x 2 +2 y 2 +2 z 2 +2 xy + 2 yz−2 xz−18=0
16.Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2 and whose axis is the line
x−1 y−2 z−3
= =
2 1 2 .
Solution:
Equation of the right circular cylinder is
2
l ( x−α ) +m ( y−β ) +n ( z−γ )
( x−α )2 + ( y −β )2 + ( z−γ )2 =r 2 +
( √l2 +m2+ n2 )
Here α =1, β=2, γ =3,l =2, m=1n=2∧r =2
2
2 ( x−1 ) +1 ( y−2 ) +2 ( z−3 )
2 2 2 2
⇒ ( x−1 ) + ( y−2 ) + ( z−3 ) =2 + ( √ 4+1+ 4 )
x 2 +1−2 x+ y 2 + 4−4 y + z 2 + 9−6 z
4 ( x −1 )2 + ( y−2 )2 +4 ( z −3 )2 + 4 ( x−1 ) ( y−2 ) + 4 ( y−2 ) ( z−3 ) +8 ( x−1 )( z−3 )
¿4+
9
¿
4 ( x2 +1−2 x )+ ( y 2 + 4 −4 y ) + 4 ( z 2 + 9−6 z ) + 4 ( xy −2 x − y +2 )
+4 ( yz−3 y −2 z+ 6 ) +8 ( xz −3 x − z +3 )

¿
2 2 2
9 x −18 x +9 y −36 y + 9 z −54 z +90 { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
¿
4 x 2 + y 2 +4 z 2−8 x − 4 y − 24 z+ 44 + 4 xy− 8 x −4 y + 4 yz−12 y − 8 z
+8 xz−24 x −8 z +56

¿
9 x 2−18 x +9 y 2 −36 y + 9 z 2−54 z +90 { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
2 2 2
5 x +8 y +5 z −4 xy−4 yx −8 xz+22 x−16 y−14 z−10=0 .
17.Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2 whose axis passes through
(1,2,3) and has direction cosines proportional to (2,1,2) .
Solution:
Equation of the right circular cylinder is
2
l ( x−α ) +m ( y−β ) +n ( z−γ )
2 2
( x−α ) + ( y −β ) + ( z−γ ) =r + 2 2
( √l2 +m2+ n2 )
 Equation of the axis which passes through ( 1.2.3 ) and has direction cosines proportional
x−1 y−2 z−3
= =
to ( 2,1,2 ) is 2 1 2
Radius = 2 units. Here α =1, β=2, γ =3,l =2, m=1n=2∧ r=2
2
2 ( x−1 ) +1 ( y−2 ) +2 ( z−3 )
2 2 2 2
⇒ ( x−1 ) + ( y−2 ) + ( z−3 ) =2 + ( √ 4+1+ 4 )
x 2 +1−2 x+ y 2 + 4−4 y + z 2 + 9−6 z
4 ( x −1 )2 + ( y−2 )2 +4 ( z −3 )2 + 4 ( x−1 ) ( y−2 ) + 4 ( y−2 ) ( z−3 ) +8 ( x−1 )( z−3 )
¿4+
9
¿
4 ( x2 +1−2 x )+ ( y 2 + 4 −4 y ) + 4 ( z 2 + 9−6 z ) + 4 ( xy −2 x − y +2 )
+4 ( yz−3 y −2 z+ 6 ) +8 ( xz −3 x − z +3 )

¿
2 2 2
9 x −18 x +9 y −36 y + 9 z −54 z +90 { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
¿
4 x 2 + y 2 +4 z 2−8 x − 4 y − 24 z+ 44 + 4 xy− 8 x −4 y + 4 yz−12 y − 8 z
+8 xz−24 x −8 z +56

¿
9 x 2−18 x +9 y 2 −36 y + 9 z 2−54 z +90 { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
2 2 2
5 x +8 y +5 z −4 xy−4 yx−8 xz+22 x−16 y−14 z−10=0 .

18. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line x=2 y=−z and
radius 4. (Jan 2009)
Solution:
Given that the equation of the axis of the cylinder x=2 y=−z
x y −z x y z x−0 y−0 z−0
i.e. = = i.e. = = i.e. = =
2 1 2 2 1 −2 2 1 −2
Here α =0, β=0, γ =0, l=2, m=1 n=−2∧ r= 4
Equation of the right circular cylinder is
2
l ( x−α ) +m ( y−β ) +n ( z−γ )
2 2
( x−α ) + ( y −β ) + ( z−γ ) =r + 2 2
( 2
√l2 +m2+ n2 )
2 x+1 y−2 z
2 2
∴ x + y +z =16 +
2
2

2 2
(
√ 22+12+2 2
2 2
)
=> x + y + z −16=
2
( 2 x + y−2 z )2
2 2
9
2

9 ( x + y + z −16 ) =4 x + y + 4 z + 4 xy−4 yz−8 zx

5 x2 +8 y 2 +5 z 2−4 xy + 4 yz +8 zx−144=0 .

UNIT III
DIFFERENCIAL CALCULUS
PART – A
1. Find the radius of curvature y = e x at x=0
Solution:
dy x dy 0
= e ; ( x =0 )=e =1;
dx dx
 d2 y x d2 y
= e ; (x=0) = e 0 =1
d x2 d x2
2 3

ρ=
[ ( )]
1+
dy
dx
2
2

= (1+1 )
3
2 3
= 22
d y 1
d x2

2. Show that the family of straight lines 2y-4x+λ=0 has no envelope where λ is the
parameter.
Solution: 2y – 4x + λ = 0
Diff par w.r.t λ we get,1=0(absurd)
Note that the given family of straight lines y=2x – λ /2 are all parallel with the common

slope m = 2. No curve exists which touches each member of the parallel straight lines.
3. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2+2y2+5x -2y+1=0.
Solution:
5 1
2x2 + 2y2 + 5x – 2y + 1 = 0 => x2 + y2 + x–y+ =0
2 2
This equation of the form, x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
5 −1 1
R = √ g 2+ f 2−c ; g= f= c=
4 2 2
√ 21 √ 21
R= ∴ radius of curvature ρ= =>
4 4
1 4
curvature= =
ρ √ 21
a
4. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=m x+ for different values of m.
m
a
Solution: y = m x + => ym = m2x + a
m
=> m2x – ym + a = 0, which is the a quadratic equation in the parameter m. so the
envelope is B2 – 4AC = 0 => A=x B= –y C=a
2
=> y – 4ax = 0.

5. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cosθ + y sinθ = p, θ is the parameter.
Solution: x cosθ + y sinθ = p-------------------(1)
Diff with respect to θ, -x sinθ + ycosθ = 0-----------------------(2)
Eliminating θ between (1) & (2)
Squaring and adding,
x 2cos2θy2 sin2θ + 2xysinθ cosθ + x2 sin2θ + y2cos2θ – 2xysinθ cosθ = p2
x2 + y2 = p2

6. Find the radius of curvature y = x2

2
dy d y
Solution: = 2x = 2
dx d x2
 1+(2 x )2
¿
¿
3
¿
2
¿
1+4 (x)2
¿
¿
3
¿
2
¿
3

ρ=
[ ( )]
1+
dy 2 2
dx
=¿
d2 y
d x2
7. What is the curvature of x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y +10 = 0 at any point on it.
Solution: The equation is of the form, x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0
R= √ g 2+ f 2−c ; g= −2 f =−3 c=10
1 1
Radius of curvature ρ = √ 3 => Curvature = = .
ρ √3
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx ± √m 2−1 , where m is a
parameter.
Solution: y = mx ± √m 2−1 ; y – mx ¿ √ m2 −1
( y – mx)2=m2−1 => y2+m2x2-2ymx-m2+1=0; m2(x2-1)-2ymx+y2+1=0
which is the a quadratic equation in the parameter m.
So the envelope is B2 – 4AC = 0 => A = x2 – 1 B = – 2yx C = y2 + 1

(– 2yx)2 – 4 (x2 – 1) (y2 + 1) = 0 => y2 – x2 + 1=0

9. Write any two properties of evolute.
Solution:
(i) The normal at any point of the curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding centre of curvature.
(ii) There is one evolute, but an infinite number of involutes.
x
10. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + yt=2 c where t is a parameter.
t
x
Solution: + yt=2 c => x+yt2-2ct = 0
t
which is the a quadratic equation in the parameter t.
So the envelope is B2 – 4AC = 0 => A = y B = – 2c C=x
(– 2c) – 4yx = 0
2
=> c – yx = 0.
2

11. Find the curvature of x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 1=0 at any point on it.

Solution: This equation of the form, x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
R= √ g 2+ f 2−c ; g= 2 f =−3 c=1
1 1
Radius of curvature ρ = √ 12 Curvature = =
ρ √12
12. Find the equation of the envelope of the family Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter
and A,B,C are functions of x, y.
 Solution: The envelope of the family is B2-4AC=0.since the equation is quadratic in m.

13. What is the curvature of the curve x 2 +y2=25 at the point (4, 3) on it?
Solution: Radius = 5; because the curve is a circle x 2 + y2 = 25.
Radius of curvature ρ =5;
1 1
curvature ρ = 5
14. Find the envelope of the family of lines y = mx ± √ a2 m2 +b2 , where m is a parameter.
Solution: ( y – mx)2=± a2 m2+ b2
y2 + m2x2 – 2ymx – a2m2 + b2 = 0 => m2(x2 – a2) – 2ymx + y2 – b2 = 0
which is the a quadratic equation in the parameter m.
So the envelope is B2 – 4AC = 0 => A = (x2 – a2) B = – 2yx C = y2 – b2
2 2
x y
(– 2yx)2 – 4 (x2 – a2) (y2 + b2) = 0. => + =1 .
a2 b2

15. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy = c2 at (c,c)

2
c2 −c
Solution: y= , y1= 2 y1 = – 1
x x

2 c2 2
y2 = y2 =
x3 c
1
−¿
2 3 ¿

ρ=
[ ( )]
1+
dy
dx
2

=
1+(¿ 2¿)
¿ = c √2
d2 y 3
¿
2
d x2 ¿
¿
¿
PART – B
2 3 3
1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy  a  x at (a, 0) .
Solution:
2 3 3
Given: xy  a  x -------------------------------------(1)
Diff.(1) w.r.t x we get,
x.2 yy1 + y 2 .1  0  3 x 2 -------------------------------------(2)

−3 x 2 − y 2
(
y 1=
2 xy )
( a , 0)
=−∞
3
� �dx � 2�
2
1 + � ��
�
�
� �dy ��� 3
r 1 + ( x1 ) 2
� 2�
d2x � �
2

whenever 1 at (a, 0)  �, use the formula
y dy x 2
 2 xy
Diff.(1) w.r.t x we get,
x 1=
( a, 0 )
( −3 x 2− y 2 ) =0
=>
( x1 ) ( a,0) 0

� ( x2 )  2 �
( 1 )
�3 x 2  y 2 ( x + yx )  xy (6 xx  2 y ) �
1 �
� � 2
( )
2
�
�
2
3 x  y 2
�
�
( x 2 )( a , 0)=− 3 a
=>
3
2
[ 1+( 0) ]
dx dy
−2 x'= =−3acos2θsinθ; y'= =3acosθsin2θ
\ The radius of curvature at (0, c) is r = 3a = dθ dθ
Since r is always positive r
= 3a/2
2. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
q
x  a (q + sin q ), y  a(1  cos q ) is 4a cos 2
Solution:
Given: x  a(q + sin q ) y  a(1  cos q )
� x '  a(1 + cos q ) y '  a sin q
� x ''  a sin q y ''  a cos q
3
22
[ x' + y' ]
2
ρ=
The radius of curvature in parametric form is x ' y ''− y ' x ''
3
2
[ a ( 1+cosθ ) + a
2
sin θ ] 2 2 2

= a( 1+cosθ ) a cos θ−a sinθ (−a sin θ) =

3
2
[ a2 + a2 cos 2 θ+2 a2 cos θ+ a2 sin2 θ ]
a 2 [ cos θ+cos 2 θ+sin2 θ ]
3 3

[ θ
2 ]
6
2
3 2 a 3 2 cos2 ) 2
2
2
a cos
3 3θ
2 2
[ 2a 2
( 1+cos θ ) ]
2 2θ 2θ θ
a [ 2 cos ] 2 a cos 2
4 a cos
= a2 [1+cos θ ] = 2 = 2 = 2 .
2
3. Find the points on the parabola y =4 x at which the radius of curvature is
4 √2 .
Solution:
Given: y 2 =4 x ----------------------------------------------------------- (1)
2
Let P(a, b) be the point on the curve y =4 x at ρ=4 √ 2
2 2
y 1= y 2 =− 2 y 1
Diff. (1) w.r.t x we get, 2 yy 1=4 ⇒ y ⇒ y ⇒
4
y 2 =−
y3
2 y 2 =−
4
y 2=
4
y1=
At (a,b) b ; b3 As ρ is positive, b3
Given ρ = 4 √2
 2 3

[ ( )]
1+
2
b
2

4
⇒ b3 = 4 √2 (Since y 2 =4 x ⇒
3
2 3 2
b = 4 a ⇒ b=2 √ a⇒ b =8 a )
3
2
3 [ a+ 1 ]
[ 1+
4
4a ] 2

a
3
2

4 1
3 3
3

= 4 √2 = 4 √2 2 √2
2
⇒ 8a 2
⇒ 2a 2 ⇒ [ a+1 ] =
3
⇒ [ a+1 ] = 2
3
⇒ [ a+1 ] = 2 ⇒ a=1
2
Therefore b =4 a ⇒b=±2 ∴ The points are (1,2) ∧ (1,−2) .
2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a cos θ , a sin θ ) on the curve x + y =a .

Solution:
3 3
Given: x=a cos θ ; y=a sin θ
Diff. w.r.t θ we get
dx dy
x '= =−3 a cos 2 θ sin θ ; y '= =3 a sin 2 θ cos θ
dθ dθ
dy
dy dθ
= =−tan θ
dx dx
Now dθ
d2 y d dy
y 2= 2 =
dx
=
d dy dθ
dx dx dθ dx dx ( ) ( ) =
−sec2 θ
[ 1
−3 a sin θ cos2 θ ]
1
4
= 3 asin θ cos θ
3 3
2
1 + ( y1 )
� 2�
2 [ 1+ tan θ ]
2

r� � 1
\ The radius of curvature is y2 =
4
3 a sin θ cos θ
3

= 3 a sin θ cosθ
2
= 3 a sin θ cos θ [ sec θ ]
4 2
or
3 asin 2 θ
2 .
x + y  a at (a / 4, a / 4) .
5. Find the centre and circle of curvature of the curve
Solution:
Given:
x + y  a --------------------------------------(1)
1 1 dy dy y
+ 0 
2 x 2 y dx
Diff. (1) w.r.t x , => dx x -----------------------------(2)
�dy �
� �  1
�dx �
( a /4,a /4 )
 � 1 dy 1 � �1 1 �
� x 2 y dx  y 2 x �
2 �  y �
d y � � 2 2 x
 � �
dx 2 � x � � x �
� �
Diff. (2) w.r.t x , � � = �
� �
�
�1 1 �
�d y �
2 �2 + 2 �
� 2� � �
�dx � �a / 4 � 4
( a /4,a /4 )
� � =a
\ The radius of curvature at (a / 4, a / 4) is
3
� �dy � 2�
2
1 + � ��
�
� �dx ��
( r ) ( a /4,a /4)  2 �
1 + ( 1)
3
2�
2
d y � � a

dx 2 4/a = 2.

The centre of curvature is ( X ,Y ) where

y1 1
x− (1+ y 2 ) y+ (1+ y 2 )
X = y2 1
; Y = y2 1

a (−1 ) a 1
− (1+1) + ( 1+1 )
4 4 4 4
= a = a
a 2a 3a a 2a 3a
+ +
= 4 4 = 4 = 4 4 = 4
3a 3 a
The centre of curvature is 4
,
4 ( )
and the equation of circle of curvature is
2 2 2
3a 3a a
( X −X )2 + ( X− X )2= ρ2 i.e
( X−
4
+ Y−)(
4
=
2 )
6. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the rectangular hyperbola xy=12 at the point
(3,4 ) .
Solution:
Given : xy=12 ⇒ y=12 x−1 -----------------------------(1)
dy −12
= y 1=12(−1) x−2 ⇒ y 1= 2
Diff. (1) w.r.t x we get dx x
−12(−2) 24
y 2= = 3
Diff. y 1 w.r.t x we get x3 x
−12 −4 24 8
y1= = y2= =
At (3,4 ) 9 3 ; 27 9
3
1 + ( y1 ) �
� 2 2

r� �
\ The radius of curvature of xy=12 at (3,4 ) is y2
 2 3

[ ( )]
1+
−4
3
2

[]
3
52 9
=
8
9
25
= 9
[ ] 29
8 = 32
2
8
125
∴ ρ = 24

The centre of curvature is ( X ,Y ) where

y
x− 1 (1+ y 2 ) y+ 1
(1+ y 2 )
X = y2 1
; Y = y2 1

( −4
3) 16 3 25 4+
1 16
(1+ )

=
3−
8
( 1+
9
)
9
= 3+ 2 9
( ) =
8
9
9
=
9 25
4+
8 9 ( )
43 57
= 6 = 8
The equation of the circle of curvature is ( x−x )2 + ( y − y )2= ρ2
2 2 2
43 57 125
i.e
( x−
6
+ y−
8)(
=
24 ) ( )
2
7. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola y =4 ax . (or) Show that
2 3
the evolute of the parabola y 2 =4 ax is the curve 27 ay =4 ( x−2 a) .
Solution:
2
The parametric equations of the parabola y =4 ax are x=at 2 , y=2 at .
2
First we have to find the centre of curvature x=at y=2 at
dx dy
=2at =2 a
dt dt
d2 y d dy d dy dt 1 1
dy 2 a 1
y1= = =
dx 2 at t ;
y 2= 2 = = ( ) ( )
dx dx dx dt dx dx
=− ( )
t 2 2 at =
1
−
2 at 3
The centre of curvature is ( X ,Y ) where
y1 1
x− (1+ y 2 ) y+ (1+ y 2 )
X = y2 1 Y = y2 1

1 1
t 1 ( 1+
t ) 2
2
at −
−1 (1+ t )2 2 at +
−1
= 2 at 3 = 2 at 3

t 2 +1
=
2
at +2 at
t2
2
( ) = 2 at−2 at −2 at
3

2 2 3
= at +2 at + 2a = −2 at -----------------(3)
2
= 3 at +2 a ------------(2)
 Eliminate 't' between (2) and (3) we get
X = 3 at 2 + 2 a Y = −2 at 3
1 3
X−2a X−2a
t=
X−2a
2
3a ( ) =>
t=
3a ( ) 2
= −2a
( 3a ) 2

3
( X−2 a )
2 4 a2 2 3
 Y = 27 a 3 => 27aY = 4 ( X−2a ) .
Since, the evolute is the locus of centre of curvature
3
∴ 27 aY 2 = 4 ( X−2 a ) is the evolute of the parabola y 2 =4 ax .
2
8. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c .
Solution:
2
c
y=
The parametric equations of the parabola xy=c are x=ct , t . First
we have to find the centre of curvature
dx c dy c
=− 2
=c y=
x=ct => dt ; t => dt t
c
− 2
d2 y d dy d dy dt 2 1
dy
y1= =
dx c
t 1
=− 2
t ;
y2= = =
dx 2 dx dx dt dx dx( ) ( ) = 3
t c () =
2
ct 3
The centre of curvature is ( X ,Y ) where
−1
y ( t2 ) 1+1
x− 1 (1+ y 2 )
y2
ct −
2 ( t) 4
y+
1
y2
(1+ y 2 )
X = 1
= ct 3 Y = 1
=
3
c ct 1
+
t 2
1+ 4
t ( )
ct t 4 +1
=
2
ct +
t 4
3 ct c
= 2 2t
( )
+ 3
-------(2)
3 c ct
+
= 2t 2
3

---------(3)
Eliminate 't' between (2) and (3) we get
3
c 1
X + Y = 2
3c
t+
1
t + 2
c 3 1
t + 3
t ( ) = 2
t+
t ( ) ( )
3
c 1
X - Y =
3c
2 ( t)
t−
1
+
c
2(
t −
1
t )
3
3
=
c
(1
− t 3− 3 −3 t+
2 t
3
t ) =
− t−
2 t ( )
( ) [( ) ( ) ] ( )
2
c 12 1 2
c 3
2
c
2

2
2
( X +Y ) + ( X−Y ) = 3
2
3 2
3 t+ − t−
t t = 2
(4 )
=
( 2 ) (4 )
3
=
3
(4 c )

Since the evolute is the locus of the centre of curvature, ∴ The locus of ( X ,Y ) is
obtained by replacing X by X and Y by Y.
 2 2 2
3 3 3
( X +Y ) + ( X −Y ) =( 2 c ) is the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola
2
xy=c .
x2 y2
+ =1
9. Find the evolute of the ellipse a2 b2
Solution:
The parametric equation of the ellipse is x=a cos θ ; y=b sin θ
dy
dy dθ b cos θ −b
= = = cot θ
dx dx −a sin θ a
⇒ dθ
d d b dθ b cosec θ
y 2 = ( y 1 )= (− cot θ ) = cos ec 2 θ . −
dx dθ a dx a a ( ) =
−b
a2
cos ec 3 θ

The centre of curvature is ( X ,Y ) where

y1 a cos θ −
(−b a cot θ ) (1+
b2
cot 2 θ )
x− (1+ y 2 ) a2
X = y2 1
= (−b a cos ec θ )
2 3

1
a cos θ− cos θ ( a 2 sin2 θ+a 2 cos2 θ )
= a =
1
a cos θ− cos θ (a 2 (1−cos 2 θ )+ a2 cos 2 θ)
a
a2 −b2
=
a cos θ−a cos θ+ a cos3 θ−
b
2

a
cos 3 θ
=
( a )
cos3 θ
-----------------------
(2)
y+
1
(1+ y 2 ) b2 cos2 θ a2 sin3 θ
b sin θ− (1+ 2 2 )
Y = y2 1
= a sin θ b
2 2 2 2 2 3
a sin θ +b cos θ a sin θ
b sin θ− ( )
= a2 sin2 θ b =
sinθ
b sin θ−[ a2 sin2 θ+ b2 (1−sin2 θ )]
b
a2 −b2
=
a
2
b sin θ− sin 3 θ−b sinθ +b sin3 θ
b =
− ( b )
sin3 θ

--------------------(3)
Eliminate θ between (2) and (3) we get
1
aX
(2) ⇒
( a2 −b2
a
cos3 θ=X) ⇒
( )
cosθ= 2 2
a −b
3

1
bY
(3) ⇒
−
2 2

( a −bb ) sin θ=Y 3

⇒
sin θ=−
( a −b ) 2 2
3

2 2
w.k.t cos θ +sin θ=1
 2 2
aX bY
( )
a −b2
2
3+
( ) =1
a −b2
2
3
⇒ (a X ) +
2
3
2
3
( b Y ) =( a −b ) 2 2
2
3

Since the evolute is the locus of the centre of curvature,

∴ The locus of ( X ,Y ) is obtained by replacing X by X and Y by Y
2 2 2
3
The evolute of the ellipse is ( a X ) 3+ ( b Y ) 3 =( a2 −b 2 ) .

x y
+ =1
10. Find the envelope of the lines a b where a , b are connected by the relation
2 2 2
a +b =c
Solution:
x y
+ =1 2 2 2
Given: a b --------------(1) a +b =c -----------------(2)
x da y y a2
Diff. (1) & (2) w.r.t b we get
( ) ( )
− 2
a db
+ − 2 =0
b ⇒
da
db
=− 2
b x -----------
(3)
da da b
2a +2 b=0 =−
db ⇒ db a ---------------------(4)
2
y a b y b3 x y
− 2 − = 3 = 3
(3)=(4) => b x = a ⇒ x a ⇒ 3
a b
x y x y
+
a b a b 1
2
= 2 2 2
= 2
⇒ a
= b a +b c by (1) and (2)
x 1 y 1
3
= 2 ∧ 3= 2 1
3
1
3
⇒ a c b c ⇒ a= ( xc 2 ) ∧ b= ( yc 2 )
sub. the values of a ∧ b in (2) we get
2 2 2 2 2
( xc 2 ) 3 + ( yc 2 ) 3= c 2 ⇒ x +y
3 3
=c
3
which is the envelope of the lines
x y
+ =1
a b .
x y
+ =1
11. Find the envelope of the family of the lines a b subject to the condition that
a+b=1 .
Solution:
x y
+ =1
Given: a b --------------(1) a+b=1 ------------------(2)
x da y y a2
Diff. (1) & (2) w.r.t b we get
( ) ( )
− 2
a db
+ − 2 =0
b ⇒
da
db
=− 2
b x
-----------(3)
da da
+1=0 =−1
db ⇒ db --------------------------------(4)
2
y a x y
− 2 = 2
(3)=(4) => b x = −1 ⇒ 2
a b
 x y x y
+
a b a b
= =1
⇒ a b = a+b by (1) and (2)
x y
2
=1 ∧ 2 =1 1
2
1
2
⇒ a b ⇒ a=( x ) ∧ b= ( y ) sub. the values of
x y
1 1
+ =1
a ∧ b in (2) we get 2
x + y =1
2
which is the envelope of the lines a b
subject to a+b=1 .
12. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals, find the evolute of
2 2
x y
+ =1
a2 b2
Solution:
Any points on the ellipse is (a cosθ , b sin θ ) x=a cos θ ; y=b sin θ
; =>
dy
dy dθ b cos θ −b
= = = cot θ
dx dx −a sin θ a
⇒ dθ = m
1
y− y 1 =− ( x−x 1 )
w.k.t the equation of the normal is m
1
y−b sin θ=− ( x−a cos θ ) a sin θ
−b y−b sin θ= ( x−a cos θ )
cot θ
a => b cos θ
2 2
yb cosθ−b cosθ sinθ=ax sin θ−a sin θ cos θ
Dividing by sin θ cos θ we get
yb ax ax by
−b2 = −a 2 − =a2 −b 2
sin θ cos θ => cos θ sin θ ----------------------------------
(1)
ax by
− 2
(−sin θ )+ 2 cos θ=0
Diff.(1) par. w.r.t θ we get, cos θ sin θ
3
ax by sin θ by
sinθ=− 2 cos θ 3
=− .
2
cos θ sin θ => cos θ ax
1
3
by ( by )
tan 3 θ=− ⇒ tan θ =− 1
ax
=> ( ax ) 3
1 1
3 3
( by ) ( ax )
sin θ=− cos θ=
√ √
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
⇒ ( ax ) +( by ) , ( ax ) +( by )

Sub. the values of sin θ ∧ cosθ in (1) we get

ax by

( )( )
1
− 1
=a 2−b2
3 3
(ax ) −(by )

√ √
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
( ax ) +(by ) (ax ) +(by )
 √ √
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
( ax ) ( ax ) 3 +( by ) 3 +( by ) 3
( ax ) 3 +( by ) 3 =a2 −b 2
3

√ [(ax ) +(by ) ]=a −b

2 2 2 2
[(ax ) ]
2 2
2
(ax ) 3 +(by ) 3 3 3 2 2
=>
3
+(by ) 3
=a2 −b 2
2
[(ax ) +(by ) ]= ( a −b )
2 2
2 2 2
3 3 2 2 3 3
∴ ( ax ) 3
+( by ) 3= ( a2 −b 2 ) is the required
evolute.

x2 y2
− =1
13. Find the evolute of the hyperbola a2 b2 considering it as the envelope of its
normals.
Solution:
Any points on the ellipse is (a secθ , b tanθ ) => x=a sec θ; y=b tan θ
dy
dy dθ b sec 2 θ b
= = = cos eθ
dx dx a secθ tanθ a
⇒ dθ = m
1
y− y 1 =− ( x−x 1 )
w.k.t the equation of the normal is m
1
y−b tan θ=− ( x−a sec θ)
b
cos ec θ
⇒ a ⇒
sin θ a a
y−b =− sinθ ( x− )
cos θ b cosθ
2
⇒ by cos θ−b sin θ=−a sinθ ( x cos θ−a ) ⇒
2 2
by cos θ+ax sin θ cos θ= ( a +b ) sin θ
Dividing by sin θ we get ax cos θ+by cot θ=( a2 + b2 ) ------------------(1)
2
Diff.(1) par. w.r.t θ we get −ax sin θ+by (−cos ec θ )=0
1
3
ax cos ec 2 θ by [ ax ]
− = ⇒ sin3 θ =− ⇒ sin θ=− 1
by sin θ ax
[ by ] 3

√ √
2 2 2 2
( ax ) 3−( by ) 3
( ax ) 3 −( by ) 3
cos θ= 1
cot θ= 1
3 3
⇒ ( ax ) , −( by )

sub. the values of cos θ ∧ cot θ in (1) we get

1 1

[( ax ) ] + [( ax ) ]
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
−( by ) −( by )
( ax ) 1 1
=a2 +b 2
3 3
( ax ) −( by )
1 1

[( ax )
2 2
3 3
⇒ (ax )
] [(ax ) −( by ) ]
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
−(by ) −(by ) =a 2 +b2
1

[(ax ) −( by ) ][( ax ) ] =a +b
2 2 2 2
2
3 3 3 3 2 2
⇒ −(by ) ⇒
3

[(ax ) −( by ) ] =a +b
2 2
2
3 3 2 2
 2 2 2 2
3
Taking the power 3 on both sides we get ( ax ) 3
−( by ) 3 = ( a 2 +b 2 ) is the required
evolute.

UNIT IV
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
PART – A
du
1) Find given u= y2 −4 ax , x=a t 2 , y=2 at
dt
du ∂ u dx ∂u dy
Solution: We know = . + .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
Given u= y2 −4 ax
∂u ∂u
=−4 a =2 y
∂x ∂y
2
x=a t y=2 at
dx dy
=2 at =2 a
dt dt
du
Substitute in
dt
du
=(−4 a )( 2 at ) + ( 2 y ) (2 a) = −8 a2 t +2 ( 2 at ) (2 a) = −8 a2 t +8 a2 t =0
dt
∂u + ∂u ∂u
2) If u=f ( x− y , y−z , z−x) Show that + =0 Solution: Given
∂x ∂y ∂z
u=f ( x− y , y−z , z−x)
Take r = x− y s= y−z t= z−x

∂ u ∂u ∂ r ∂ u ∂t ∂u ∂u
= . + . = ( 1 )+ (−1)
∂ x ∂ r ∂ x ∂t ∂ x ∂r ∂t

∂u ∂ u ∂ r ∂ u ∂ s ∂u ∂u
= . + . = (−1 ) + (1)
∂ y ∂r ∂ y ∂ s ∂ y ∂r ∂s

∂u ∂ u ∂ s ∂u ∂t ∂u ∂u
= . + . = (−1 ) + (1)
∂z ∂s ∂ z ∂t ∂ z ∂s ∂t

∂u + ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂ u ∂u ∂ u ∂u ∂ u
+ =¿ − −¿ + −¿ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂ r ∂t ∂r ∂ s ∂s ∂t

x ∂u ∂u
3) If u= , Prove that x +y =0
y ∂x ∂y
x
Solution: Given u(x , y )=
y
tx x
u ( tx ,ty )= =
ty y
 This shows that u is a homogeneous function of degree n= 0 . Hence by Euler’s theorem
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
we have x +y =nu => x +y =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
du
4) If u=x 2 + y 2 + z 2∧x=e t , y=e t sin t , z=et cos t find without actual substitution.
dt
du ∂ u dx ∂u dy ∂ u dz
Solution: = . + . + .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt
= 2 x e t +2 y ( et sint +e t cost ) +2 z (e t cost−e t sint)
t t 2 t t 2 t
e +e sin t+ e sint cost+ e cos t−e sint cost
=2 t
e¿
= 2 et [ et + e t ( sin2 t+cos 2 t ) ] = ( 2 et ) ( 2 et ) = 4 e 2t

y2 x2 ∂(x , y )
5) If u= and v= Find
x y ∂(u , v )

| |
∂u ∂u
∂(u , v ) ∂x ∂y
Solution: =¿
∂( x , y ) ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y
y2 ∂ u − y2 ∂u 2 y
u= = 2 =
x ∂x x ∂y x
x2 ∂v 2x ∂ v −x2
v= = = 2
y ∂x y ∂y y

| |
−y 2 2y
∂(u , v ) x
2
x
=¿ = 1 - 4 = -3
∂( x , y ) 2x −x 2
y y2
∂(x , y ) 1
= −1
∂(u , v ) ∂(u , v) =
3
∂( x , y)
∂(u , v )
6) If u=2 xy v=x − y
2 2
x=r cos θ y=r sin θ Find
∂(r ,θ)

∂(u , v ) ∂ (u , v) ∂( x , y)
Solution: = .
∂(r ,θ) ∂( x , y) ∂(r , θ)

| || |
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂x
=
∂x
∂v
∂y
∂v
∂r
∂y
∂θ
∂y
= |2 y 2x
2 x −2 y | | cos θ −rsinθ
sinθ rcosθ |
∂x ∂y ∂r ∂θ
= (−4 y 2 −4 x 2 ) (rcos 2 θ+rsin2 θ)
= −4 r (x 2 + y 2 ) = – 4r3
x+ y
7) If u= −1
v =tan x+ tan
−1
y then prove that u and v are functionally
1−xy
related.
 | |
∂u ∂u
∂(u , v ) ∂x ∂ y
Solution: =¿
∂(x , y ) ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂ y
x+ y ∂u 1+ y 2 ∂u 1+ x 2
u= ; = =
1 – xy ∂ x (1−xy )2 ∂ y (1−xy)2
∂v 1 ∂v 1
v =tan −1 x+ tan −1 y ; = =
∂ x 1+ x2 ∂ y 1+ y 2

| |
1+ y 2 1+ x2
∂(u , v ) 2
(1−xy ) (1−xy )
2 1 1
=¿ = − =0
(1−xy ) (1−xy )2
2
∂(x , y ) 1 1
1+ x 2 1+ y 2
Therefore the given functions are functionally dependent.
∂( x , y )
8) If x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ find
∂( r ,θ)

Solution: Given x=r cos θ y=r sin θ

∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
=cosθ =sinθ =−rsinθ =rcosθ
∂r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ

| ||
∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂ r
=
∂( r ,θ) ∂ y ∂y sinθ rcosθ |
∂ θ = cos θ −rsinθ =r ( cos2 θ+sin 2 θ ) =r

∂r ∂θ
∂(u , v , w )
9) If u=x − y , v= y−z , w=z−x , find
∂( x , y , z )

Solution: Given u=x − y , v= y−z , w=z−x ,

| |
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z

| |
∂(u , v , w ) ∂ v 1 −1 0
∂v ∂v
= = 0 1 −1 = 1+1(-1) = 0
∂( x , y , z ) ∂ x ∂y ∂z
−1 0 1
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z
10) Expand f (x , y ) as a Taylor’s series expansion about x = a and y = b

Solution: Taylor’s series expansion

1
f (x , y ) = f ( a , b )+ ¿
1!
[ ( x−a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y−b ) f y ( a , b ) ] +¿
1
2!
[ ( x−a )2 f xx ( a , b ) +2 ( x−a )( y −b ) f xy ( a , b ) + ( y−b )2 f yy ( a , b ) ]+ …

y
11) Find the Taylor’s series expansion of x near the point(1,1) upto second degree.
y
Solution: f ( x , y ) =x f ( 1,1 )=1
y−1
f x ( x , y )= y x f x ( 1,1 ) =1
y−2
f xx ( x , y )= y ( y−1) x f xx ( 1,1 )=0
f y ( x , y ) =¿ y
x log x f y ( 1,1 )=0
 x
(¿¿ y log x) log x f yy ( 1,1 ) =0
f yy ( x , y ) =¿
x +¿ x y−1
f xy ( 1,1 )=1
f xy ( x , y )= y x y−1 log¿
Taylor’s series expansion
1
f (x , y ) = f ( a , b )+ ¿
1!
[ ( x−a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y−b ) f y ( a , b ) ] +¿
1
2!
[ ( x−a )2 f xx ( a , b ) +2 ( x−a )( y −b ) f xy ( a , b ) + ( y−b )2 f yy ( a , b ) ]+ …
2 ( x −1 )( y −1 )+ …
= 1+ 1 1
( x−1 ) + ¿
1! 2!
= x+ ( x −1 )( y −1 )+ …
xy
12) Expand e in Taylor’s series at (1,1) upto second degree.

Solution: f ( x , y ) =e xy f ( 1,1 )=e

xy
f x ( x , y )= y e f x ( 1,1 ) =e
2 xy
f xx ( x , y )= y e f xx ( 1,1 )=e
f y ( x , y ) =¿ xe xy
f y ( 1,1 )=e
2 xy
f yy ( x , y )=x e f yy ( 1,1 ) =e
xy xy
f xy ( x , y )=xy e + e f xy ( 1,1 )=e +e=2 e
By Taylor’s series expansion
( x−1 ) e+ ( y−1 ) e ( x−1 )2 e +4 e ( x−1 ) ( y−1 ) +e ( y−1 )2
e xy =e+ + +…
1! 2!
( x−1 ) + ( y−1 ) ( x−1 )2+ 4 ( x−1 ) ( y−1 ) + ( y −1 )2
= e [1+ + +… ]
1! 2!
13) State the sufficient condition for a function of two variables to have an extremum at a
point.

Solution: If f x ( a , b )=0, f y ( a ,b )=0∧f xx ( a , b ) =r , f xy ( a ,b )=s , f yy ( a ,b )=t

then
i) f (a , b) is maximum value if rt−s2 >0∧r <0 (¿ s <0)
ii) f (a , b) is minimum value if rt−s2 >0∧r >0 (¿ s >0)
iii) f (a , b) is not an extremum if rt−s2 <0∧¿
iv) if rt−s2=0 ,the test is inconclusive.

14) Find the stationary points of x 2−xy + y 2−2 x+ y

Solution:
2 2
f =x −xy + y −2 x+ y
∂f ∂f
=2 x− y−2=0 →(1) =−x +2 y +1=0 →(2)
∂x ∂y
( 2 )=¿ x=2 y +1 Substitute in (1) 2 (2 y +1 )− y−2=0
4 y+ 2− y−2=0 => Y=0
Sub y=0 in (2) we get x = 1 ∴ Stationary point is (1,0)
3 3
15) Find the stationary point of x + y −12 x−3 y +20
Solution:
 f ( x , y ) =x 3+ y 3 −12 x−3 y +20
f x =3 x 2−12 , f y =3 y 2−3
2 2
3 x −12=0 , 3 y −3=0
2 2
x −4=0 , y −1=0 => x=± 2, y =±1
Therefore the stationary points are (2,1), (2,-1), (-2,-1) and (-2,1)
PART – B

∂2 u ∂2 u
1. If u = xy show that (i) = (ii) uxxy = uxyx
∂x ∂ y ∂ y ∂ x
Solution:
Given u = xy = eylogx
∂u
=¿ eylogxlogx
∂y
2
∂ u ∂ ∂u 1 y
= ( ) = eylogx [ ] + eylogx log x
∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂ y x x
xy y
logx xy
uxy = +¿ xy = [1+ylogx] = xy-1[1+ylogx]
x x x
…(1)
∂u y
=¿ eylogx
∂x x
2
∂ u ∂ ∂u
( ) = eylogx [
1 y ylogx e ylogx
uyx = = ]+ e log x =
∂y∂x ∂y ∂x x x x
[1+ylogx]
y
x
= [1+ylogx] = xy-1[1+ylogx] …(2)
x
∂2 u ∂2 u
From (1) and (2) we get = …(3)
∂x ∂ y ∂ y ∂ x
Differentiate partially w.r.to x on both sides we get uxxy = uxyx
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
2. 3 3 3
If u = log(x +y +z -3xyz), show that ( +
∂x ∂ y ∂z
+ ) u=
−9
( x + y + z )2
Solution:
∂u 1 1
= 3 3 3
×(3 x 2−3 yz) = 3 3 3
3(x 2− yz )
∂x x + y + z −3 xyz x + y + z −3 xyz
∂u 1 2 ∂u
Similarly, = 3 3 3
3( y −zx) and =
∂y x + y + z −3 xyz ∂z
1
3 3 3
3(z 2−xy )
x + y + z −3 xyz

∂u ∂u ∂u 3( x 2 + y 2+ z2 − yz−zx−xy )
Adding +¿ +¿ =
∂x ∂y ∂ z ( x+ y + z )( x 2+ y 2+ z 2− yz −zx−xy )
∂ ∂ ∂ 3
ie, ( +¿ +¿ )u =
∂x ∂y ∂z x+ y+z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Differentiating both the sides partially w.r.to x, {( +¿ +¿ )u}
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
−3
= …(1)
( x + y + z )2
Similarly
 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ −3
{( +¿ +¿ )u} = …(2)and
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ( x + y + z )2
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ −3
{( +¿ +¿ )u} = …(3)
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ( x + y + z )2
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ −9
+ +
Adding ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z ){( +¿ +¿ )u} =
¿
∂x ∂y ∂z ( x + y + z )2
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
ie) (+ +
∂x ∂ y ∂z
u=
−9
)
( x + y + z )2
2 2
∂z ∂z
3. If z = f(x,y) where x = rcosθ and y = rsinθ show that
2 2
( )
∂x
+ ( )
∂y
=

∂z 1 ∂z
( ) ( )
∂r
+ 2
r ∂θ
Solution:
∂z ∂ z ∂ x ∂ z ∂ y ∂z ∂z
= + = cosθ+ sin θ
∂r ∂ x ∂r ∂ y ∂r ∂x ∂y
¿ rcos
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂ y ∂ z -rsinθ)+
= + = ¿ ∂z θ)
∂θ ∂ x ∂ θ ∂ y ∂ θ ∂x
¿
∂y
1 ∂z −∂ z ∂z
= sinθ + cos θ
r ∂θ ∂x ∂y
∂z
2
1 ∂z
2 ∂z ∂z −∂ z ∂z
( ) ( )
∂r
+ 2
r ∂θ
= ∂ x cosθ+
¿
∂y
sin θ)2 + ∂ x sinθ +
¿
∂y
cos θ)2
2 2 2 2
∂z ∂z ∂ z ∂z ∂z ∂z
¿( ) ( )
∂x
cos 2 θ+
∂y
sin2 θ+ 2
2
∂x ∂ y
sinθcosθ +
2
∂y ( )
cos 2 θ+ ¿
∂x ( )
sin 2 θ−¿

∂z ∂z ∂z [ 2 ∂z
2
∂x ∂y ( )
sinθcosθ =
2
∂x
cos θ+ sin 2 θ ] +
2
∂y ( )
[cos2 θ+sin 2 θ]

∂z ∂z
( ) ( )
=
∂x
+
∂y
3 3
∂u ∂u
4. If u = tan-1 (x +y
x− y )
prove that x
∂x
+y
∂y
= sin2u.

Solution:
x3 + y 3
Given u = tan -1
( x− y )
3 3
tan u= ( xx−+ yy ) is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.
∂ ∂
By Euler’s theorem x tanu + y tanu = 2tanu
∂x ∂y
2 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1
x sec u + y sec 2 u = 2tanu => x +y = 2tanu =
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y sec 2 u
2sinucosu = sin2u.
5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such
∂2 z ∂2 z ( 2 2 ) ∂2 z ∂2 z
that
u=lx+ my , v =ly−mx .
show that
+
∂ x2 ∂ y2
= l +m +
(
∂u 2 ∂ v 2 )
 Solution:
z is a function of u and v . u and v are functions of x∧ y
∂u ∂u
=l =m
u=lx+my ; ∂x ∂y
v =ly−mx
∂v
=m
∂x
∂v
=l
∂y
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
= +
∂ x ∂u ∂ x ∂v ∂ x
∂z ∂z ∂z
= l+ (−m)
∂ x ∂u ∂ v
2
∂ z ∂ ∂z
= ( )
∂ x2 ∂ x ∂ x
∂ ∂ z ∂u + ∂ ∂ z ∂ v
( ) ( )
∂u ∂ x ∂ x ∂ v ∂ x ∂ x
=

∂ z ∂ z ∂u ∂ ∂ z ∂ z ∂ v
=∂ (
l− m + ) l− m
∂ u ∂ u ∂ v ∂ x ∂ v ∂u ∂ y ∂ x ( )
∂2 z ∂ 2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
=
( l−
∂u 2 ∂u ∂ v
m
)(
l+ l−
∂u ∂ v ∂ v 2
m (−m)
)
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
¿ 2 l 2− lm− lm+m2 2
∂u ∂u∂v ∂u ∂ v ∂v
2 2 2 2
∂ z ∂ z 2 ∂ z ∂ z
= l −2 lm +m2 2
∂ x2 ∂u 2 ∂u∂v ∂ v ……………………………..(1)
∂2 z 2
∂ z 2 ∂ z
2
∂ z
2

2
= m +2lm +l 2 2
Similarly ∂ y ∂u2 ∂u ∂ v ∂ v ………………..(2)
∂2 z ∂2 z 2 2

(1)+(2);
+
∂ x2 ∂ y2
= ( l 2
+ m ) (
2 ∂ z ∂ z
+
∂u 2 ∂ v 2 )
6. Expand the given function in the Taylor’s series exlog(1+y) in powers of x and y upto third
degree
Solution:
Function Value at (0,0)
f(x,y)=exlog(1+y) f=0
fx= exlog(1+y) fx=0
fy=ex(1+y)-1 fy=1
fxx= exlog(1+y) fxx=0
fxy= ex(1+y)-1 fxy=1
fyy= -ex(1+y)-2 fyy=-1
fxxx= exlog(1+y) fxxx=0
fxxy= ex(1+y)-1 fxxy=1
fxyy=-ex(1+y)-2 fxy=-1
fyyy=2ex(1+y)-3 fyyy=2
 x(0 )+ y (1) x 2 (0)+2 xy (1)+ y 2 (−1 )
e x log(1+ y )=0+ +
1 2
x ( 0)+3 x y (1)+3 xy 2 (−1)+ y 3 (2 )
3 2
+ +. ..
1 .2 . 3
y 2 xy − y 2 3 x 2 y−3 xy 2 +2 y 3
= + + +.. .
1 2 1 . 2. 3
7. Find the stationary point of x 3+ y3 −12 xy
Solution: Given f ( x , y ) =x 3+ y 3 −12 xy
2 2
∂f ∂f
=3 x −12 y , =3 y −12 x
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
=0 => 3 x2 −12 y =0 , =0 => 3 y 2−12 x =0
∂x ∂y

x2
2 x2 2 4
x −4 y=0 => y= , y −4 x=0 => ¿
4
¿
¿
3
x 4−64 x=0 => x ( x −64 ) =0 => x=0, x=4
If x=0 → y=0 and x=4 → y =4 => ∴ The stationary points are (0,0) and
(4,4)
8. Find the maximum value of x2yz3 subject to the condition 2x+y+3z = a.

Solution:
Let f = x3yz3 and φ = 2x+y+3z-a
Using the Lagrange multiplier λ, the auxilarly function is g = f+λφ
Stationary points are given by gx = 0, gy = 0, gz = 0 and gλ = 0
g = x2yz3+λ (2x+y+3z-a)
gx = 2xyz3+2λ
⇒
gx = 0 ❑ 2xyz3+2λ = 0 => xyz3 = -λ ...................... (1)
2 3
gy = x z +λ
⇒
gy = 0, ❑ x2z3 +λ = 0 => x2z3 = -λ ...................... (2)
2 2
gz = 3x yz +3λ
⇒
gz = 0 ❑ 3x2yz2+3λ = 0
x2yz2 = λ ......................(3)
gλ = 2x+y+3z-a
⇒
gλ = 0 ❑ 2x+y+3z-a = 0 .........................(4)
From (1), (2) and (3) we get
xyz3 = x2z3 = x2yz2 ......................... (5)
i.e., yz = xz = xy dividing (5) by xz2
i.e., x = y = z
put x = y = z in (4) we get
a
6x-a = 0 => 6x = a => x =
6
a a a
i.e., x = ,y= , z=
6 6 6
 a 2 a a 3 a 6
Hence minimum value of f = x2yz3 = ( ) ( )( ) =( )
6 6 6 6
8. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume of 32cc. Find the dimensions of the
box, that requires the least material for its construction.
Solution:
Let x,y,z be the length, breadth and height of the box.
Surface area = xy+2yz+2zx ................. (A)
Volume = xy .................. (B)
Let the auxiliary function F be
F (x,y,z) = (xy+2yz+2zx) + λ (xyz-32) ....................(1)
Where λ is lagrange multiplier
∂F ∂F ∂F
Fx = = y+2z+λyz; Fy = = x+2z+λzx; Fz = =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x+2y+λxy
Where F is extremum
⇒ ⇒ 1 2
Fx = 0 ❑ y+2z+λyz = 0 ❑ + =−λ ...................... (2)
z y
⇒ ⇒ 1 2
Fy = 0 ❑ x+2z+λzx = 0 ❑ + =−λ ....................... (3)
z x
⇒ ⇒ 2 2
Fz = 0 ❑ 2x+2y+λxy = 0 ❑ + =−λ ....................... (4)
y x
From (2) and (3) we get
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ = + => = => x = y ........................ (5)
z y z x y x
From (3) and (4) we get
1 2 2 2 1 2
+ = + => = => y = 2z ........................... (6)
z x y x z y
From (5) and (6) we get x = y = 2z
(B) Volume = xyz = 32
32
(2z) (2z) z = 32 => 4z3 = 32 => z3 = = 8 => z = 2
4
x = 4, y = 4, z = 2
Cost minimum when x = 4, y= 4, z = 2
Thus the dimension of the box 4, 4, 2
9. Find the maximum volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in
2 2 2
x y z
an ellipsoid + + =1
a2 b2 c 2
Solution:
Let a vertex of such parallelepiped by ( x , y , z)
Then all other vertices will be (± x , ± y , ± z)
Then the sides of the solid be 2 x , 2 y , 2 z (lengths)
Hence, the volume V =( 2 x )( 2 y ) ( 2 z )=8 xyz
Now, we have to maximise V subject to the condition
x2 y 2 z2
φ ( x , y , z )= 2 + 2 + 2 −1=0
a b c
2 2 2
x y z
Let F=f + λφ=8 xyz + λ ( 2 + 2 + 2 −1) …(1)
a b c
∂F 2 xλ
=0 ⟹ 8 yz+ 2 =0 ; …(2)
∂x a
 ∂F 2 yλ
=0 ⟹ 8 xz + 2 =0 ; …(3)
∂y a
∂F 2 zλ
=0 ⟹ 8 xz + 2 =0 ; …(4)
∂Z c
−xλ
(2) ⟹ 4 yz= 2 ;
a
−x 2 4 xyz x 2
× x ⟹ 4 xyz= 2 λ ⟹ = 2 …(5)
a −λ a
− yλ
(3) ⟹ 4 xz= 2 ;
b
2 2
−y 4 xyz y
× y ⟹ 4 xyz= 2 λ ⟹ = 2 …(6)
b −λ b
−zλ
(4) ⟹ 4 xy= 2
c
−z 2 4 xyz z 2
× z ⟹ 4 xyz= 2 λ ⟹ = 2 …(7)
c −λ c
2 2 2
x y z
From (5),(6),(7) we get 2
= 2
= 2
a b c
x2 y2 z2
= = =k say …(8)
a2 b 2 c 2
x2 y2 z2 1
Given: 2 + 2 + 2 =1 ⟹ k +k + k=1 ⟹3 k=1 ⟹ k=
a b c 3
2 2
x 1 2 a a
(8) ⟹ 2 = ⟹ x = ⟹ x=
a 3 3 √3
b c
Similarly, y ¿ ; z ¿ ;
√3 √3
a b c
The extremun point is ( , , )
√3 √ 3 √3
This will not give minimum V because when x=0 , V =0 when the solid becomes a
rectangular sheet.
abc
∴ Maximum V =8 ( )
3 √3
x 2 x3 x 3 x1 x 1 x2
10 (i). Find the Jacobian of y1, y2, y3 with respect to x1, x2, x3 if y1= , y1= y1=
X1 X2 X3
Solution:

| |
∂ y1 ∂ y1 ∂ y1
∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x3
∂( y 1 , y 2 , y 3) ∂ y2 ∂ y2 ∂ y2
=
∂(x 1 , X 2 , x3 ) ∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x3
∂ y3 ∂ y3 ∂ y3
∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x3
 | |
−x 2 x 3 x3 x2
X 12 X1 X1
x3 −x 1 x 3 x1
=
X2 X 22 X2
x2 x1 −x 1 x 2
X3 X3 X3 2

| |
−x 2 x 3 x 3 x 1 x2 x1
1
= x x −x 3 x 1 x 2 x 1
X 12 X 22 X 32 3 2
x3 x2 x 3 x 1 −x2 x 1

| |
2 2
X1 X2 X3
2 −1 1 1
= 2 2 2 1 −1 1
X1 X2 X3
1 1 −1

| |
−1 1 1
= 1 −1 1
1 1 −1
=-1(1-1)-1(-1-1)+1(1+1)
=0+2+2
=4
∂(x , y , z)
(ii). Find the Jacobian of the transformation x=rsinθcosφ, y=rsin θ sinφ, z=rcosθ.
∂(r ,θ , φ)
Solution:

| |
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
∂( x , y , z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
=
∂( r ,θ , φ) ∂r ∂θ ∂φ
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂r ∂θ ∂φ

x=rsinθcosφ, y=rsin θ sinφ, z=rcosθ

∂x ∂y ∂z
=¿ sinθcosφ =¿ sin θ sinφ =¿ cosθ
∂r ∂r ∂r
∂x ∂y ∂z
=rcosθcosφ =r cosθsinφ =−¿ rsin θ
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
∂x ∂z ∂z
=¿ - r cosθsinφ = rsinθcosφ =0
∂φ ∂θ ∂φ

| |
sin θ cos φ rcosθ cos φ −r cos θ sin φ
∂(x , y , z)
= sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ rsinθ cos φ
∂(r ,θ , φ)
cos θ −rsinθ 0
2 2 2 2
= cos θ [r cos θ sin θ cos φ+ r cos θ sinθ sin φ ] +rsinθ[r
2 2 2 2
sin θ cos φ+r sin θ sin φ ]
= r 2 sinθ [cos2 θ ( cos2 φ+sin 2 φ ) ]+r 2 sin θ[sin2 θ ( cos2 φ+sin 2 φ ) ]
= r 2 sinθ (cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ)
 = r 2 sinθ

UNIT – V
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART A
π
2 cosθ
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r 2 drdθ
0 0

Solution:
π π π
2 cosθ 2 3 cosθ 2

∫∫
0 0
r 2 drdθ=∫
0
[ ]
r
3 0
dθ ¿∫
0
cos 3 θ
3
dθ

[ ]
π π

[]
1 2 2
2 2
1 n−1 n−3 2
¿ ∫ cos3 θ dθ
3 0
∫ cos n x dx=
0
( . ⋯ .1 ,n is odd
n n−2 3 ) ¿ =
3 3 9

a a

2. Change the order of integration ∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy

0 y

Solution:
Here, x varies ¿ x= y ¿ x=a represents horizontal strip
y varies ¿ y=0 ¿ y =a represents vertical path
Changing the order of integration,
y varies ¿ y=0 ¿ y =x represents vertical strip
x varies ¿ x=0 ¿ x=a represents horizontal path
a a a x

Hence, ∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy=∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dydx .

0 y 0 0

∞ ∞
e− y
3. Change the order of integration ∫∫ y dy dx .
0 x

Solution:
Here, y varies ¿ y=x ¿ y=∞ represents vertical strip
x varies ¿ x=0 ¿ x=∞ represents horizontal path
Changing the order of integration,
x varies ¿ x=0 ¿ x= y represents horizontal strip
y varies ¿ y=0 ¿ y =∞ represents vertical path
∞ ∞ ∞ y
e− y e−y
Hence, ∫ ∫ dy dx=∫∫ y dx dy .
0 x y 0 0
 1 √x
4. Evaluate ∫∫ xy ( x+ y ) dxdy .
0 x

Solution:
x
√x 1 √x
∫ xy ( x+ y ) dxdy =∫ ∫(¿ ¿ 2 y + x y 2)dx dy
x 0 x
1

∫¿
0

[ ]
1 √x 3

[ ]
3 2 2
yx y x 1
y x y2 x y x3 y2 x2
2
¿∫ + dy ¿∫ + − − dy
0 3 2 x 3 2 3 2
0
1

[ ]
3 3
y x
2
y x y x y x 2 3 2 3 3 2
x 2 x x 3 x2
¿ + − − ¿ + − −
6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6
1 x

5. Evaluate ∫∫ dy dx
0 0
Solution:
1 x 1 1 1

∫∫ dy dx=∫ [ y ]
0 0 0
x
0 dx ¿∫ x dx
0
¿[ ]
x2
=
2 0 2
1

π sinθ

6. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r dr dθ
0 0
Solution:
π sinθ π sinθ π

∫ ∫ r dr dθ=∫
0 0
π
0
[ ]
r2
2 0
dθ=∫
0
sin2 θ
2
dθ
π
2 2

¿
2
∫ sin2 θ dθ= 12 π2 = π4 { As ∫ sinn x dx= n−1
2 0
2 3 2
0 n
.
n−3 1 π }
n
⋯
2 2 [ ]
7. Evaluate ∫∫∫ x y 2 z dzdydx
0 1 1
Solution:

[ ][∫ ][∫ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
x2 y3 z2
∫∫∫ x y 2
z dzdydx= ∫ x dx y dy2
z dz ¿
2 3 2
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

¿ [ ][
4
2
−0
27 1
−
3 3
π π
][ ]4 1
−
2 2
¿ [ 2] [ ][ ]
26
3
3
2
= 26

2 2
8. Evaluate ∫∫ sin ( θ+ φ ) dθ dφ
0 0
Solution:
π π π
2 2 2 π

∫∫ sin ( θ+ φ ) dθ dφ=∫ [−cos ⁡(θ+ φ)]02 dφ

0 0 0
 π π
2 2

¿∫ −cos
0
[ ( ) π
2 ]
+ φ +cos ⁡( 0+ φ) dφ=∫ [ sin φ+ c osφ ] dφ
π
0

π
2
π
2
2
[
¿ [ −cos φ+sin φ ] = −cos +sin − [−cos 0+ sin 0 ]
0 ]
¿−0+1+1−0 ¿2
2 4

9. Evaluate ∫∫ xy dy dx .
1 3

Solution:
2 4 2 4 2
y2 42 3 2
∫∫ xy dy dx=∫ x 2 dx=∫ x 2 − 2 dx
1 3 1 3 1
[ ] [ ]
2 2
7
¿ ∫ x dx
21
¿
7 x2
2 2 [ ] 1
¿ −
2 2 2 [
7 22 12
]
7 3 21
¿
2 2 () ¿
4
3 4 4

10. Evaluate ∫∫∫ xyz dz dy dx .

1 3 1

Solution:
3 4 4 3 4 4

∫∫∫ xyz dz dy dx=∫ x dx ∫ y dy ∫ z dz

1 3 1 1 3 1

3 4 4

¿
x2
2 [ ][ ][ ]
1
y2
2 3
z2
2 1

¿ [ ][ ][
32 12
−
2 2
42 32
−
2 2
42 12
−
2 2 ]
¿ [ ][ ][ ]
8 7
2 2
15
2
= 105
∞ ∞

11. Express in polar co-ordinates ∫∫ f ( x , y ) dx dy

0 0

Solution:
dx dy=r dr dθ
π
∞ ∞ 2 ∞

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dx dy=∫∫ g ( r , θ ) dr dθ
0 0 0 0

1 y x+ y

12. Evaluate ∫∫ ∫ dz dx dy .
0 0 0
 Solution:
1 y x+ y 1 y
x+ y
∫∫ ∫ dz dx dy=∫∫ [ z ]0 dxdy
0 0 0 0 0

1 y 1 y

¿∫ ∫ ( x + y )dxdy
0 0
¿∫
0
[ x2
2
+ yx dy
0
]
1 1

¿∫
0
[ y2 2
2
+ y dy ] [
¿
y3 y3
+
6 3 ] 0

1 1 3 1
¿ + = =
6 3 6 2
a b

13. Evaluate ∫∫ (x+ y )dxdy

0 0

Solution:
a b a b a

[ ] [ ]
2
x2 b
∫∫ ( x + y ) dxdy=∫ + yx dy ¿∫ + yb dy
0 0 0
2 0 0 2
a

[ ]
2 2
b2 y y 2 b a b2 a2 b a b +a b
¿ + = + ¿
2 2 0 2 2 2
b d g
14. Evaluate ∫∫∫ e x + y+ z dz dy dx
a c f

Solution:
b d g g d b

∫∫∫ e x + y+ z
dz dy dx=¿ ∫ e dz ∫ e z y
dy ∫ e x dx
a c f f c a

g d b
¿ [ e z ]f [ e y ] c [ e x ]a

¿ ( e f −e g ) ( e d −e c ) ( eb −e a )
2
2 x y
15. Evaluate ∫∫ e x dydx
0 0

Solution:
2
y x 2
2

[ ]
2 x y 2

∫∫ e x
dydx=∫ x e x
0 dx ¿∫ x ( e x −e 0 ) dx
0 0 0 0

2 2
x x
¿∫ x ( e −1 ) dx ¿∫ ( x e −x ) dx
0 0

2 2 2

0
x
¿∫ x e dx−∫ x dx
0
¿ [ x e −e ] −xx2
2
x 2
0 [ ] 0

¿ [ ( 2 e 2−e 2 )−( 0−e 0 ) ] − [ ] 22

2
−0
 ¿ e 2+1−2=e 2−1
a √ a2−x 2
16. Evaluate ∫ ∫ dy dx
0 0

Solution:
a √ a2−x 2 a a
¿∫ √ a2−x 2 dx
2 2

∫ ∫ dy dx=∫ [ y ]√ a − x dx
0
0 0 0 0

[
a2 −1 x x 2 2
]
2 2 2
a a π πa
¿
2
sin + √ a −x
a 2 () 0
¿
2
sin−1 ( 1 ) ¿
2 2
=
4
π
2 ∞
17. Evaluate ∫∫ r 2dr dθ2 2 .
0 0 ( r +a )
Solution:
π π
2 ∞ 2 ∞

∫∫ r 2dr dθ2 2 =∫∫ 2tdt2 dθ

0 0 ( r +a ) 0 a2

Put r 2 +a2 =t => 2 rdr=dt r =0=¿ t=a2∧r =∞=¿ t=∞

π π
2 ∞ 2

¿
1 −1
∫
2 0 t [ ] a
2
dθ ¿
1
∫ −1 1
(
+
2 0 ∞ a2
dθ
)
π
π

[ ]
2
1 1 1 1 π π
¿ ∫ 2 dθ
2 0 a ( ) ¿ 2 [ θ ] 02 = 2 −0 = 2
2a 2a 2 4a
π
2 2 cosθ

18. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r 2 drdθ

−π 0
2

Solution:
π π π
2 2 cosθ 2 3 2 cosθ 2

∫ ∫
−π
2
0
r 2 drdθ=∫
−π
2
[ ]
r
3 0
dθ ¿∫
−π
2
8 cos 3 θ
3
dθ

π
2
8
¿ ∫ cos 3 θ dθ
3 −π
2

[ ]
π π
2 2
16
¿ ∫
3 0
cos3 θ dθ ∫ cos n x dx=( n−1 .
n−3 2
n n−2 3 )
⋯ .1 , nis odd
0

¿
3 3
=[]
16 2 32
9
 a b c

19. Evaluate ∫∫∫ ( x + y + z ) dz dy dx .

0 0 0

Solution:
a b c a b 2 c

∫∫∫ ( x + y + z ) dz dy dx=∫∫
0 0 0 0 0
[ xz + yz +
z
2 ]0
dy dx

a b a b

¿∫ ∫
0 0
[ xc+ yc+
c2
2 ]
dy dx ¿∫
0
[ xcy +
y 2 c c2 y
2
+
2 0
dx ]
a a

¿∫
0
[ xcb+
b2 c bc 2
2
+
2
dx ] ¿ [
x2 cb b2 cx b c 2 x
2
+
2
+
2 ]
0

2 2 2
a bc ab c ab c abc
¿ + + ¿ [ a+b+ c ]
2 2 2 2
PART – B
√2
a a+ a −y
2

∫ ∫ xydxdy
0
1. Change the order of integration in a− √a − y
2 2
and then evaluate it.
a a+ a −y√2 2

∫ ∫ xydxdy
0
Solution:Let I = a− √a 2− y 2

Given limits are y  0, y  a, x  a  a  y & x  a + a  y -------(1)

2 2 2 2

that is (x  a) 2 + y 2  a 2 which is a circle with center at the (a, 0).

The given region of integration (shaded region) is divided in to horizontal strips. For
changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration in to vertical strips.
Solving (1) we get the limits
y=0 to y= √ a2−( x−a )2
and x=0 to x=2 a
 2 2
a a+ a y 2a a 2  (x  a )2

I  � � xydxdy  � � xy dy dx
0 a  a 2  y2 x 0 y0

2a a 2  (x  a) 2
�y 2 �
 � x� � dx
2 0
x 0 � �
2a
�a 2  (x  a) 2 �
 �
x 0
x �
� 2
dx
�
�
2a
1
 � x ( a 2  (x  a) 2 ) dx
2 x 0
2a
1
 � x ( 2ax  x 2 ) dx
2 x 0
16a 4 �1 � 2a 4
 � �
2 � 12 � 3
1 2− x

∫ ∫ xydxdy
0 x2
2. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate .
Solution:
2
Given limits are y=x to y=2−x and x=0 to x=1 ------(1)
The given region of integration (shaded region) is divided in to vertical strips. For
changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration R in to
R1 and R2 as horizontal strips. Solving (1) we get the limits, In R1 the limits are
x=0 to x=√ y , and y=0 to y=1 , and In R2
x=0 to x=2− y and y=1 to y=2
 1 2-x 1 y 2 2-y

��
xydydx  ��
0 x2
xy dx dy+ ��
xy dx dy
0 0 1 0

1 2 y 2 y
�x 2 � �x 2 �
� y � � dy + �y � � dy
0 �2 � 0 1 �2 � 0
1 2
�y � �(2  y) 2 �
� y� �dy + �y � dy
�
0 �2 � 1 � 2 �
2
1 �1 � �4y + y3  4y 2 �
 � �+ �� dy
�
2 �3 � 1 � 2 �
2
1 1 � 2 y 4 4y3 �
 + � 2y +  �
6 2� 4 3 �1

1 1�
� 32 �� 4 1� � 3
 + �
�8  + 4 � �2 + �
� 8
6 2�
� 3 �� 3 4� �
1 2− y

∫ ∫ xydydx
3. Change the order of integration in 0 y and hence evaluate it.
Solution:
1 2− y 1 2− y

∫ ∫ xydydx ∫ ∫ xydxdy
0 y = 0 y (correct form)
Given limits are x= y to x=2− y and y=0 to y=1 ------(1)
The given region of integration (shaded region) is divided in to horizontal strips. For
changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration R in to
R1 and R2 as vertical strips. Solving (1) we get the limits, In R1 the limits are
y=0 to y=x , and x=0 to x=1 , and In R2
y=0 to y=2−x and x =1 to x=2

1 2− y

∫ ∫ xydxdy
0 y =
1 1

∫∫ xydxdy
0 y +
1 2− y

∫ ∫ xydxdy
0 1

1 x

∫∫ xydydx
= 0 0 +
2 2−x

∫ ∫ xydydx
1 0 (changing the order of integration)
 1 x 2 2− x

[] []
2 2
∫ x y2 d x ∫ x y2 dx
= 0 0 + 1 0
1 2
1
2
∫ x [ x 2] d x 12 ∫ x [(2−x )2 ] dx
= 0 + 1
1 2
1 3 1
2
∫ x dx ∫ x [ 4 +x 2−4 x ] dx
= 0 + 21
1

[ ]
2
1 x4 1
2
∫ [ 4 x +x 3−4 x 2 ] dx
= 2 4 0 + 1
2

[ ]
4
1 4 1 2 x x3
[ 1 −0 ] 2 x + −4
= 8 + 2 4 3 1

1
= 8 +
1
2 [( 24
2( 2)2 + −4
4
23
3
1 4
− 2+ −
4 3 )( )]
1
= 8 +
1
2 [
15 28
6+ −
4 3 ]
1 1 72+45−112
= 8 + 2 12
[ ] 1 5 3+5
= 8 + 24 = 24
8 1
= 24 = 3

3
4 4
√ 16−x 2
∫ ∫ xdxdy
4. Change the order of integration in 0 0 and hence evaluate.
3 3
4 4
√ 16−x 2 4 4
√ 16−x 2
∫ ∫ xdxdy ∫ ∫ xdydx
Solution: To evaluate 0 0 = 0 0 (correct form)
3
y=0 to y=
4
√ 16−x 2 and x=0 to x=4
Given limits are -------(1)
x2 y 2
2
+ 2 =1
which is an ellipse 4 3 . The given region of integration (shaded region) is
divided in to vertical strips. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of
integration in to horizontal strips. Solving (1) we get the limit
4
x=0 to x= √ 9− y 2 and y =0 to y=3
3
 3 4
4 4
√ 16−x 2 3 3
√ 9−y2
∫ ∫ xdydx ∫ ∫ xdx dy
0 0 = 0 0
3 4

[] x 2 3 √ 9− y
2

∫ 2 0
dy
= 0
3
1 16
= ∫
2 0 9 (
( 9− y 2 ) dy )
3
8
[
¿ 9 y−
9
y3
3 ] 0
3 3
8
= 9
[
9 (3)−
(3)
3 0
=8(3−1 )=16 . ]
√2
a a −y
2

∫∫ ydxdy
5. Change the order of integration in 0 a−y and hence evaluate it.

Solution: Given limits are x=a− y to x= a − y and y=0 to y=a -------(1) √ 2 2

The given region of integration (shaded region) is divided in to horizontal strips. For
changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration in to vertical strips.

Solving (1) we get the limits y=a−x to y= √a 2−x 2 and x=0 to x=a
 √2
a a −y
2
√
a a2−x 2

∫∫ ydxdy =∫ ∫ y dy dx
0 a− y 0 a−x (Changing the order of integration)

y √
a 2 2

[ ]
2 a −x
=∫ dx
0 2 a− x
a
1
= ∫ [ (a2 −x 2 )−(a−x )2 ] dx
20
a
1
= ∫ [−2 x 2 +2 ax ] dx
20
a

[ ] [ ] []
3 3
1 x3 1 a 2 1 a a
3
= −2 +ax 2 = −2 +a ( a ) =
2 3 0 2 3 2 3 = 6
√
2a 2ax−x
2

∫ ∫ ( x 2+ y 2)dydx
6. By changing to polar co-ordinates find the value of the integral 0 0 .
Solution:

We know that x=r cosθ , y =r sin θ , dx dy =r dr dθ

To find the limits of r and θ ,
Given limit: x varies from x =0 to x=2 a and
y varies from y=0 to y= 2 ax−x
2
√
⇒ y 2 =2 ax−x 2
2 2
⇒ y +x =2ax
2
⇒ r =2 ar cos θ ⇒r =2 a cos θ
π
‘ r ‘ varies between 0 to 2 a cosθ and θ varies between 0 to 2
π
√
2 a 2ax−x
2
2 2 a cos θ π
2 acos θ

[ ]
2
r4
∫ ∫ ( x + y )dydx=∫
2 2
∫ 2
r rdr dθ ∫ 4
dθ
0 0 0 0 = 0 0
π π
2 4 2
4−1 4−3 π
=
1
40
∫ [(2 a cos θ )4 ] dθ =
16 a
4
∫ cos4 θ dθ
0 =
4 a4 ( . .
4 4−2 2 )
4
3 πa
=
4 .
 a a
x 2 dxdy
∫∫ 3

7. Express
0 y
( x 2+ y 2) 2
in polar coordinates and then evaluate it.
Solution

w.k.t x=r cosθ , y =r sin θ , dx dy=r dr dθ

To find the limits of r and θ ,
Given limit: x varies from x = y to x=a and
y varies from y=0 to y=a
x=a will become r cos θ=a ⇒r =a sec θ
r varies between 0 to a sec θ
π
θ varies between 0 to 4
π π
a a 4 asec θ a sec θ
x 2 dxdy r 2 cos 2 θ r dr dθ 4
∫∫ 3 =∫ ∫ 3 ∫ ∫ cos2 θ dr dθ
2 2 2
0 y
(x + y ) 2 0 0
(r ) 2
= 0 0
π π
4 4

∫ cos 2 θ [ r ] a0 secθ dθ ∫ cos 2 θ ( a sec θ) dθ

= 0 = 0
π
4
a
a ∫ cos θ dθ π
4
.
= 0 = a [ sin θ ] 0 = √ 2
∞ ∞
2 2 π
∫∫ e−( x + y ) dxdy = 4
8. By changing to polar co-ordinates show that 0 0 . Hence evaluate
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2
∫ e−t dt ∫∫ e−( x + y ) dxdy
0 . (or) Evaluate 0 0 using polar co-ordinates.
Solution:
Using the transformation, x=r cosθ , y =r sin θ , dx dy=r dr dθ
We transform the Cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates,
The region of integration is bounded by the limits x=0, x=∞ and y=0, y =∞
By using the diagram , r varies from r=0 to r=∞ and θ varies from θ=0
π
θ=
to 2
 ∞ ∞ π
−( x2+ y2 )
∫∫ e dxdy 2 ∞
∫ ∫ r e−r dr dθ
2

Let I = 0 0 = 0 0

dt
2 2 r dr=dt ⇒rdr=
Take r =t , 2
π π
∞

[ ]
2
e−t
2 ∞
dt 1
∫ ∫ e
2
−t
dθ
20
∫ −1
dθ
= 0 t=0 = 0
π π
2 2
1 1
− ∫ [e −∞
−e −0
] dθ − ∫ [ 0−1 ] dθ
= 20 = 20
π
2
1 1
π
π π
20
∫ dθ [ θ ] 2
0 =
= = 2 4 . ∴ I= 4 ------(1)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 2

Also I = 0 0
∫∫ e −( x2+ y2 )
dxdy
= 0
∫e −x 2
dx×∫ e dy
0
−y 2

=
[∫ ]0
e dx−x2

since y is
dummy variable
∞ 2 ∞

[ −x2
] [ ]
2
∫ e dx ∫ e−x dx
∞
∴ 0 = I ⇒ 0 = √I = √ π
4 by using (1) => ∴

2 √π
∫ e−t dt = 2
0

2
9. Using double integral find the area bounded by y=x , y=x .
Solution:
∬ dxdy
w. k . t Area = R where R is enclosed by the curves
2
y=x ---- (1) and y=x ---- (2)
2 2
Sub. (1) in (2) we get x=x ⇒ x −x=0
⇒ x (x −1)=0 ⇒ x=0 or x =1
Sub. x=0 and x=1 in (1) ⇒ y=0 or y=1
The points of intersections or common points of (1) and (2) are (0, 0) and (1, 1)
 Divide the shaded region in to vertical strips
1 x
∫ ∫ dydx
∴ Area bounded by (1) and (2) = 0 x
2

x2 x3 1
=
1

∫ [ y]
0
x
x
2 dx
=
1

∫ [ x−x ] dx
0
2

=
[ ]
−
2 3 0
1 1 1
−
= 2 3 = 6
2 2
10. Find the area common to y =4 ax, x =4 ay using double integration.
Solution:
∬ dxdy
W.k.t Area = R where R is enclosed by the curves
2
y =4 ax ----- (1) and x 2=4 ay -----(2)
2
x2
Sub (1) in (2) we get
( )
4a
=4 ax
⇒
4 2
x =(16 a )4 ax ⇒
4 3
x −64 a x=0
3 3 3
⇒ x (x −4 a )=0 ⇒ x=0 or x=4 a
(1) ⇒ when x=0 , y=0 and when x=4 a , y=4 a
∴ (0, 0) and (4 a , 4a) are the common points of (1) and (2)

Divide the shaded region(region of integration) in to vertical strips

 4 a 2 √ ax 4a 2

∴
Area=∫
0
∫
x
2
dy dx =∫ 2 √ ax−
0
( x
4a ) dx
4a
4a

[ ]
3
2 3

[ ]
x x 1 3 3
2 √a
3
−
12a 4 2 2 2 ( 4a)
a (2 a ) −
= 2 0 = 3 12 a

= =
16a
3 . [ 4 2 3 16 a2
3
a 2−
3 ] 2

11. Find the area of the cardioid r=4 (1+cosθ) using double integrals.
Solution:
∬ dxdy ∬ rdrdθ
W.k.t Area = R = R where R is the region of integration bounded by the
curve r=4 (1+cosθ)

r=4 (1+ cos θ)

π 4( 1+cosθ )

[]
π 4( 1+cos θ)
r2
Area=2∫ ∫ r dr dθ 2∫ dθ
0 0 = 0 2 0
π π
2
∫ [ 4 (1+cos θ )] dθ ∫ [ 16(1+cos2 θ+2 cos θ )] dθ
= 0 = 0
π π

=
16∫
0
[ ( ) ]
1+
1+cos 2 θ
2
+2 cos θ dθ
π
=
16∫
0
[ ( ) ]
3 cos 2 θ
2
+
2
+ 2cos θ dθ

=
3
16 θ+
2
sin 2θ
4 [ ( ) ]
+2sin θ
0 =
16
[( )3
2 ]
π + 0+0 −( 0+ 0+0 )
=
24 π .

1 1−x x+ y

∫ ∫ ∫ ez dxdydz
12. Evaluate 0 0 0 .
Solution:

1 1−x x+ y 1 1−x x+ y 1 1−x

x+ y
∫ ∫ ∫ e dxdydz z
∫ ∫ ∫ e dzdydx z
∫ ∫ [ e z ]0 dydx
Now 0 0 0 = x =0 y =0 z=0 = x=0 y=0
 1 1−x 1
y=1−x
∫ ∫ [e x+y
−1 ] dydx ∫ [ e y+x − y ] y=0 dx
= x =0 y=0 = x =0
1 1

∫ [(e −(1−x ))−(e −0) ] dx

1 x
∫ [(e 1−1)+x−e x ] dx
= x =0 = x =0
1

=
[ 1 x2 x
(e −1 )x + −e
2 ] 0 =
[( 112 1
e −1+ −e −( 0−0−1 )
2 ) ]
1
= 2
3 1 √ xy
∫ ∫ ∫ xydzdydx
1 1 0
13. Evaluate x .
Solution:
3 1 √ xy 3 1 3 1
∫ ∫ ∫ xy dz dy dx ∫∫ xy [ z ] √0 xy dy dx ∫∫ xy √ xy dy dx
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Now x = x = x
1

[ ]
5
3 1 3 3 3 3 2
y
∫∫ x 2y 2
dy dx ∫ x 2
5
dx
1 1
1 1
= x = 2 x

[1−x ] dx [ ]
3 3 −5 3 3
2 2
51
∫x 2 2
51
∫ x 2−x−1 dx
= =
3

[ ]
5
2
2 x

[( )]
5

=
5 5
2
−log x

1 =
2
5
2 2
5
2
3 −log 3 − −log 1
5 )(
[ ]
5
[ ]
5
2 2 2 2 2
3 −log 3− 2. 3 2 −5 log 3−2
= 5 5 5 = 25

x x y
b(1− ) c(1− − )
a a a b
2
∫ ∫ ∫ x zdzdydx
14. Evaluate 0 0 0 .
Solution:
x x y x
b(1− ) c(1− − ) b( 1− )
a a a b a a 2 2
2cx y
∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0
2
x zdzdydx
=
∫ ∫
0 0
x
2
1− −
a b ( ) dy dx
x −dx
Let t=1− ⇒ dt= ; when x=0 ⇒t=1
a a
when x=a⇒ t=0
0 bt
c2 y 2
=
2
∫∫
1 0
a2
(1−t )2
t−
b
dy (−a dt ) ( )
 0 bt
a3 c2 2
−
2
∫ ∫ (1−t ) t− by2
( ) dy dt
= 1 0 =
3 bt

2
3 2 1
a c
∫ (1−t )2
0
[ ]
(− by +t )
3(

−ba c
−1
b)
3 2 1
0
dt

ba3 c 2
1

6
∫ (1−t ) [ 0−t ] dt
2 3
6 0
∫ (t 3 +t 5 −2 t 4 )dt
= 0 =
1

= 6
3 2
4
+ −
6 5 [
ba3 c 2 t 4 t 6 2t 5
]
0 =
ba3 c 2 1 1 2
6
3 2
4
+ −
6 5 [ ]
=
ba c 30+20−48
6 [
4 (6)(5 ) ] =
ba c 2
6 4(6 )(5) [ ]
3 2

[ ]
3 2
ba c 1 acb
= 3 120 = 360

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 + 2 =1
15. Find the volume of the ellipsoid a b c . (Apr 2004, Jan 2010)
Solution:
8׿
Volume of the ellipsoid= ¿ volume of the first octant of the ellipsoid
To find the limits of x , y and z in the first octant of the ellipsoid
2 2 2
x y z
2
+ 2 + 2 =1
We have a b c ------------------------ (1)
As x ,y and z are +ve in first octant of (1); x , y and z are varies from 0

b 2 2
From (1) z : 0 to √ x2 y 2
c 1− 2 − 2
a b

√a −x
For the limit y keep z =0 in (1) ⇒ y: 0 to a
For the limit x keep y =0and z =0 in (1) ⇒ x : 0 to a
∭ dxdydz
Volume = V

√
2 2
b 2 2 c 1− x − y
a a
√a −x
a2 b 2

∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx
Volume of the first octant of the ellipsoid = 0 0 0
b 2 2 b 2 2
√
a a
a −x
√x2 y 2
c 1− 2 − 2 a
√a − x

√
a
a b x2 y2
∫ ∫ [ z] z=0 dydx ∫ ∫ c 1− 2 − 2 dydx
a b
= 0 0 = 0 0
 b 2 2
√ a −x

√(
a a
x2
=
c∫
0
∫
0
1 2
b a
2
)
b 1− 2 − y dydx
=
b 2 2
√a − x

√( √
2

( ))
a a
c 2 x2 2
b0
∫ ∫ b 1− 2
a
− y dydx
0
b 2 2

[ ( √ ( ) )]
√a −x
∫ √( √
a 2 2 2
c y b 2 2
b0 2 a
b x
a −x − y 2 + 1− 2 sin−1
2 a ) ( ) b2 1−
y
x2
a
dx

a2 y =0
=

[( ]
a a

=
c
∫
b 0
0+
b2
2( x2
1− 2
a )( ))
π
2
−( 0+0 ) dx
=
π bc
4 0
∫ x2
( )
1− 2 dx
a
a

=
π bc
4
x3
x− 2
3a [ ] 0 =
π bc
4 [ ]
a3
a− 2
3a =
π bc 2 a
4 3 [ ] =
π abc
6
Volume of the ellipsoid = 8×Volume of the ellipsoid in the First octant
8 π abc 4 π abc
= 6 = 3

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