Pelton Wheel PDF

UNIT - IV
HYDRAULIC TURBINES :
• Layout of a typical Hydropower installation – Heads and
efficiencies-classification of turbines- Pelton wheel
• Francis turbine-Kaplan turbine-working, working
proportions, velocity diagram, work done and efficiency,
hydraulic design, draft tube – theory and function efficiency.
Governing of turbines-surge tanks-unit and specific turbines-
unit speed-unit quantity-unit power-specific speed
performance characteristics-geometric similarity-cavitation .
Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

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Pelton Wheel
• Most commonly used impulse type turbine. It works under
high head and requires small quantity of water.
• Water is taken to the turbine from the reservoir through

penstocks. The penstock is a large pipe fitted with a nozzle at
the end.
• Water comes out of the nozzle in the form of a jet. The

whole of the
• The jet of water is issued from the nozzle strikes the buckets
in the direction tangential to the wheel.
• The impact of water imparts a dynamic force to the wheel

and the wheel starts moving.
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Runner of Pelton wheel

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A Pelton Wheel is fitted with buckets having the
shape of double hemispherical cup.
Each bucket is divided into two parts by a sharp

vertical edge at the center known as a splitter.

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The water coming out of the wheel is discharged into the
tailrace.
The main components of the Pelton Wheel are,
A nozzle with control mechanism:

A nozzle is fitted at the end of the penstock to convert
hydraulic energy in to kinetic energy. The jet velocity
remains same and only the discharge changes.

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Buckets and Runner:
A Pelton Wheel is fitted with buckets having the
shape of double hemispherical cup.
Each bucket is divided into two parts by a sharp

vertical edge at the center known as a splitter.

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The jet impinges on the splitter and is divided into two parts.
Each part of the jet glides over the bucket and comes out at the
outer edge of the bucket.
The rear of the buckets is so shaped that the water coming out of a
bucket does not interfere with the jet striking the following bucket.
The angle at the outlet tip varies from 10 to 20 deflecting the jet
by 170 to 160.
The buckets are usually fastened to the wheel by means of bolts so

that the worn out buckets can be easily replaced.

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Casing:
Since water flowing in the passage is at atmospheric
pressure, the casing has no hydraulic action to
perform. It is provided to prevent the splashing of
water.
Hydraulic Brake:
The runner goes on revolving for a considerable time,
due to inertia, even after the nozzle has been closed.
The hydraulic brake is provided to bring the runner to
stand still position in a short time.

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Deflector:
When the load on the turbine decreases suddenly

the water supply has to be cutoff by closing the
nozzle. The sudden closure of the nozzle may cause
excessive water hammer. To avoid water hammer
the nozzle is closed slowly and some of the water
coming out of the nozzle is deflected away from the
buckets in a movable steel plate known as
deflector.
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Impulse turbine – works under atmospheric pressure
Cups – ‘double semiellipsed cup’ (No water is wasted)
Buckets - 10 - 20 outlet angle
Made of Cast steel, Bronze and Stainless steel
Deflected angle - 160 - 170.
Spear regulations – control of water quantity at nozzle.
When shaft of the wheel is horizontal, then not more than two jets are
used.
Vertical – maximum six jets

Casing – prevents splashing of water.

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Working Proportions of Pelton Wheel
1. Velocity of Jet:
The theoretical velocity of the jet is given by Vth = 2 gH
Where H is the net head.
The actual velocity V is given by, V = Cv 2 gH

where Cv is the coefficient of velocity.
The value of Cv varies from 0.98 to 0.99.

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2. Theoretical Power Pt:
The power from water can be estimated from the expression Pt = ƳQH
Where  = the specific weight of water KN/m3.
Q = the discharge in m3/s, H = the net head in m, Pt = Power in (kw)
Theoretical power is also called2the
gH water horse power (W.H.P)
Power supplied to the runner (P1) = Pt – Power lost in nozzle
P1 = W.H.P. if the losses in nozzle are neglected.
The actual power developed by the pelton wheel is SHP = o (WHP)
o is overall efficiency.
P = o ƳQH

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3. Angle ():
The angle  varies from 10 to 20. The average
value 15 may be taken as the jet deflection is 1600
- 1700

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4. Diameter of the Jet (d):

The diameter of the jet may be obtained if the
discharge is known.
 2 Q
d = Q =
4 C v 2 gH
Va
1/ 2
 4Q 
 
d = 3.14Cv 2 gH 

The large size of the jet is about 30 cm.

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5. Speed Ratio (ku):

The speed ratio of the velocity of the wheel at pitch
circle (u) to the theoretical velocity of the jet
u
Ku = = DN / 60
2 gH 2 gH
The mean value of the speed ratio varies from 0.43

to 0.47.
Its average value is 0.45.

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6.Mean Diameter of the Wheel (D):

The diameter of the wheel meaπsured up to the
centers of the buckets is called the mean diameter.
Velocity of the wheel at pitch circle = Peripheral
velocity.
u = DN ; D = 60u = 60ku 2 gh
60 N N

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7. Jet Ratio (m):

The ratio of the pitch diameter to the jet diameter
is known as the jet ratio (m).
D
m=
d
The jet ratio varies from 11 to 14 for maximum
efficiency.
The average value of m is 12.

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8. Size of Buckets:
Radial length of bucket = (4 to 5)d.
Axial width of bucket = 3d to 5 d.
Depth of bucket = 0.8d to 1.2d.
where ‘d’ is the diameter of the jet.

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9. Number of Jets (n):

When the Pelton wheel is to develop more power, it
is fitted with a number of jets.
A Pelton Wheel fitted with more than one jet is
known as a multiple jet Pelton Wheel.
If ‘P’ is the power developed by the Pelton wheel
working under one jet, the power developed by the
same wheel when working under ‘n’ jets is given by
n.P.
More than 6 jets are not provided.

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10. Number of Buckets:

The number of buckets should be as small as
possible so as to keep the frictional losses to a
minimum.
The jet will always be intercepted by the buckets if
the angle between two successive buckets is equal
to or less than 20, such that
d
R
Cos  = 2
ro
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‘R’ is the radius of pitch circle and ‘ro’ is radius of

the outer circle.
The number of buckets is generally obtained from
the formula.
= D = 0.5 m + 15.
 15
2d

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Number of buckets for a Pelton Turbine is decided

from the considerations that
• Number of buckets should be as few as possible to
reduce the frictional losses.
• The jet must be fully utilized and no portion of it

should have left the runner without doing work on
it. These two assumptions though contradictory in
nature cannot be satisfied simultaneously.

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• Work done by a Pelton wheel

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Work done by a Pelton wheel
The transfer of work from the jet of water to the

buckets takes place according to the momentum
equation.
V = absolute velocity of jet before striking
V1= absolute velocity of jet leaving the bucket.
u = tangential velocity of the bucket

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Work done by a Pelton wheel
Vr = Relative velocity of the incoming jet.
Vr1 = Relative velocity of the outgoing jet.
Vw = Velocity of whirl at inlet tip of bucket.
Vw1 = Velocity of whirl at outlet tip of bucket.
Angle through which the jet is deflected by the
bucket = 180 - 
where  is the angle of the bucket at the outlet tip.

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Inlet velocity diagram:
As the water enters tangentially, u and V are collinear, inlet velocity diagram is a straight line
u Vr = (V-u)
V = Vw
 = 0 and  = 0

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 : angle between V and u
 : angle between Vr and u
 : angle between Vr1 and u
 : angle between V1 and u
Vr = V – u
Vw = V = 2 gH
Vf = 0

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Outlet velocity diagram
u Vw1
 β
V1 Vf1
Vr1

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Outlet Velocity Diagram:
As the water passes over the curved surface of the bucket,
Vr1 becomes less than Vr due to friction losses and
therefore
Vr1 = kVr, but for general purposes these friction losses can
be neglected and k is unity.
As the inlet and outlet tips are at the same radial distance
u = u1
 Vr1 = kVr
Vw1 = Vr1 Cos  - u1
Since u1 = u, Vw1 = Vr1 Cos  - u
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Since the velocities u and V are collinear the velocity
triangle at inlet tip is a straight line and thus
Vr = (V – u) and Vw = V cosα = V
At outlet tip, three velocity triangles are possible
depending upon the magnitude of u corresponding to
which it is slow, medium or fast unit.
As the inlet and outlet tips are at the same radial
distance
u = u1
Vr1 slightly less than Vr due to losses
Vr1 = kVr = k (V – u) (where k < 1)
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Now from outlet velocity triangle
Vw1 = Vr1 cos  - u1 = kVr cos - u
Vw1 = k(V-u) cos - u

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If W Newtons of water per second strikes then work
done,
= g V u  V u  for β abtuse , Vw1 is in opposite direction
W
w w1 1
=
W
Vu  ( KVr Cos  u u
g

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WD / s 
W
g
Vu  ( K (V  u ) Cos  u )u 
WD / s 
W
V  u 1  KCos u
g
W.D/s/ unit weight of water = u/g(v – u) (1 + k cos )

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Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel.
h = work done/s/unit wt./ Kinetic energy/s/unit wt.
1
V  u 1  k cos  u 2u
V  u 1  k cos  
= g =
V2 V2
2g

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The condition for the maximum efficiency may be
d  h 
obtained by considering 0
du
d  h  21  k cos  
V  2u   0
= V 2
du
V = 2u or u = 0.5 V
or h is maximum when bucket speed is half the
velocity of jet.

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(h)max = ½ (1 + k cos )
if k = 1; when  = 0 h = 1.00 or 100%
or angle of deflection = 180
i.e. the buckets are shaped such that the jet gets
deflected through 180. This is however theoretical
value of h. Actual value of h is between 0.90 to 0.94,
because k is not equal to one actually.

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Further in actual practice angle of deflection can not
made 180, because in that case the jet leaving the
bucket will strike the back of the bucket just
following it. Thus ejecting a retarding force on it
Hence 10 to 20 is considered to be more

appropriate.

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•Design of Hydraulic turbine runner

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Design of Hydraulic turbine runner
Procedure:
Power, P
Speed, N rpm known
Head, H
o, Cv, Ku and m may be assumed suitably.

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Step 1: Determine the required
P
discharge, Q =
o 
QH
Step 2: Calculate velocity “V” of jet, V = Cv 2 gH
Step 3: Calculate total

Q
area of jets required
using a = V

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Step 4: Calculate pitch circle dia, D using
D
Step 5: Calculate required dia ‘d’ of jet using m
and calculate the area of jet. d
Step 6 : Obtain no. of jets required

Number of jets = Total area / area of each jet.

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Fractional no. of jets may be rounded to
appropriate integral number and calculate
corresponding dia of jet.
Step 7: Calculate no. of buckets and bucket
dimensions.
D
Z  15
2d

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Problem 1
The following are the design particulars of a Pelton Turbine.
Head at the nozzle = 800 m.
Output (shaft) Power = 13248 kw
Speed, N = 600 rpm
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.97
Jet dia, d = 1/16 D
Speed ratio (ku) = 0.46
o = 85 %
Calculate the total discharge the jet diameter, dia of pitch,
No. of jets, No. of buckets, dimensions of each bucket.

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P
o 
QH
P = oQH
13248
0.85 
9.81XQX 800
Q = 1.985 m3/s

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To determine the dia of Runner D
u = ku
2 gH
DN
u = 60  0.46 2 gH
XDX 600
 0.46 19.62 x800
60
hence D = 1.834 m.
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Diameter of Jet d :
1
d= D
16
= 1  1.834
16
= 0.114 m.

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No. of Jets:
Discharge through each jet,q = AVa
=  d 2 CV 2 gH
4
=  0.114 X 0.97 19.02 X 800

2
4
= 1.24 m3/s.
• No. of jets = Q 1=.985 = 2 jets.

q 1.24
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Discharge flowing actually through each jet =
1.985/2 = 0.9925 m3/s
 2
Dia of jet, d 19.62 X 800 = 0.9925.
4
d = 0.10 m.
D
No of buckets =  15 = 1.834  15
2d 2 X 0.10
= 24 buckets.

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Width of bucket = 3d to 4d
= 3.5 x d = 3.5 x 0.10
= 0.35 m.
Length of Bucket = 2.5d = 2.5 x 0.10 = 0.25 m.
Depth of jet = 0.9d = 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.09 m.

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Problem 2
A Pelton turbine 2.4 m in diameter operates under
the following conditions.
Net Head = 870 m. Cv = 0.98, ku = 0.47
Diameter of the jet, d = 0.18 m. Determine
i) Input in kw to the shaft, ii) speed of the wheel

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Net Head = 370 m.
ku = 0.47; Cv = 0.98; d = 0.18 m.
P = ƳQH
Q = Ava
 2
d  CV 2 gH
= 4

= 0.182  0.98 19.62 x370
4
= 2.1247 m3/s.

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P. = ƳQH
= 9.81 x 2.1247 x 370 = 7712 kw
u = ku 2 gH
DN = 0.47 19.62  370

 0.47 2 gH
60
N = 312 rpm.

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UNIT - IV

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

• Water is taken to the turbine from the reservoir through

• Water comes out of the nozzle in the form of a jet. The

• The impact of water imparts a dynamic force to the wheel

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Each bucket is divided into two parts by a sharp

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

The main components of the Pelton Wheel are,

A nozzle with control mechanism:

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Each bucket is divided into two parts by a sharp

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

The buckets are usually fastened to the wheel by means of bolts so

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

When the load on the turbine decreases suddenly

Spear regulations – control of water quantity at nozzle.

Vertical – maximum six jets

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Where H is the net head.

The actual velocity V is given by, V = Cv 2 gH

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

4. Diameter of the Jet (d):

The large size of the jet is about 30 cm.

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

5. Speed Ratio (ku):

The mean value of the speed ratio varies from 0.43

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

6.Mean Diameter of the Wheel (D):

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

7. Jet Ratio (m):

The average value of m is 12.

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

9. Number of Jets (n):

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

10. Number of Buckets:

‘R’ is the radius of pitch circle and ‘ro’ is radius of

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Number of buckets for a Pelton Turbine is decided

• The jet must be fully utilized and no portion of it

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

The transfer of work from the jet of water to the

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

W.D/s/ unit weight of water = u/g(v – u) (1 + k cos )

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Hence 10 to 20 is considered to be more

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &

Dr GK Viswanadh Prof of Civil Engineering &