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Ubc - 1974 - A7 L39 PDF
Ubc - 1974 - A7 L39 PDF
Ubc - 1974 - A7 L39 PDF
by
In the Department
of
Civil Engineering
required standard
November, 1973
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study.
written permission.
ABSTRACT
TABLE 0£ CONTENTS
Chapter Page
One Introductton 1
I. Analysts of Stress 5
I. Variational Principles 32
I. General Considerations kO
V. Procedures of Calculation 56
VI. Examples 62
I. General Considerations 78
CHAPTER Page
V. Numerical Example 8U
Six ConclusIons 98
Appendix 100
Bibliography 10U
TABLE OF F I G U R E S
F IGURE
2-3 S T R E S S V E C T O R S ON A TETRAHEDRON
2-U ROTATION OF C O O R D I N A T E S
2-5 D I S P L A C E M E N T OF N E I G H B O R I N G POINTS
METHOD
AND U-28)
FIGURE
VALUES OF
SPECIMEN. ELASTIC-PERFECTLY-PLASTICITY
LIST OF TABLES
o
v? I
Acknowledgement
INTRODUCTION
problems, elasticity),
mations),
was primarily concerned with linear systems, the method has been
the suggestions given by Mendel son and Manson (5), who proposed
to compensate for the fact that the plastic strains do not cause
been made by J.H. Argyris (6), L.H. Percy (7) and W.R. Jensen (8).
Two years later, P.V. Marcal and I.P. King introduced a part-
softening, and have renamed the " initial stress method " the
sent study.
-5-
CHAPTER TWO
I. Analvs i s of Stress
a. Stress Vector
to exist:
, P
L\m _==^ — f (2-lb)
A-o A, 1 .
b. Stress Tensor
face with unit normal r\ may be found once the stress vectors
stress tensor.(Fig.2-2):
Jt. = ( u s i n g summation c o n v e n t i o n
4
i ~) on r e p e a t e d i n d i c e s )
(2-2)
where
0",,
(2-3)
**
-8-
t(n) = jt. «;
or (2-5)
c. Trartsformation of Coordinates
(2-6a)
(2-6b)
FIG.2-4 R O T A T I O N OF COORDINATES
-lO-
i n whi ch
On
w= —
(2-7)
>
e. EQUI1ibrlum Equations
equation:
+ ? L - o (2-9)
(I c - ;
\< ij -<rStj \
r
= 0 ^ (2-11)
-cT -!- 3
I,tf -r <r + I, = o
l
4 f
where
I. = <£.
(2-12a)
where O", 0", <r, are the principal stresses, the solutions of Eq.(2-ll).
the stress tensor. It can be shown that one of the principal stress
ques t i o n .
g» Shearing Stresses
or/ = i ( r i ) • tin) - ( i ( a ) - n ) 1
.
5 n g r e l a t J o n
n n. = 1 (2-n>
The results are summary in Table 2-1. One o f these values will, of
n n n c o r r e s p i ndi ng 0^
0 I | 'a -«3l
0
i M - M
1% 0 i 1 (Tii
-13-
and p l a s t i c s t r a i n .
(2-16)
I I # 1 2 / L 3 Thus
J, = Su = 0
= y ( S* + S + l
z ) ( 2 _ 1 7 )
-14-
a. Strain Tensor
X + dx
2 if Xj+dxj\ <4 I s the displacement vector.
(2-18a)
and
(dx) = dX • dX = dX^dX; #
Form (dx)*-(dx)*= d x d x . - d X d X
; m l n
Alternatively, write
( d x ) ' - ( d X ) = d x d x - olXrv, d X
; ; w
= x
*,m i , „ dX dX„ - dX^dX,,^
x
m
~ ( i,tn i,n
K X
^m* )^X^ dXn .
We d e f i n e thestrain tensors
= i t * ^ - ^ ) . ( 2
- 2 0 >
M- = X< - Xi
t h en
ML
and X i
>j - i
Si
•J
Equations (2-19) and (2 -20)
i
become
(2-21)
(2-22)
strain Is then
(2-23)
r -ax,
or
r n oin
N=
SYMM
—-
OtUL.\ VIA*
£31
The diagonal elements are called extension strains and the off-
i lS. i2
- 2k)
given by ( 2 1 )
H<*'
e +
= £u,j t
+
^ U , (2-25)
0" = h . F
ij K
* , ( 2 - 2 6a)
where E has
ijkl
the following porperties:
b. Constitutive Equations
or (2-26a)
{hi = 2 ^ , . .
(2-26c)
where 1 2<T
modulus of elasticity
E = A, t<T
X Po i s s o n ' s ratio
i7 -
2(A. + Gr)
bulk modulus
K
" 3
1. Equilibrium Equations
% i + ft = 0 ; (2-9)
2. Strain-displacement Equations
(2-23)
3. Const i t u t i ve Equations
=
S'K*** E
'
(2 26)
^ ~ T. prescribed on 5^-
= M' K prescribed on $
a. Yield Theory
1. Yield Surface
Increments.
appear as
H <T , ovop =
X o.
.H J,, v = °.
Two simple yield conditions for the initial yield of
section.
TABLE 2-2
*J <
<r < IT, «S = <5"o
t
<r, <<r 3
sented by
f= 7 - -4- = 0
(2-28)
dition.
0~3
'< =o
3. S u b s e q u e n t Y i e l d S u r f a c e
given by (24)
* (
V4> K ) =
°< (2
" 29)
Which depends not only upon the stresses 6\. , but also
P J
upon the plastic strains £,j and the work hardening charac-
teristics represented by the parameter K. Differentiating
f = oby the chain rule of calculus, we obtain
for
ponents 5y by
d£ J
; = dA-Sg- ( 2
" 3 3
ing loading.
(2-34)
and
(2-35)
with
=
TF~ "
(2 37)
p d > W f
> j = S i
J d £
' J
in which has been introduced. Furthermore, if the
AC
p
- 3da c
(2-38)
where
(2-39)
P
d£i
j • ~if +
—T— J T Si +
iffH' J; s, d < T ?
°
(2-40)
-28-
d£.. - i l l +
(
' " 2 0 )
L i 5 « (2-ui)
a t ,
J ZGr P J
3
Ac - C<5?
J u. - j A L s
(2-42)
p
in which d S ^ o has been Introduced.
1. Eoui1ibrium Equations
2. Strain-displacement Equations
d £
' J = + * i*\
U
(2-23)
3. C o n s t ! t u t i ve Equations
(2-43)
^ = -^. <'-''Vit, +
«-»>
where f ((T;j, fcf.-, l c ) - 0 def ines the y i e l d surface.
d(T,jlij =r d T i P r e s c r i b e d on 5 ff
J if i
loading path.
-31-
CHAPTER THREE
the notation used in these studies. This will be done for the
correct rigid body and constant strain modes; ie. that compa-
much simpler.
I. Variational Principle?
— prescribed displacements on S u
%i +
Fi = o ,
'J I i1
O f f may n o t b y true.
Form
(divergence theorem)
= I(^, F ) ( u ; - V ^ } / y K j - » , j ) d y
J+ i + l
(3-1)
-34-
%] +
F, = o ,
and that
%S (
"S 5 =
-5 ^ % ( +
*v - T ^ ^ <5i v )
)
( +
(dummy subscripts)
(moment equilibrium)
(strain-displacement relations)
thus Eq.(3-1) may by w r i t t e n as
N o t i ng that (3_2 )
since E4^ jj
K is positive definite, and that
or
(3-3)
actual solution i.e. the one which not only satisfies the
requirements for the plate bending problem and can yield cons-
may be w r I t t e n as
tx = As
— - - (3-4)
I = U (3-5)
6 = VI
~ (3-6)
where t) i s t h e e l a s t i c constant matrix.
The t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy functional for any elastic
solid is given by
ments V n , then
(3-7a)
or in matrix form
v = i i T
I d $ - j u fdvt J i r t d v ]
T
( 3 . 7 b )
s "v
-38-
leads to
(3-8)
where
i = j ( LA) D(LA)dV
T
V» (3-9)
S= J / I d s+ J
_
/ F
dV (3-io)
5 = ^1 (3-11)
V p = - i T
( i « T
5 J + ir (2a 4a)i T T
(3-12)
where
R - 2. aS
T
(3-14)
n —
7^- = (- r
i +
is r ) S r = 0.
For arbltrary 8 r
=
& . (3-15)
vector £ c a n be o b t a i n e d by t h e i n v e r s i o n o f J$ a s
r = Kf'fc (3-16)
and (3-6).
-40-
CHAPTER FOUR
I. Genera I Considerations
sense (32).
method, Fig.4-2.
-41-
LOADS
APPROXIMATE STATE
REAL STATE
RESPONSE
LOADS
— RESPONSE
° - incremental loading
* - 1 c o r r e c t e d by Newton-Raphson method
* - 2 c o r r e c t e d by M o d i f i e d N e w t o n - R a p h s o n method
three.
L e t
A_U = A *1 , U-l)
A I - _L U-2)
and strain are related by Hooke's law in the elastic region and
— = 2L*f A i , (U-3)
element/ I.e.
T> - D
(see appendix)
4)
" \ v„ \ J
'
1 = J ( LA) D;*.(
T
M)dV a (4-5)
(4-6)
AS = a ir (4-7)
then Eq.(4-4) becomes
(4-8)
a stationary value
J (4-9)
K *r = Aft
(4-10)
III. Const!tut!ve E q u a t i o n s : - E 1 a s t o - p l a s t i c Ma t r i x
form
(4-11)
<fU] = d U ] , + d [ t ] p ,
(4-12)
dUl,= [o]"dW.
(4-13)
and thus
where
i % 0 o 0
% t % 0 0 0
% \ t
0 0 0
(4-15)
1
0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 1
o 0 o
2
I
0 0 0 0 0 t
In w h i c h x, I- f
i-2\r
-45-
When p l a s t i c flow I s o c c u r r i n g t h e s t r e s s e s a r e on t h e
or
(4-17)
dA
Multl. E q . ( 4 - 1 4 ) by 1eads t o
(4-18)
(4-19)
A + [iL] T
[oj ri£1
or i
where |Q{ _ [ ]
0
1 0 1 J J L 1 J J
(4-21)
that (33) .
" die dK
h s 0
-47-
done i s d e f i ned by
but
-ad;
and 1
^
Is employed. Then
die = adi f
d<f do" I H
1K dK 6~
8f =
D0~; 2
0=
and
noting that
A = H (4-23)
Noting that
[ D ] T
= [ D ] ;
3f 3_i
L?MJ
S Sj
*1 jx
x 5
s, SYMM
S, S«j
S.S 3 s, s }
5 ^
ss ss t
S 5 5
7i S
j* S
J *
-49-
5
1
^ 3*J CT
L V
2?
= 3(p + H
Thus Eq.(4-21) c a n be w r i t t e n as
SYMM
s*
3<r
*.
St, $*,,
-50-
5, • 2
1 i SYMM
[of = JL 5 Scj + a u - ^
x U-24)
I + IT 2 (1+ U )
where
•Itir q £
-51-
a. Newtpn-Raphson, Method
Eq.U-25)
t*R3 - [F([*r))]
we m a y w r I t e
we have
o Eq.U-26)
Then
[$ ] + h.o.t. in Sr
[ H M ) ] = [?(M„)1 +
^
r
= [ o ]
by Eq.(4-26)
3[*r]
Eq.(lt-lO). Thus
tjl. = W . M
= K H - W W 1 ,
fore invertable, so
(4-28)
(4-29)
FIG.l»-3 THE ILLUSTRQTIONS OF EQS. ( U - 2 5 ) ( U - 2 6 ) ( U - 2 7 )
/ /
AND (U-28)
-54-
of Eq.(l»-29), we h a v e
adequate t o compute [ K
] 0 f° r t n e
first load increment-the
increments.
puting time required i s , in fact, less than that for the stand-
V. Calculation Procedure
crements [*1
4
and an available computer program developed
for the linear elastic problem has been adjusted to the elasto-
and the structural geometry only. The following indices are used:
m = number o f iteration
a. Procedure:
til". - -KT.
B. Iterative loops:
ML. = K - [ a ' h ] l t
( m = 0, I, 2 , 3, — )
ne
compute the e l a s t i c increment of strain A
£. and
m*i
nC r T^
1
& i n e
= L/l a [*r]"
-w+i L
*tl y
c r v H
P " r ne
± = I + Ai
i.e.
-58-
where * * *«
Af = A £ -i f f
6. i f i(2"m*,/)*
0
and { C C , * ) * 0
then increase the value of
compute
A tc*** ir n e
*••'»*
a £ « p A (T
—
rvt+» — —
c n
~n .ne
is linear.
-59-
i f
lUjj" II^IIULl) l # e
* l f s o m e s e l e c t e d
criterion for
*' r i *
1 = 6
— c — m+l
i
I - X, u,
i(iS-) AS" = [
T
H'£")V c|V n
— V.
J
t
but n n
= LA JS n
J w .
i
-61-
a S " = J ( L A ) 4 f f " dV
T
.
'y. »ti
Noting that
dV
defined as
A p p l i ed load
K =
Load at which yield begins by closed form solution
c. Deep C a n t i l e v e r Beam.:
The dimensions and loading conditions are shown in
d. Right-angle Notch: El a s t i c - o e r f e c t 1 v - p l a s t i c M a t e r i a i
same g e n e r a l shape.
-65-
-66-
28
0 1 2 3 l» 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 xlO
STRAIN
1.25
r^fr _v^
_
— i
1.00 —A
0 . 75
0.50
0.25
0
0 .5 1. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
5
experimental from Theocaris & Marketos
work hardening
o—o f i n i t e element solution
FIG. 4-9a
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
FIG. U-9b
196 elements
120 nodes
STRESS
TENSION
STRAIN
COMPRESSION
APPLIED LOAD
4 L
2L
1.50
1.25
1.00
E \^° 0.75
0.50
0.25
CHAPTER FIVE
I. General Considerations
below:
factory.
used for the concrete. Perfect bond is assumed and the time
N l . Fa 11 u r e Cr 1 ter I a
Concrete:
principal direction.
Procedure:
1. Compute
2. Compute [*R]
3, Compute & 6 n e
a. Compute
where
" <0i*« (9 o
f s J - o
0 0 1
b. Compute —
— w 4 4
JL'
c. If the element cracked in direction (i . e . CT = 0 ),
then put
and go to 12,
-82-
then put
<T =
2 (f* new v a l u e of the principal stress
and go to 12/
6. Compute rj n e
/
—— mt I
7. Compute the p r i n c i p a l stresses (T and (p and the principal
I i
8. If both <^ and fi- are less than the prescribed limiting
9.. If (T ? £
x then put
<?; = 07 '
and go to 12/
c ; -= 0 >
?, « o '
and go to 12/
stress A tf" hr
and go to 13/
Increment.
-83-
where
o 0\ 0
o
i f
I I ^ C l l ^ j C j ] : ^ then let
m+i
and go to 1 starting with next load increment,
C a n t 11 e v e r Beam
5-5 to 5-11. For a given moment, the extreme fibre strain of the
concrete and the neutral axis depth for the "exact" solution
conditions.
-85-
STEEL CONCRETE
40. O O K S l .
3. oo ksi.
6
It
= 0.42 ksi.
Z<\<\o Ksi.
3.1 * I o* ksi.
o.oo3
3loo £ k s i
t
• kl x
SWin Diagram
3 tcsl 3KSI*
3.1
9./
3 o . o g X Kips £ - .003
c
FI<r. 5 * - 3 .
MAX. CONCRETE STRAIN
FI6r. 5 - 4
STEEL FORCES Cio^lb) HIGH OF BEAM (in.)
o ro -t cs o > 5 -
7f oO to
% ?
n
h m
n
c
c 70
CU5 o
(» 3
in <£>oi
I i
CJ1 m
m
2
<0
II
era
m
Oo
7J?
- 9 1 -
P = 13 kips.
I I | I
O I 2 3 KSI-
24
2o • — y
12
\ •
i
\
\ I
\\ A\ 1
:
.8 r
o 2 4 6 8 ' °
IZ 2 «f 8 IO
10
2.
TheoreticeJ 0cxlw.«5
Fig. 5-G
p = 15 tan
I I I I
0 1 2 3 K5i.
( 1 » 1
1 * i
1
<
V
: 4
\
r--
\
k >
O 1 14- (, g 10
o 2 >f b 8 10
-93-
p zz II kZPS.
r m
0 1 2 3 «CS».
i 1
i
> • >
20
r »
>
>
> •
CO
\
•
\ \ A
»
M
O >
o 2 f 6 8 '°
( 1 0 2 <+ fc 8 JO
-94-
P = 20
III!
0 1 23 «1.
—>
2 A 6 8 «0
-£
*o
IU
o
m
o
Ul
Ul
I—
P = ZM- «rs.
Fl<T. 5-10
-96-
P = 2 6 kips.
I II I
0 1 2 3 Ksi.
REINFORCEMENT
PUSTIC REGION
CHA'PTER 1 1 1
Conclusions
c o n v e r g e n c e may be slow.
99-
of these results.
-100-
APPENPIX
V
P=V + V
f' = ?[-J^Tr^T )(«r^« ods i l
(A-1)
-101-
w
= w
^ y ) . (A-2)
T h e n
j i.
( <r~ - —)
Noti ng that Eq.(A-5) must be an identity for any arbitrary dSy ;
n i} 'J » ( A
" 6
>
C|j Is
-102-
aw = ifjoij + ( A . 9 )
and we have
1
' n V
n
-103-
SV = S [ 2 [ - {
p s 4T 4Ms-
L j>F;*Mv ij^(r^£ijdvj][ -
+
o
(A-12b)
-104-
BlBLIOGRAPHY
6. J/H» A r g y r i s : M a t r i x Methods of S t r u c t u r a l A n a l y s i s . A P r e c i s
of Recent Developments Proceedings, Fourteenth Meeting
o f S t r u c t u r e s a n d M a t e r i a l s P a n e l , AGARD, 1963.
10. G. P o p e : The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m a t r i x d i s p l a c e m e n t m e t h o d i n
plane e l a s t o - p l a s t i c problems, Proc. Conf. Matrix Meth.
S t r u c t . Mech. Wrigh-Patterson A i r Force Base, Ohio, 1965
PP.635-54.