INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1

1.1INTRODUCTION

The primary objective of a structural project is to design a structure which will be saved
against expected damaging effects caused by various loading patterns, and at the same time to
achieve this level of safety at minimum cost, the proportioning being dependent not only on
the stresses to be resisted, but also on factors such as construction method, availability of
formwork, type and quality of labor available, time of construction and so on.

1.2 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING FOR A RESIDENTAL BUILDING:

Living area: This includes living room and it should be near to the entrance. Dining room
should be attached to the living area. It should offer a pleasant view and located on a south
face.

Sleeping area: This includes bedrooms with or without attached toilets. While designing
sleeping area privacy should be kept in mind and position of bed should be in the direction of
air movement. It should be located on north or east face.

Service area: This includes kitchen, dining and toilets.

Kitchen: Generally it is provide in front of main gate and is attached to the dining room.
Kitchen should face eastern direction. Window should be provided for the well ventilation
and proper dispose off smoke and heat. Kitchen should be design in such a way that all
necessary requirements can be easily adjusted.

Dining room: It should be close to kitchen.

Toilets room: They may be attached to bedrooms, but also approachable from other rooms.
There should be proper ventilation, good drainage and availability of water supply round the
clock. Separate w.c. and bathroom should be provided.

Circulation area: Passages, corridors, lobbies and lounges come under horizontal circulation
while stairs, elevators and lifts are provided for vertical circulation.

Corridor: It is a covered passage inside a house for independent entrance to connect other
components of the building.

Passage: It is an open area outside the building for easy movement and proper ventilation.

Staircase: It should be located at such a place in a building that it remains an easy access
from all components of the building. A staircase should have minimum two flights in
between landings equal to minimum width of flights for comfortable to climb.

1
1.3 SITE SELECTION AND OREINTATION OF A RESIDENTAL BUILDING:

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living . This object is achieved by having his place of living situated at a safe and convenient
location .Such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires the following important
aspects to be carefully considered and kept in view.

(a) A peaceful environment is the first and foremost requirement near one’s placed of living
or a residential building.

(b) The second requirement is safety from all natural sources and climatic conditions.

(c) General facilities for community of the residential area .

Following considerations are made at the time of selecting site for a residential building:-

1. Physical considerations.
2. Health considerations.
3. Social and community facilities.
4. Transportations facilities.
5. Economy and cost considerations.

Orientations of building: Proper site alone cannot provide all comforts to the residents of
any house. Proper site is the first considerations which meets normally half the requirement
for a comfortable living .The second considerations which satisfies the remaining half
requirements is placing the building with respect to sun ,wind and other local conditions .This
placement of building with respect to the movement of sun and flow of winds is called
orientations of building.

1.4 THE DESIGN PROCESS:

The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and
conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the
knowledge of practical aspects, such as design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample
experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the
safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety.

The process of design commences with planning of the structure, primarily to meet its
functional requirements. Initially, the requirements proposed by the client are taken into
consideration. They may be vague, ambiguous or even unacceptable from engineering point
of view because he is not aware of the intricacies of structural science.

It is emphasized that any structure to be constructed must satisfy the need efficiently for
which it is intended and shall be durable for its desired life.

2
Thus, the design of any structure is categorized into the following two main types:-

1) Functional design.

2) Structural design.

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN:

The structure to be constructed should be primarily serve the basic purpose for which it is
to be used and must have a pleasing look.

The building should provide happy environment inside as well as outside. Therefore, the
functional planning of a building must take into account the proper arrangements of rooms,
halls to satisfy the need of the client, good ventilation, lighting, acoustics, unobstructed view
in the case of community halls, cinema halls, etc...Sufficient head room, proper water supply
and drainage arrangements, planting of trees etc. bearing all these aspects in mind the
architect/ engineer has to decide whether it should be a load bearing structure or R.C.C
framed structure or a steel structure etc…

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

Structural design is an art and science of understanding the structural members subjected
to load and designing them with economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and
durable structure.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF A FRAMED STRUCTURAE:-

The principle element of a R.C.C building frame consists of;

1) Slabs to cover large area.

2) Beams to support slabs and walls.

3) Columns to support beams

4) Footings to distribute concentrated column loads over a large of the supporting soil such
that bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.

In a framed structure the load is transferred from slab to beam, from beam to column and
then to the foundation and soil below it.

3
STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The process of structural design involves the following stages:

1) Structural planning

2) Action of forces and computation of loads

3) Methods of analysis.

4) Member design

5) Detailing, drawing and preparation of schedules.

STRUCTURAL PLANING:

After getting an architectural plan of the building, the structural planning of the building
frame is done. This involves determination of the following:

a) Positioning and orientation of column of columns

b) Position of beams

c) Spanning of slabs

d) Layout of stairs

e) Selection proper types of footing

The basic principle in deciding the layout of component members is that the loads should
be transferred to the foundation along the shortest path.

4
1.5 LINE PLAN OF A BUILDING

5
1.6 PLAN OF A BUILDING:

6
1.7 FRONT ELEVATION OF BUILDING

7
1.8 SIDE ELEVATION

8
1.9 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF BUILDING

9
AREA CALCULATION CHAPTER 2

CALCULATION:

Area of trapezoids:

1) 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10 =½ (a +b) h

=½ (5 + 1) 2

=6m²

10
2) 13,14,17,18,21,22,25,26,29,30,33,34 = ½ (4+.5) 1.75 = 3.94m²

3) 38, 39 = ⅟2 (1+3) 1

= 2m²

Area of triangles:

1) 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12 =½×l×b

=½ ×4×2

=4m²

2) 15,16,19,20,23,24,27,28,31,32,35,36 = ⅟2 ×3.5×1.75

= 3.0625m²

3) 37, 40 = ½ ×2×1

=1m²

Table (a) CALCULATED LOADS

LOADS ROOF LEVEL INTERMEDIATE

Dead load 3.75KN/m² 3.75kN/m²
Water proofing .5KN/m² 0
Live load 1.5KN/m² 2.0KN/m²
Floor finish 1.5KN/ m² .75KN/m²
Total load 7.25KN/m² 6.5KN/m²
Load due to partition 1KN/m²
7.5KN/m²

FOR INTERMEDIATE FLOOR:

C/S of beam = 300mm × 300mm

Self weight of beam =.30×.30×25

11
 =2.25KN/m

Height of building =3.3m

Thickness of wall =125mm

Wall load =.125×3.3×21.2

=8.745KN/m

Load due to partition = 1KN/m²

load from slab
UDL on beam = +self weight of beam +wall load.
length of beam

UDL CALCULATION ON BEAM:

6×6.5
AB = +2.25+8.745
5

=18.795 KN/m
3.06×6.5
BC = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=16.678KN/m
3.06×6.5
CD = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=16.67KN/m

4×6.5
AH (left side) = +2.25+8.745
4

=17.495KN/m
1×6.5
AQ, (right side) w₂ = +2.25+8.745
2

=14.245KN/m
(3.94+4)×6.5
GB = ×2.25+8.745
4

=23.89KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×6.5
FC = ×2.25+8.745
4

=23.8KN/m

12
 3.94+6.5
ED = +2.25+8.745
4

=17.340KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×6.5
EF = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=22.36KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×6.5
FG = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=22.36KN/m
(6+6×6.5)
GH = +2.25+8.745
5

=26.595KN/m
4×6.5
HI = +2.25+8.745
4

=17.495KN/m
(4+3.94)×6.5
GJ = +2.25+8.745
4

=90KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×6.5
FK = +2.25+8.745
4

=23.8KN/m
3.94×6.5
EL = +2.25+8.745
4

=17.398KN/m
(6+6)×6.5
IJ = +2.25+8.745
5

=26.595KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×6.5
KJ = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=22.36KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×(6.04+1)
Lk = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=24.11KN/m

13
 4×(6.5+1)
PI = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.495KN/m

=18.495KN/m
(4+3.94)×(6.5+1)
OJ = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.88KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×(6.5+1)
Nk = + 2.25+8.745
4

= 25.77 KN/m
3.94×(6.5+1)
ML = + 2.25 + 8.745
4

= 18.38 KN/m
6×(6.5+1)
PO = + 2.25 + 8.745
4

= 19.995 KN/m
3.06×6.5
ON = + 2.25 + 8.745
3.5

= 16.68 KN/m
3.06 ×(6.5+1)
MN = + 2.25 +8.745
3.5

= 17.55KN/m

For terrace level:-

6×5.75
AB = + 2.25 + 8.745
5

17.895 KN/m
3.06×5.75
BC = + 2.25 + 8.745
5

= 16.02 KN/m
3.06×5.75
CD = + 2.25 + 8.745
3.5

= 16.002 KN/m

14
Left side (W’)
4×5.75
AH = + 0+2.25
4

=8KN/m

Right side
1×5.75
AQ (W₂) = + 0 + 2.25
2

= 5.125

Load on SR = load from staircase

= 3.42 × 1.5 × 0.2 × 2.5

= 25.65 KN
(6+6)×7.25
GH = +2.25+8.745
5

=28.395KN/m
(3.94+4)×7.25
GB = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.39KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×7.25
FC = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.28KN/m
3.94×7.25
ED = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.14KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×7.25
FG = +2.25+8.745
4

=22.09KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×7.25
EF = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=18.245KN/m
4×7.25
HI = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.245KN/m
15
 (4+3.94)×7.25
GJ = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.39KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×7.25
FK = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.28KN/m
3.94×7.25
EL = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.14KN/m
(6+6)×7.25
IJ = +2.25+8.745
5

=28.4KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×7.25
KJ = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=23.67KN/m
(3.06+3.06)×7.25
LK = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=23.67KN/m
4×7.25
PI = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.245KN/m
(4+3.94)×7.25
OJ = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.39KN/m
(3.94+3.94)×7.25
NK = +2.25+8.745
4

=25.28KN/m
3.94×7.25
ML = +2.25+8.745
4

=18.14KN/m
6×7.25
PO = +2.25+8.745
5

=19.695KN/m

16
 3.06×7.25
ON = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=17.33KN/m
3.06×7.25
MN = +2.25+8.745
3.5

=17.33KN/m

17
KANI’S ROTATIONS CONTRIBUTION METHOD CHAPTER 3

(a) LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM IN BEAM (SECTION-ABCD) X-Direction:

Fixed End Moment :( Roof);

𝑊𝐿² 19.695×(3.5)²
FEMᴀв = = =20.10KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMвᴀ= - =-20.10KNm
12

𝑊𝐿² 17.335×(3.5)²
FEMвc= = =17.7KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMcв= - = -17.7KNm
12

𝑊𝐿² 17.335×(5)²
FEMcᴅ= = =36.11KNm
12 12

18
FEMᴅc= -36.11KNm

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL:
𝑊𝐿² 18.795×(3.5)²
FEMᴀв = = =19.19KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMвᴀ= - =-19.19KNm
12

𝑊𝐿² 16.678×(3.5)²
FEMвc= = =17.02KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMcв= - = -17.02KNm
12

𝑊𝐿² 16.678×(5)²
FEMcᴅ= = =34.75KNm
12 12

FEMᴅc=-34.75KNm

(b) LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM IN BEAM :( Section EFGH);

19
Fixed End Moment :( Roof Level);
𝑊𝐿² 23.67×(3.5)²
FEMΕᴇϝ= = =24.16KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 22.09×(3.5)²
FEMϝᴇ= − =− =-24.16KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 28.395×(3.5)²
FEMϝԍ= = =22.55 KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMԍϝ=− =-22.55 KNm
12

𝑊𝐿² 28.395×(5)²
FEMϝн= = =59.16KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMнԍ=− =-59.16KNm
12

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL(X-Direction):
𝑊𝐿² 22.36×(3.5)²
FEMᴇϝ= = 0=22.83KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿²
FEMϝᴇ=- =-22.83KNm
12

FEMԍϝ=-22.83KNm
𝑊𝐿² 22.595×(5)²
FEMԍн= = =55.4KNm
12 12

FEMнԍ=-55.4KN/m

20
(c) LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM :( Section DELM) (Y-Direction);

Fixed End moment (Roof level):

𝑊𝐿² 18.14×4²
FEMᴅᴇ= = =24.187KNm
12 12

FEMᴇᴅ=-24.187KNm
𝑊𝐿² 18.14×4²
FEMᴇι= = =24.187KNm
12 12

FEMιᴇ=-24.187KNm

FEMιm =24.187KNm

FEMmι=-24.187KNm

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL:
𝑊𝐿² 17.40×4²
FEMᴅᴇ= = =23.21KNm
12 12

21
FEMᴇᴅ=-23.21KN/m
𝑊𝐿² 17.398×4²
FEMᴇι= = =23.20KNm
12 12

FEMιᴇ=-23.20KN/m
𝑊𝐿² 18.38×4²
FEMιm= = =24.51KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 18.38×4²
FEMmι=- =− =-24.51KNm
12 12

(d) LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM IN BEAMS :( Section CFKN) (Y-

Direction)

Fixed End moment (Roof level):

𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
FEMcϝ= = =33.7KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
FEMϝc=- = =-33.7KNm
12 12

22
 𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
FEMϝk= = =33.7KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
EMkϝ = = =-33.7KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
FEMƙɴ= = =33.7KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 25.28×4²
FEMɴƙ= - = =-33.7KNm
12 12

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL:
𝑊𝐿² 23.8×4²
FEMcϝ== = =31.73KNm
12 12

𝑊𝐿² 23.8×4²
FEMϝc=− =− =-31.73KNm
12 12

FEMϝƙ= 31.73KNm

FEMƙϝ= -31.73KNm
𝑊𝐿² 25.77×4²
FEMƙɴ= = =34.36KNm
12 12

FEMɴƙ=-34.36KNm

DISPLACEMENT FACTOR:-

STOREY VERTICAL RELATIVE TOTAL RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT

MEMBER STIFFNESS STIFFNESS FACTOR

I I 3
9 - 13 = -2 × 1/4 = -0.375
L 5.3

I 3
-2 x1/4 = -0.375
10 – 14 5.3
Ground storey
I 4I
3
11 – 15 5.3 5.3 -2 × 1/4 = -0.375

12 - 16 I 3
-2 x1/4 = -0.375
5.3
3
-2 × 1/4 = -0.375
5-9 I
3.3 3
-2 x1/4 = -0.375
2nd storey 6-10 I
3.3 4I
3
3.3 -2 × 1/4 = -0.375

23
 7-11 I
3
3.3 -2 x1/4 = -0.375

8-12 I
3.3
3
-2 × 1/4 = -0.375
1-5 I I
= 3.3
2
3
4I -2 x1/4 = -0.375
2-6 I
Roof 3rd Storey 3.3
3.3
3-7
3
I -2 × 1/4 = -0.375
3.3
4-8 3
-2 x1/4 = -0.375
I
3.3

KANI’S ROTATION CONTRIBUTION METHOD:-

JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL DISTRIBUTION ROTATIONAL

STIFFNESS (K) RELATIVE K FACTOR
FACTOR ( ∈K)
STIFFNESS𝜖𝐾 K
V= ∈K( -1/2)

1-5 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.514 -0.257

L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴
1 3.98 × 10‾⁴
I 6.75×10‾⁴
0.486 -0.243
1-2 L
= 3.5
=1.93× 10‾⁴

2–6 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.346 -0.173

L
= 3.3
2
=2.04× 10‾⁴
2–3
I 6.75×10‾⁴
5.9× 10‾⁴
2-1 = 0.327 -0.163
L 3.5
=1.93× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.327 -0.1635

L
= 3.5
=1.93× 10‾⁴

3–7 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.383 -0.1915

L
= 3.5

24
 =2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.5
3–4 5.32× 10‾⁴ 0.254 -0.127
=1.35× 10‾⁴
3
I 6.75×10‾⁴
3–2 L
= 5
=1.93× 10‾⁴ 0.363 -0.1815

4–8 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.6029 -0.3014

L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴
4 I 6.75×10‾⁴
3.4× 10‾⁴
4–3 L
= 5 0.397 -0.198
=1.35× 10‾⁴

5–9 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.340 -0.170

L
= 3.5
=2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
0.320 -0.160
5 5–6 =
L 3.5
=1.35× 10‾⁴ 6.01× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.340 -0.170

L
= 5
5-1
=1.93× 10‾⁴

6 – 10 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.257 - 0.1285

L
= 3.5
=2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
-0.1215
6 -7 L
= 3.5 0.243
6 =1.93× 10‾⁴
6.01× 10‾⁴
6–5 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 5 0.243 -0.1215
=1.35× 10‾⁴
6–2 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.5
=2.04× 10‾⁴ 0.257 -0.1285

7–8 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.183 -0.0915

L
= 5
=1.35× 10‾⁴
7–6 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.5 0.262 -0.131
=1.93× 10‾⁴
7
7–3 I
=
6.75×10‾⁴ 7.36× 10‾⁴
L 3.3 0.277 -0.138
=2.04× 10‾⁴

25
 I 6.75×10‾⁴ -0.138
L
= 3.5
7- 11 0.277
=2.04× 10‾⁴

8 – 12 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.376 -0.188

L
= 3.5
=2.04× 10‾⁴
8–7 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 5 0.249 -0.1245
8 =1.35× 10‾⁴ 5.43× 10‾⁴

8–4 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.3 0.376 -0.188
=2.04× 10‾⁴

9–5 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.339 -0.1945

L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
0.368 -0.184
9 9 – 10 =
L 3.5
=1.93× 10‾⁴ 5.24× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.242 -0.121

L
= 5.3
9 – 13
=1.27× 10‾⁴

10 -11 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.269 -0.1345

=
L 3.5
=1.93× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
10 10 – 9 L
= 3.5 0.269 -0.1345
=1.93× 10‾⁴
7.17× 10‾⁴
10 – 6 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.285 -0.1425
L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
10 - 14 L
= 5.3 0.177 -0.0885
=1.27× 10‾⁴

11 11 – 12 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.225 -0.1025

L
= 5
=1.35× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
6.59× 10‾⁴
11 – 10 L
= 3.5 0.293 -0.1465
=1.93× 10‾⁴

11 – 15 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 5.3 0.193 -0.965
=1.27× 10‾⁴

26
 11 – 7 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.3 0.310 -0.155
=2.04× 10‾⁴

12 12 – 11 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.290 -0.145

L
= 5
=1.35× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
12 – 8 L
= 3.3 4.66× 10‾⁴ 0.438 -0.219
=2.04× 10‾⁴
12 – 16
I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 5.3 0.273 -0.1365
=1.27× 10‾⁴

9 – 13 I 6.75×10‾⁴ 0.250 -0.125

L
= 5.3
=1.27× 10‾⁴
GF
I 6.75×10‾⁴
10 – 14 L
= 5.3 0.250 -0.125
=1.27× 10‾⁴

11 – 15 I
=
6.75×10‾⁴ 5.08× 10‾⁴
L 5.3 0.250 -0.125
=1.27× 10‾⁴
12 – 16 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 5.3
=1.27× 10‾⁴

1ST AND 2ND 5 -9 I

=
6.75×10‾⁴ 0.250 -0.125
FLOOR L 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴

I 6.75×10‾⁴
6 – 10 L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴ 0.250 -0.125
8.16× 10‾⁴
7 – 11 I 6.75×10‾⁴
L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴
0.250 -0.125
I 6.75×10‾⁴
8 – 12 L
= 3.3
=2.04× 10‾⁴ 0.250 -0.125

27
28
Displacement contribution for section ABCD

29
30
 FOR SECTION ABCD;

FINAL END MOMENTS: (Horizontal member)

M ₁₋₂ =20.10-4.52-4.52+2.12 =13.18KNm

M ₂₋₁ =-2.4 + 2.12 +2.12 -4.52 =-2.68KN/m

M₂₋₃ = -2.4+ 2.12+2.12 – 4.44 =-2.6KN/m

M ₃₋₂= 18.41- 4.44-4.44+2.12 = 11.65KN/m

M ₃₋₄ = 18.41- 3.11-3.11+7.45 = 19.64KN/m

M ₄₋₃ = -36.11+ 7.45+ 7.45 -3.11 = -24.32KN/m

M ₅₋₆ = 19.19 -1.32 – 1.32 + 0.46 =17.01KN/m

M ₆₋₅ =-2.17 +0.46+0.46 -1.32 = -2.57KN/m

M ₆₋₇ = -2.17 +0.46+0.46 -1.31 = -2.56KN/m

M ₇₋₆ =17.73 – 1.31-1.31 + 0.46 =15.57KN/m

M ₇₋₈ =17.73-0.92 -0.92 +2.50 = 19.31KN/m

31
M ₈₋₇ = -34.75 +2.50+2.50-0.92 =-30.67KN/m

M ₉₋₁₀ =19.19 -4.93 -4.93 +0.28 = 9.61KN/m

M ₁₀₋₉ = -2.17 +0.28+0.28-4.93 =-6.62KN/m

M ₁₀₋₁₁ = -2.17+0.28+0.28-4.28 =-5.89KN/m

M₁₁₋₁₀ = 17.73 -4.28 -4.28 +0.28 =9.45KN/m

M ₁₁₋₁₂ = 17.73 -2.99- 2.99+ 3.69 = 15.44KN/m

M ₁₂₋₁₁ =-34.75 +3.69+3.69-2.99 =-30.36KN/m

FINAL END MOMENT FOR VERTICALS:-

M₁₋₅ = 0-4.79 -4.79 – 1.41 -2.08 = -13.07KN/m

M₅₋₁ =0- 1.41- 1.41-4.79-2.08 = -9.69KN/m

M₂₋₆ =0+ 2.25 +2.25+0.49- 2.08 =2.91KN/m

M ₆₋₂ =0 +0.49+ 0.49 +2.25 -2.08 = 1.15KN/m

M ₃₋₇ =0 – 4.69-0.49 -1.39 -2.08 =- 12.85KN/m

M ₇₋₃ = 0 -1.39 -1.39 -4.69 -2.08 =- 9.55KN/m

M ₄₋₈ =0 +3.77 +3.77 +11.31 -2.08 = 16.77KN/m

M ₈₋₄ = 0+ 3.77+3.77 +11.31 -2.08 =16.77KN/m

M ₅₋₉ =0-1.41 – 1.41 -5.22 +0.91 = -7.13KN/m

M ₉₋₅ = 0 -5.22 -5.22 -1.41 +0.91 = -10.94KN/m

M ₆₋₁₀ = 0 + 0.49 +0.49 +0.29 +0.91 =2.18 KN/m

M ₁₀₋₆ = 0 + 0.29 +0.29 +0.49 +0.91 =1.98KN/m

M ₇₋₁₁ = 0- 1.39 -1.39 -4.53 +0.91 = -6.4KN/m

32
M ₈₋₁₂ = O + 3.77 +3.77 + 5.57+ 0.91 = 14.02KN/m

M ₁₂₋₈ = 0 + 5.57 + 5.57 +3.77+0.91= 15.82 KN/m

M ₉₋₁₃ =0 -3.25 -3.25 +0 + 9.81 =3.31KN/m

M ₁₃₋₉ = 0+0+0-3.25 + 9.81 = 6.56KN/m

M ₁₀₋₁₄ = 0+ 1.82+1.82+0 +9.81 =13.45KN/m

M ₁₄₋₁₀ = 0+0+0+ 1.82+9.81 =11.63KN/m

M ₁₁₋₁₅ = 0 -28.19 -28.19 + 0+ 9.81 = -46.57KN/m

M ₁₅₋₁₁ =0 + 0+ 0 -28.19 +9.81 = -18.38KN/m

M ₁₂₋₁₆ = 0+ 3.47 +3.47 +9.81 = 16.75KN/m

M ₁₆₋₁₂ = 0 + 0+ 0 +3.47 +9.81 = 13.28KN/m

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀12 +𝑀₂₁

M ₁₋₂ = –
8 2

19.695 ×( 3.5)² 13.18+ 2.68

= -
8 2

= 22.16KNm

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₂₃+𝑀₃₂
M ₂₋₃ = –
8 2

17.335 ×( 3.5)² 2.6+ 11.65

= –
8 2

33
 = 19.42KNm

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₃₄+𝑀₄₃
M₃₋₄ = –
8 2

17.335×( 5)² 19.64+ 24.32

= –
8 2

= 32.19KNm

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₅₋₆+𝑀₆₅
M₅₋₆ = –
8 2

18.795×(3.5)² 17.01+ 2.57

= –
8 2

= 18.99KNm

34
 𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₆₋₇+𝑀₇₋₆
M₆₋₇ = –
8 2

16.678×(3.5)² 2.56+ 15.57

= – = 16.47KNm
8 2

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₇₋₈+𝑀₈₋₇
M₇₋₈ = –
8 2

16.678×(3.5)² 219.31+ 30.67

= –
8 2

= 27.13KNm

35
 𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₉₋₁₀+𝑀₁₀₋₉
M₉₋₁₀ = –
8 2

18.795×(3.5)² 9.61+ 6.62

= –
8 2

= 20.66KNm

𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₁₀₋₁₁+𝑀₁₁₋₁₀
M₁₀₋₁₁ = –
8 2

18.795×(3.5)² 5.89+ 9.45

= –
8 2

= 21.11KNm

36
 𝑤𝑙² 𝑀₁₁₋₁₂+𝑀₁₂₋₁₁
M₁₁₋₁₂ = –
8 2

16.67×(3.5)² 15.44+ 30.36

= –
8 2

= 29.22KNm

37
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF SECTION ( ABCD):

FIG:- BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF SECTION ( ABCD)

38
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN FOR SECTION ( ABCD):

39
V₁ + V₂ = 19.695 × 3.5 = 68.93KNm

Taking moment about ‘2’

(3.5)²
V₂ × 3.5 – 19.695 × + 13.18 – 2.68 = 0
2

V₂ = 31.46KN

V₁ =68.93 – 31.46

= 37.47KN

40
 32.93KNm
27.74KNm


 


V₂ + V₃ = 17.335 × 3.5 = 60.67KNm

Taking moment about ‘3’

(3.5)²
V₃ × 3.5 – 17.335 × + 11.65 – 2.6 = 0
2

V₃ =27.74KN

V₂ =60.67 -27.74

= 32.93KN

41
 17.335Nm

3
4
19.64KNm
-24.32KNm




44.27KN
42.405KN





V₃ + V₄= 17.335 × 5 = 86.675KN

Taking moment about ‘4’

(5)²
V₄ × 5 – 17.335 × + 19.64 – 24.32 = 0
2

V₄ =44.27KN

V₃ = 86.675- 44.27

= 42.405KN

V₅+ V₆= 18.795 × 3.5 = 65.78KN

Taking moment about ‘6’

42
 (3.5)²
V₆ × 3.5 – 18.795 × + 17.01 – 2.57 = 0
2

V₆= 28.77KN

V₅ = 65.78 – 28.77

= 37.01KN

V₆+ V₇= 16.678× 3.5 = 58.37KN

Taking moment about ‘V₇’

(3.5)²
V₇ × 3.5 –16.678× + 15.57 – 2.56 = 0
2

V₇= 25.47KN

V₆ = 58.37 -25.47

= 32.9KN

43
V₇+ V₈= 16.678× 5 = 83.38KN

Taking moment about ‘V₈’

(5)²
V₈ × 5 –16.678× 2
+ 19.31 – 30.67 = 0

V₈= 43.97KN

V₇ = 83.38 -43.97KN

= 39.42KN

44
V₉+ V₁₀= 18.795× 3.5 = 65.78KN

Taking moment about ‘V₁₀’

(3.5)²
V₁₀ × 3.5 –18.795× 2
+ 9.61 – 6.62 = 0

V₁₀= 32.04KN

V₉ = 65.78 -32.04

= 33.74KN

V₁₀+ V₁₁= 18.795× 3.5 = 65.78KN

Taking moment about ‘V₁₁’

(3.5)²
V₁₁ × 3.5 –18.795× 2
+ 9.45 – 5.89 = 0

V₁₁= 31.87KN

V₁₀ = 65.78 -31.87

= 33.91KN

45
V₁₁+ V₁₂= 16.678× 5 = 83.39KN

Taking moment about ‘V₁₂’

(5)²
V₁₂ × 5 –16.678× 2
+ 15.44– 30.36= 0

V₁₂= 44.68KN

V₁₁ = 83.39 -44.68

= 38.71KN

SHEAR FORCE DIRECTION FOR SECTION ( ABCD) X- DIRECTION:-

46
SEISMIC WEIGHT CALCULATION CHAPTER 4

ROOF LEVEL:-

Self weight of the column = ½ x wt. of column x height x no. of column

= ½ x 2.25 x 3.3 x 4
= 14.85KN

Self weight of longitudinal beam = self of weight of beam x length

= 25 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 12
= 27KN
Self weight of transverse beam = self of beam of beam x no. of beams
=25 x o.3 x 0.3 x (4/2 +4/2)

= 13.5KN
Self weight of longitudinal wall = ½ x self of wall x length

47
 = ½ x 8.745 x 12

= 52.47KN

Self weight of transverse wall = ½ x 8.745 x 4 x (4/2 + 4/2)

=67.8KN

Super imposed load = (area of slab / panel) x (DL + 25% LL)

= 198KN

Total Load = (14. 85 +27 + 13.5+ 52.47+ 67.8+ 198)

= 373.62KN

2nd FLOOR and 1st FLOOR:-

Self weight of the column = 14.85KN

Self weight of longitudinal beam = 27KN

Self weight of transverse beam = 13.5KN

Self weight of longitudinal wall = 52.47KN

Self weight of transverse wall = 67.8KN

Super imposed load = (4/2 +4/2)x 12 x ( 3.75 + 0.25 x 2)KN

= 204KN

Total weight = (14. 85 +27 + 13.5+ 52.47+ 67.8+ 204)

= 379.62KN

Total seismic load = 373.62 + 379.62 + 379.62

= 1132.86KN

Design of seismic base shear; from IS: 1893 (part) : 2002 ( cl. 6.4.2)

Ta = (0.09/ √𝑑)/h; Ta =( 0.09/√12)x 11.6

48
 = 0.301

For, Ta = 0.301

Sa/g = 2.50

Ah =zISa/2Rg =(0.24x 1 x 2.50) / (2 x 5)

= 0.060

Design base shear ;( cl.7.5.3)

𝑉в =Ah x W = 0.60 x 1132.86

=67.97KN

Vertical distribution of base ;( cl. 7.7.1)

𝑊𝑖ℎ𝑖²
Qi1 = 𝑉в
Ɛᵑᵢ₌1𝑊𝑗ℎ𝑗²

379.62 ×5.3²
= 67.97 x
379.62 ×5.3²+379.62×3.3²+373.62×3.3²

= 3.60 x 10‾³ x 379.62 x 5.3² KN

=38.39 KN

Qᵢ₂ = 3.60 x 10‾³ x 379.62 x 5.3²

= 14.88KN

Qᵢ3 = 3.60 x 10‾³ x 373.62 x 3.3²

= 14.65KN

49
Column shear:-

ROOF LEVEL:-

CALCULATION OF PORTAL METHOD:

P₃ + 2P₃ +2P₃ +P₃ =14.65KN

6P₃ = 14.65KN

P₃ =2.44KN

2nd Floor:-

p₂ + 2p₂ + 2p₂ + p₂ = 14.88+ 14.65 KN

6P₂ = 29.53KN

P₂ = 4.92KN

50
1st Floor:-

p₁ + 2p₁ + 2p₁ + p₁ = (4.92 + 38.39) KN

6P₁ = 43.31KN

P₁ = 7.22KN

Column moments:-

1. Top floor;
End moments at top and bottom = P₃ x 3.3/2
(M1-5) = 2.44 x 3.3/2
= 4.03KNm
Intermediate column = 2 x P₃ x 3.3/2
(M2-6) = 2 x 2.44 x 3.3/2
= 8.06 KNm

2. Intermediate floor;
End column (M₅‐₉) = P₂ x 3.3/2
= 4.92 x 3.3/2
= 8.12KNm
Intermediate column (M₆‐₁₀) = 2 x P₃ x 3.3/2
=16.24KNm

3. Ground floor;
End column (M₉‐₁₃) = P₁ x 3.3/2
= 7.22 x 3.3/2
= 11.91KNm
Intermediate column (M₁₀‐₁₄) = 2 x P₁ x 3.3/2
23.83KNm
M₁‐₂ =M₂‐₁ = 4.03KNm
M ₂‐₁ =M₂‐₃ = M₂‐₆
M ₂‐₃ =8.06 – 4.03
= 4.03KNm
= M3-2
M2-3 + M3-4 =M3-7
M3-4 = 8.06 – 4.03 = 4.03KNm =M4-3

Intermediate floor;
M5-6 = M1-5 + M5-9
51
 =4.03 + 8.12 = 12.15KNm =M6-5
M6-5 + M6-7 = M2-6 + M6-10
M6-7 = (8.06 + 16.24) -12.15
= 12.15KNm
M 7-8 = 12.15KNm
Ground floor:-
M 9-10 = M5-9 + M9-13
= 8.12 +11.91
= 20.03KNm
M10-11 = M11-12 = 20.03KNm
SHEAR IN BEAMS:-
Roof level;
2×4.03
SF 1-2 = = 2.3KN
3.5

2×4.03
SF 2-3 = = 2.3KN
3.5

2×4.03
SF 3-4 = = 1.6KN
5

Intermediate level;

2×12.15
SF 5-6 = = 6.94KN
3.5

2×12.15
SF 6-7 = = 6.94KN
3.5

2×12.15
SF7-8 = = 4.86KN
5
Ground level;

2×20.03
SF 9-10 = = 11.45KN
3.5

2×20.03
SF 10-11 = = 11.45KN
3.5

2×20.03
SF 11-12 = = 8.01KN
5

Axial shear force in column; Roof level

i. COLUMN
Column (1-5) =1-2 = 2.3KN
Column (5-6) = (1-2) – (2-5) =2.3 – 2.3 = 0
52
 Column (3-7 ) = (2-3) –(3-4) =2.3 – 1.6 =0.071KN
Column (4-8) =2.3KN
ii. INTERMEDIATE FLOOR;
Column (5-9) = (1-5) + (5-6) = 2.3 + 6.94 = 9.24KN
Column (6-10) = (2-6) + [(5-6) – (6-7)] =0 + (6.94 – 6.94) =0
Column (7-11) = (3-7) + [(6-7) – (7-8)] =0.7 + (6.94 -4.86) = 2.78KN
Column (8-12) = (7-8) + (4-8) = 4.86 + 2.3=7.16KN
iii. GROUND FLOOR:-
Col.( 9-13) =(5-9) +(9-10) = 9.24 + 11.45 = 20.69KN
Col.(10-14) =( 6-10) +[(9-10) –(10-11)] = 0 + ( 11.45 – 11.45) =0KN
Col.(11-15) = (7-11) + [(10-11) –(11-12)] = 2.78 + ( 11.45 – 8.01 ) =
6.22KN
Col.()12-16) =(8-12) +(11-12) = (7.16 + 8.01) KN

53
PORTAL ANALYSIS IN X-DIRECTION FOR SECTION ABCD:-

54
LOAD COMBINATION:-

55
DESIGN OF SLAB CHAPTER 5
R.C.SLAB:

One way slab: Slabs supported on two sides and bending take place in one direction
only is said to be span in one direction or one way slab.

Two way slabs: Slabs supported on all four sides and bending take place in two
directions are said to be span in two directions or two way slab.

Continuous slab: Slabs supported on three or more supports in line are known as
continuous slab.

Restrained slab: The corners of slab are restrained by providing extra steel at corners,
which requires less depth and steel along their edges.

Unrestrained slab: The corners are not restrained by providing extra steel at the
corners, in this slab more depth and steel is required as compared to held down slab.

THICKNESS CRITERIA:

Minimum thickness or span depth ratio areas follows;

Simply supported slabs

i. Slab spanning in one direction (one way slab) 1/20

ii. Slab spanning in two direction (two way slab) 1/26 of shorter direction.

Continuous slabs

i. Slab spanning in one direction 1/26

ii. Slab spanning in two directions (two way slab) 1/32 of short sides

Cantilever slab;

Span depth ratio is 1/7

MAXIMUM SPACING OF BAR (whichever is less)

i. Main bars not more than 3 times effective depth or 300mm.

ii. Distribution bars not more than 5 times depth or 450mm.

BAR DIAMETER (minimum)

i. Main bars must not be smaller than 8mm in diameter.

ii. Top bars can support by Z shape stools or chairs.

BAR DIAMETER (maximum)

56
The bar diameter of used in slab shall not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness of slab.

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS:

This can be achieved by:-

i. Reducing column or wall spacing

ii. Spanning main beam in shorter direction
iii. Making end spans shorter.

DESIGN OF SLAB FOR INTERMEDATE FLOOR:

DESIGN OF SLAB; For room size 4000 x 5000

fy =415N/mm², fck = 25N/mm²

Clear span, Lx =4000mm=4m, Ly = 5000mm =5m

𝐿𝑦 5
= =1.25 < 2
𝐿𝑥 4

.·. We design as two way slab.

i) Depth of slab;
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
As the span is more than 3.5m, adopt ratio of 25.
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

4000
Therefore, Depth = =160mm.
25

Adopt effective depth (d) = 145mm

Overall depth (D) =170mm

ii) Effective span;

Effective span (L) = (clear span + effective depth)

= 4.00+ 0.145

=4.145m

iii) Loads;

Self weight of slab = D x 25

57
 = 0.17 x 25

=4.25KN/m²

Live load = 2KN/m²

Floor finish = 1.5KN/m

.·. Total load = (4.25 +2+1.5) =7.75KN/m²

.·. Design ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5×7.75 =11.625 KN/m²

iv) Ultimate design moments and shear forces.

Table -26, IS: 456:2000 (case-4)

∝𝑋 5
= = 1.25
∝𝑌 4

Negative moments at continuous edge

0.060+𝑜.𝑜65
∝x = = o.0625
2

0.045+𝑜.𝑜49
∝y = =0.047
2

Positive moments at mid- span

0.045+𝑜.𝑜49
∝x = =0.047
2

∝y = 0.035

a) Span along shorter direction;

Negative moments at continuous edge

Mx (-ve) = ∝x Wu L²

= 0.0625 × 11.625 × (4.145)²

=12.48KN.m

Positive moments at mid –span

Mx(+ve) = ∝x Wu L²

= 0.047 × 11.625 × (4.145)²

58
 = 9.39KN.m

b) Span along longer direction

Negative moments at continuous edge

My (-ve) = ∝y Wu L²

= 0.047 × 14.17 × (4.145)²

=11.44KN.m

Mx (+ve) = ∝y WuL²

= 0.035 × 14.17 × (4.145)²

= 8.50KN.m

v) Check for depth (IS: 456:2000) Annex G.1.1

Mmax = 0.138fck b d²

12.48 ×10⁶
d=√ =60.14mm < 140mm
𝑜.138×25×10³

Hence, the available effective depth is safe.

vi) Reinforcements (short and long span): AnnexnG.1.1. (IS: 456:2000)

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

250𝐴𝑠𝑡
12.48× 10⁶ =0.87× 415× 145 Ast (1- )
10³×145×25

12.48× 10⁶ =31537.5Ast – 2.175Ast²

Ast= 407.15mm²

Adopt 12mmɸbar.
𝜋
Aɸ = × 12² =113mm²
4

10³×𝐴ɸ 10³×113
Spacing of bar (s) = = = 277.5mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 407.15

Provide 12mmɸbars@270mm c/c

LONG SPAN:
59
Effective depth (d) = 145 – 12 = 133mm
250𝐴𝑠𝑡
11.44× 10⁶ =0.87× 415× 133 Ast (1- )
10³×133×25

11.44× 10⁶= 28927.5Ast -2.175 Ast²

Ast = 407.9mm²

≅408mm²

Adopt 12mmɸbar, Aɸ =113mm²

10³×𝐴ɸ 10³×113
Spacing of bar = = =276.9mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 408

Provide 12mm ɸ bar @270mmc/c.

Vii) Check for cracking

a) Steel provided is more than the minimum percentage of 0.12%

b) Spacing of main steel <3d = 3×145 = 435mm
c) Diameter of reinforcement <D/8 =170/8 =21.25mm

Hence cracks will be within the permissible limits as per the specifications of IS: 456-
2000

Viii) Torsion reinforcement at corners;

Area of reinforcement in each four layers,

=0.75 × 407 =305.25mm²

Distance over which torsion reinforcement is provided

1
= ×short span
5

1
= × 4000
5

= 800mm

Provided 6mmɸbars @ 80mm c/c for a length of 800mm at four corners in four layers

ix) Reinforcement in edge strips;

60
 Ast =0.12% of cross section area

= 0.0012×10³×170

= 204mm²

Provided 10mmɸ bars @ 380mm c/c (Ast =205mm²) in all edge strips

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS TWO WAY SLAB OF FIGURE IS GIVEN

BELOW:- (all dimension are in MM)

61
DESIGN OF SLAB FOR INTERMEDATE FLOOR:

CALCULATION:-

DESIGN OF SLAB; for room size 4000 x 3000

fy =415N/mm², fck = 25N/mm²

Clear span, Lx =3000mm=3m, Ly = 4000mm =4m

𝐿𝑦 4
= =1.33 < 2
𝐿𝑥 3

.·. We design as two way slab.

i) Depth of slab; IS 456:2000 (Cl.24.1)

𝐿𝑥
=35×0.8
𝑑

3000
d= = 107.14mm
35×0.8

Adopt effective depth (d) = 125mm

Overall depth (D) =150mm

ii) Effective span;

Effective span (L) = (clear span + effective depth)

= 3.00+ 0.125

=3.125mm

iii) Loads;

Self weight of slab = D x 25

= 0.150 x 25

=3.75KN/m²

Live load = 2KN/m²

Dead load (g) = 3.625 KN/m²

Floor finish = 1.5KN/m

.·. Total load = (3.625+2+1.5) =7.25KN/m²

62
.·. Design ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5×7.25 =10.875KN/m²

iv) Ultimate design moments and shear forces.

Table -26, IS: 456:2000 (case-4)

𝐿𝑦 4
= = 1.33
𝐿𝑥 3

Negative moments at continuous edge

0.060+𝑜.𝑜65
∝x = = o.0625
2

0.045+𝑜.𝑜49
∝y = =0.047
2

Positive moments at mid- span

0.045+𝑜.𝑜49
∝x = =0.047
2

∝y = 0.035

a) Span along shorter direction;

Negative moments at continuous edge

Mx (-ve) = Wu∝x L²

= 0.0625 × 10.875× (3.12)²

=6.88KN.m

Positive moments at mid –span

Mx(+ve) = ∝x Wu L²

= 0.049 × 10.875× (3.12)²

= 5.18KN.m

b) Span along longer direction

Negative moments at continuous edge

My (-ve) = ∝y Wu L²

= 0.047 × 10.875× (3.12)²

63
 =4.97 KN.m

Mx (+ve) = ∝y WuL²

= 0.035 ×10.875× (3.12)²

= 3.71 KNm

v) Check for depth (IS: 456:2000) Annex G.1.1

Mmax = 0.138fck b d²

6.88×10⁶
d=√ =44.26mm < 120mm
𝑜.138×25×10³

Hence, the available effective depth is safe.

vi) Reinforcements (short and long span): AnnexnG.1.1. (IS: 456:2000)

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

250𝐴𝑠𝑡
6.88× 10⁶ =0.87× 415× 125 Ast (1- )
10³×125×25

6.88× 10⁶ =26100Ast – 2.175Ast²

Ast= 264.85mm²

Adopt 12mmɸbar.
𝜋
Aɸ = × 12² =113mm²
4

10³×Aɸ 10³×113
Spacing of bar (s) = = =426.66mm
Ast 264.85

Provide 12mmɸbars@300mm c/c

LONG SPAN:

Effective depth (d) = 125 – 12 = 113mm

250Ast
4.97× 10⁶ =0.87× 415× 113 Ast (1- )
10³×113×25

4.97× 10⁶= 23490Ast -2.175 Ast²

Ast = 204.3mm²

64
 ≅ 205mm²

Adopt 12mmɸbar, Aɸ =113mm²

10³×Aɸ 10³×113
Spacing of bar = = =551mm
Ast 205

Spacing of main steel < 3d = 3×108 =324mm

.·. Provide 12mm ɸ bar @270mmc/c.

Vii) Check for cracking

a) Steel provided is more than the minimum percentage of 0.12%

b) Spacing of main steel <3d = 3×120 = 360mm
c) Diameter of reinforcement <D/8 =145/8 =18.12mm

Hence cracks will be within the permissible limits as per the specifications of IS: 456-
2000

Viii) Torsion reinforcement at corners;

Area of reinforcement in each four layers,

=0.75 × 205 =153.75mm²

Distance over which torsion reinforcement is provided

1
= ×short span
5

1
= × 3000
5

= 600mm

.·. Provided 6mmɸbars @ 60mm c/c for a length of 600mm at four corners in four
layers

ix) Reinforcement in edge strips;

Ast =0.12% of cross section area

= 0.0012×10³×150

= 180mm²

65
Provided 10mmɸ bars @ 380mm c/c (Ast =180mm²) in all edge strips

FIG: - REINFORCEMENT DETAILS TWO- WAY SLAB

With provisions of torsion at corners (all dimensions are in mm)

66
DESIGN OF BEAM CHAPTER 6
Beams are generally used to transfer floor loads to columns and are carrying
transverse loading.

TYPES OF BEAM:

a) According to shape:
Rectangular, T and L, Haunches, Cranked, circular, etc
b) According to supporting conditions:
Simply supported, Fixed, Continuous and Cantilever beams
c) According to reinforcement:
Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced

SIZE OF BEAM:

Satisfy certain span/depth ratio and width ratio.

R.C.C.COLUMN AND FOOTING:

Columns are axial compression member whose length is more than three times its
least lateral dimension. Column are reinforced with longitudinal bars are to resist
compression and bending; the horizontal reinforcement is provided in the forms of ties
or resist bursting of concrete.
SHAPES OF COLUMN;
Square, circular, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal or any other
shape as required for structural and architectural appearance can be adopted.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS;
1. Based on dimension
a) Short column: The slenderness ratio (L/D) is less than 12.
b) Long column: The slenderness ratio (L/D) is more than 12
2. Based on reinforcement
a) Tied column: The main longitudinal steel is enclosed with lateral ties or
rings.
b) Spiral column: The main longitudinal steel bars are enclosed with
closely spaced and continuous spiral ties.

3. Based on type of loading

a) Axial loading

b) Uniaxial eccentric loading

c) Biaxial eccentric loading
67
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION:
1. Keeping standard formwork size of column
2. Keeping cross section constant over at least two floor levels
3. Using rich concrete mix i.e. M20 and above
4. Keeping shape simple and symmetrical
5. Minimum cover shall be 40mm to all steel reinforcement including links.

DESIGN OF PLINTH BEAM:-

Data :- Support width= 300 x 300 mm

fck = 25N/mm²

Clear span = 3.5m

σst = 140N/mm²

Width of the beam =b =300mm

i) Effective depth:

Adopt span /depth ratio of 15

3500
d= = 233.33mm
15

Adopt effective depth (d) = 250mm

Overall depth (D) =300mm

ii) Effective span;

L =Distance between centre of supports

= 3 + .3/2 + .3/2

=3.3m

Or L =clear span + effective depth

= 3 +0.25

=3.25m

.·. Effective span ‘L’ = 3.25m

iii) Loads;

68
Self weight of beam = 0.3x 0.3x 25

=2.25KN/m²

Weights of brick masonry = (0.75 x 1 x 22) =2.75 KN/m²

Live load = 2 KN/m²

Floor finish = 0.75KN/ m²

Total overall load = 7.75KN/m²

.·. Ultimate design load (Wu) = 1.5 x 7.75

= 11.625KN/ m²

iv) Bending moments and shear forces;

Mu = 0.125Wu L²

= 0125 x 11.625 x 3.25²

= 15.35KNm

Vu = 0.5WuL

= 0.5 x 11.625 x 3.25

= 18.89KN

V) Limiting moments of resistance

Mulim =0.138 fck bd²

=0.138 x 25 x 300 x 250² x10‾⁶

= 64.68KN.m

Mu < Mulim , section is under einforced

Vi) Tension reinforcement;

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

15.35 x 10⁶ = 0.87Ast x 250 x 250 x [1- Ast 250/(300 x250 x 25)

15.35 x 10⁶ =54375Ast -7.25Ast²

69
Ast = 293.8mm²

Using 12mmɸbar required,

𝜋
Aɸ = × 12² = 113.09mm²
4

No. of 16mmɸbar required = 294/113.09 =2.59 ≅ 3 nos

Provided 3nos of 12mmɸbars ( Ast =340 mm²)

Viii) Check for shear;

𝑉𝑢 18.89×10³
Zv = = =0.25N/mm²
𝑏𝑑 300×250

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×340
Pt = = = 0.45
𝑏𝑑 300×250

From table -19 of IS: 456- 2000, corresponding to Pt =0.45

Zc = 0.48 N/mm² > Zv

.·. Nominal shear reinforcement are provided using 6mmɸ legged stirrups

Sv = ( Asv o.87fy / 0.4 b )

= (2 𝜋 x 6² x 0.87x250)/( 0.4) x 300

= 409.9

But spacing Sv ≮ 0.75 xd = 187.5mm

Adopt 6mmɸ legged stirrups @ 120mm c/c near supports gradually increasing to

180mm towards the centre of the span.

70
 3nos
6mmØ@300mm
c/c

4nos of
20mmØ
 

3500mm 
 6mmØ180mmc/c

300mm 300mm

DESIGN OF SLAB BEAM:-

Data: - Width support = 300 x 300

fy =250N/mm², fck = 25N/mm²

71
 Clear span = 3.5m

Total dead load ( g) = 9 KN/m²

Live load (q) = 2 KN/m²

i) Cross sectional dimension; IS 456:2000

Adopt span /depth ratio of 15

3500
.·. d = 15
= 233.33mm

Adopt effective depth (d) = 250mm

Overall depth (D) =300mm

ii) Effective span;

L = clear span + effective depth

= 3.5 + 0.25

=3.75m

Or, L =Distance between centre of supports

= 3.5 + 0.3/2 + 0.3/2

=3.8m

.·. Effective span ‘L’ = 3.75m

iii) Loads;

Self weight of beam = 0.3x 0.3x 25

=2.25KN/m²

Self weight of slab = (0.15 x 1 x 25)

=3.75 KN/m²

Live load = 2 KN/m²

Floor finish = 0.75KN/ m²

Total overall load = 7.75KN/m²

.·. Ultimate design load (Wu) = 1.5 x 7.75

= 11.625KN/ m²

72
iv) Bending moments and shear forces;

(From table 12 and 13 of IS: 456-2000)

Negative moment at interior supports

Mu (-ve) = 1.5[(gL²/10)+(qL²/9)]

=1.5[ 7.5×(3.75)²/10 + 2 ×(3.75)²/9 ]

=20.50KN.m

Maximum positive moments at centre of span

Mu(+ve) = 1.5[(gL²/12)+(qL²/10)]

= 1.5[7.5×(3.75)²/12 + 2×(3.75)²/10]

= 17.40KN.m

Maximum shear force at the support section is computed as

Vu = (1.5× .6) (g+ q) L

= (1.5× .6)(7.5 +2) 3.75

= 32.06KN

V) Limiting moments of resistance

Mulim =0.138 fck bd²

=0.138 x 25 x 300 x 250² x10‾⁶

= 64.68KN.m

Mu < Mulim , section is under einforced

Vi) Main reinforcement;(IS :456:2000) Annex G(1.1)

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

20.50x 10⁶ = 0.87Ast x415x 250 x [1- Ast 415/(300 x250 x 25)]

20.50x 10⁶ =90262.5Ast -19.97Ast²

Ast = 239.8mm²≅ 240 mm²

Using 12mmɸbar required,

73
 𝜋
Aɸ = 4
× 12² = 113.09mm²

No. of 12mmɸbar required = 240/113 =2.13 ≅ 3 nos

Provided 3nos of 12mmɸbars ( Ast =339mm²) at the top of tension face near support. Also, Ast for
+ve moments of 17.40x10⁶ =201.77mm

Provided 4nos of 10mmɸbars ( Ast =314.2mm²) at the bottom tension face.

Viii) Shear reinforcement;

𝑉𝑢 32.06×10³
Zv =𝑏𝑑 = 300×250
=0.43N/mm²

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×314.2
Pt = 𝑏𝑑
= 300×250
= 0.42

From table -19 of IS: 456- 2000, corresponding to Pt =0.42

Zc = 0.46 N/mm² > Zv

.·. Nominal shear reinforcement are provided using 8 mmɸ legged stirrups

Sv = (o.87fy Asv / 0.4 b )

= (2 𝜋 x 8² x 0.87x415)/( 0.4) x 300

= 1209.89mm

But spacing Sv ≮ 0.75 xd = 187.5mm

Adopt 8 mm ɸ 2 legged stirrups @ 120mm c/c near supports gradually increasing to 180mm towards

the centre of the span.

iX) Check for development length;

Ld =( ɸ x 0.87fy/4Zbd x 1.6)

= ( 12 x 0.87 x 415 / 4 x 1.4 x 1.6)

= 483.5mm

74
75
DESIGN OF LINTEL CHAPTER 7
A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across an opening to support
the portion of the structure above it. The function of the lintel is just the same as that
of an arch or a beam. However the lintels are easy and simple construction.

The ends of lintels are built into the masonry and the load carried by lintels is
transferred to the masonry in jambs. At present, th lintels of R.C.C. are widely used to
support the structures above the openings of doors and windows, etc. in a structure.

Materials for construction of lintels:-

I. Wood or timber lintels

II. Stone lintels
III. Bricks lintels
IV. Steel lintels
V. Reinforced cement concrete lintels

Reinforced cement concrete lintels:-

These lintels consist of reinforced cement concrete and they have replaced
practically all other materials for the lintels. The R.C.C. lintels are fire – proof,
durable, strong, economical and easy to construct. The usual concrete mix for R.C.C.
lintel is 1: 2: 4 i.e. 1 part of cement, 2 parts of cement and 4part of aggregates by
volume. The amount of reinforcement depends on the span of lintel, width of opening
and the total load to be supported by the lintel.

DESIGN OF LINTEL (1ST FLOOR Y - DIRECTION):-

1) Data: -

Door dimension = 2.10 x 1.20 m

The wall length on either side of the door = 2.8m

Height of room above the lintel = 1.2m

Thickness of wall = 125mm

Room dimension = 4000 x 5000

Grade concrete = M20

fy =415N/mm², fck = 25N/mm²

76
 σst =125N/mm² ; σ=7 N/mm²

k = 0.40; j = 0.86; Q =1.29

2) Depth of lintel:

Adopt span /depth ratio of 15

2100
.·. d = = 175mm
12

Provide overall depth = 200mm

Provide clear cover of 25mm and using 10mm ɸ bar.

Effective depth (d) = 200 – 25 – 5 =170mm

3) Effective span;

L = clear span + effective depth

= 2.1+ 0.145

=2.245m

Or, L =Distance between centre of supports

= 2.1 + 0.3/2 + 0.3/2

=2.40m

.·. Effective span ‘L’ = 2.245m

3) Loads;

Self weight of lintel = 0.175x 0.125x 25

=0.55KN/m²

Weight of bricks masonry = (0.125 x 1.1 x 19.0)

=2.613 KN/m²

Dead load = 3.75KN/m²

77
Floor finish = 0.75KN/ m²

Total dead load (w) = 7.66KN/m²

.·. Ultimate design load (Wu) = 1.5 x 7.66

= 11.49KN/ m²

5) Bending moments and shear forces;

Mu (-ve) = Wu L²/10

= 11.49 x 2.245²/10

= 5,79KNm

Vu = 0.6 Wu L

=0.6 x 1.49 x 2.245

= 15.48KN

6) Check for depth:

Mu max = Qbd²

10−6
d = √5.79 x x 125
1.29

= 169mm<170mm

Hence, the available effective depth is safe.

7) Limiting moments of resistance

Mulim =0.138 fck bd²

=(0.138 x 25 x 125 x 170² )x10‾⁶

= 12.46KN.m

Mu < Mulim , section is under einforced

8) Main reinforcement ;(IS :456:2000) Annex G(1.1)

Mu 5.79 ×10⁶
Ast = = = 316.82mm²
j d σst 0.86 ×170 ×125

78
Using 10mmɸbar required,
𝜋
Aɸ = × 10² = 78.5mm²≅79mm²
4

No. of 12mmɸbar required = 316/79=4 nos

Provided 4nos of 10mmɸbars (Ast =316mm²) at tension face

9) Check for Shear reinforcement;

𝑉𝑢 15.48×10³
Zv = = =0.71N/mm²
𝑏𝑑 125×170

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×316
Pt = = = 1.49
𝑏𝑑 125×170

From table -19 of IS: 456- 2000, corresponding to Pt =1.49

Zc = 0.72N/mm² > Zv

Hence, it is safe against shear.

10) minimum shear reinforced :

Using 6 mm ɸ 2 legged stirrups

Sv = (o.87fy Asv / 0.4 b )

= (2 x 28 x 0.87x415)/( 0.4) x 300

= 404mm

But spacing Sv ≮ 0.75 xd = 187.5mm

Adopt 6mm ɸ 2 legged stirrups @ 120mm c/c near supports gradually increasing to

180mm towards the centre of the span.

79
80
DESIGN OF STAIRS CHAPTER 8

DESIGN OF STAIRS (Ground level):

1) DATA:-

Type of staircase is dog –legged with waist slab and two flights.

Height of building = 5.3m

.·. Height of the flight = 5.3/2 = 2.65m

Riser (R) = 190mm (assumed)

No. of riser required in each flight = 2650/190 =13.96 ≅ 14nos.

.·. No. of threads in flight =14 – 1 =13nos

Thread of the steps (T) = 300mm

Width of the stair = 1.5m

fck =25N/mm²

fy = 415 N/mm²

2) Effective span:

L = (No.of riser x tread) + width of stairs

= (14x 300) +1500

=5700mm

3) Thickness of waist slab:

= span /20

= 5700/20

= 285mm

81
4) Loads;

i) Dead load of slab (on slope) = Ws = (0.285 x 1 x 25) = 7.125KN/m

ii) Dead load of slab (horizontal span) = (W) = (Wu√𝑅² + 0.3²)/0.3

= (7.125√0.19² + 0.3²)/0.3
= 4.81KN/m²
iii) Dead load of one step = (½ × 𝑅 × 𝑇 × 25)
= (½ × 0.19 × 0.3 × 25)
= 0.7125KN/m²
iv) Loads of step per meter length = 0.7125 × 1000/300
= 2.375KN/m
v) Finishes = 0.75 KN/m²
.·. Total dead load = (4.81 + 2.375 + 0.75)
=7.935 KN/m²
vi) Live load = 2 KN/m²
Total seismic load (W) = 9.935 KN/m²
Total ultimate load (wu) = (1.5× 9.935) KN/m²
= 14.90KN/m²

5) Bending moments;

Maximum B.M at centre of span (Mu) = 0.125Wu L²

= 0.125 × 14.90 × ( 5.7)²

= 60.51KNm

6) Check for depth of waist slab: [ IS: 456-2000 Annex G.1.1.( c)]

𝑀𝑢
d=√ 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏

= √60.51 × 106 /0.138 × 25 × 1000

= 132.43mm

Assuming a clear cover of 20mm and using 12mmɸbars.

Effective depth‘d’ = t -20 – 6

= 300 -20 -6

= 274mm > 132.43mm

Hence, the effective depth provided is safe.

82
7) Reinforcements; [IS: 456-2000 Annex G.1.1.(b)]

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

60.51x 10⁶ = 0.87Ast x415x 274x [1- Ast 415/(1000 x274 x 25)]

60.51x 10⁶ = 989275Ast – 5.99Ast²

Ast = 636.16mm²

Using 12mmɸbar required,

𝜋
Aɸ = × 12² = 133mm²
4

1000×133
Spacing = = 200.55
636.16

Provided 12mmɸbar @ 170mm c/c as reinforcement

8) Distribution reinforcement;

= 0.12 % of cross section area

= 0.0012 × 1000 × 300

= 360mm²

Using 8 mmɸbars
𝜋
Aɸ = × 8² = 50mm²
4

1000×50
Spacing = = 138.88mm
360

Provided 8mmɸbar @ 120mm c/c as( Ast=360mm²)

9) Check for development length;

Ld =( ɸ x 0.87fy/4Zbd x 1.6)

= ( 12 x 0.87 x 415 / 4 x 1.2 x 1.6)

=564mm

83
84
DESIGN OF STAIRS (1st Floor):

1) DATA:-

Type of staircase is dog –legged with waist slab and two flights.

Height of building = 3.3m

.·. Height of the flight = 3.3/2 = 1.65m

Riser (R) = 190mm (assumed)

No. of riser required in each flight = 1650/190 =8.68 ≅ 9nos.

.·. No. of threads in flight =9 – 1 =8nos

Thread of the steps (T) = 300mm

Width of the stair = 1.5m

fck =25N/mm²

fy = 415 N/mm²

2) Effective span:

L = (No.of riser x tread) + width of stairs

= (9x 300) +1500

=4200mm

3) Thickness of waist slab:

= span /20

= 4200/20

= 210mm

4) Loads;

i) Dead load of slab (on slope) = Ws = (0.21 x 1 x 25) = 5.25KN/mm²

ii) Dead load of slab (horizontal span) = (W) = (Wu√𝑅² + 0.3²)/0.3

= (5.25√0.19² + 0.3²)/0.3
= 6.21KN/m²
iii) Dead load of one step = (½ × 𝑅 × 𝑇 × 25)
= (½ × 0.19 × 0.3 × 25)

85
 = 0.7125KN/m²
iv) Loads of step per meter length = 0.7125 × 1000/300
= 2.375KN/m
v) Finishes = 0.75 KN/m²

vi) Live load = 2 KN/m²

Total seismic load (W) = (6.21+ 0.7125+ 2+ 2.375 + 0.75)

= 12.05KN/m²
Total ultimate load (wu) = (1.5× 12.05) KN/m²
= 18.075KN/m²

5) Bending moments;

Maximum B.M at centre of span (Mu) = 0.125Wu L²

= 0.125 × 18.075 × ( 4.2)²

= 39.855KNm

6) Check for depth of waist slab: [ IS: 456-2000 Annex G.1.1.( c)]

d = √𝑀𝑢/0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏

= √39.855 × 106 /0.138 × 25 × 1000

= 107.48mm

Assuming a clear cover of 20mm and using 12mmɸbars.

Effective depth‘d’ = t -20 – 6

= 300 -20 -6

= 274mm > 107.48mm

Hence, the effective depth provided is safe.

7) Reinforcements; [IS: 456-2000 Annex G.1.1.(b)]

Mu = 0.87Ast fy d(1- Ast fy/bd fck)

39.855x 10⁶ = 0.87Ast x415x 274x [1- Ast 415/(1000 x274 x 25)]

39.855x 10⁶ = 989275Ast – 5.99Ast²

Ast = 413.2mm²

86
Using 12mmɸbar required,
𝜋
Aɸ = × 12² = 133mm²
4

1000×133
Spacing = = 322
413.2

Provided 12mmɸbar @ 250mm c/c as reinforcement

8) Distribution reinforcement;

= 0.12 % of cross section area

= 0.0012 × 1000 × 300

= 360mm²

Using 8 mmɸbars
𝜋
Aɸ = × 8² = 50mm²
4

1000×50
Spacing = = 138.88mm
360

Provided 8mmɸbar @ 120mm c/c as( Ast=360mm²)

9) Check for development length;

Ld =( ɸ x 0.87fy/4Zbd x 1.6)

= ( 12 x 0.87 x 415 / 4 x 1.2 x 1.6)

=564mm

87
88
DESIGN OF COLUMN WITH HIGHEST CHAPTER 9
MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE
Design of column B: Roof level

Contributory area, A = (3.0625+3.94+6+4)/2

= 8.5 m2

Size of column = 300mm X 300mm

LOAD CALCULATION FOR ROOF:

Self weight/ dead load = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1.5 KN/m2
Live load =1.5KN/m2
Water proofing=0.5 KN/m2
Total load per unit area = 7.25KN/m2
Factored load, Pu = 1.5 X 7.25 X 8.5 = 92.43 KN

LOAD CALCULATION FOR 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR:

Self weight/ dead load = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2

Floor finish = 0.75kN/m2
Live load =2 KN/m2
Total load per unit area = 6.5 KN/m2
Factored load, Pu = 1.5 X 6.5 X 8.5 =82.88KN

FACTORED MOMENT IN X- DIRECTION OF BUILDING IN TABULAR

FORM:

ROOF LEVEL FACTORED MOMENT(KNm)

Ground floor 35.75

1st floor 24.36

2nd floor 12.09

89
FOR GROUND FLOOR:

𝑃𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝐷 = 82.88×1000/20×300×300= 0.046

𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝐷2 =35.75×106/20×300×3002 = 0.066
Assuming 20 mm dia bar with 40 mm cover,
d’ = 40 + 20/2 = 50 mm
𝑑′/𝐷 = 50/300 = 0.167
𝑃/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.15

P=20x0.15=3
Asc = 𝑝 𝑏𝐷/100 = 3 ×300 ×300/100 = 2700 mm2

Therefore, provide 12 bars of 20 mm dia . (Asc = 314×12 =3768mm2)

Check:
By Cl- 39.of IS- 456:2000
P = 3768×100 /300 ×300 = 4.19%
𝑃/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 4.19/20 = 0.21
𝑑′/𝐷 = 50/300 = 0.167
From SP-16, chart- 45,
𝑀𝑢𝑥1/𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝐷2 ≈ 0.24

or, Mux1 = 0.24 X 20 X 300X3002 = 129.6 kNm

Due to symmetric section, Muy1= 129.6kNm

Puz = [0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

=[ 0.45 X 20 X ( 300 X 300 – 3768 ) + 0.75 X 415 X3768]
= 1948.88 KN

Therefore, 𝑃𝑢/𝑃𝑢𝑧 = 82.88/1948.88= 0.043

αn = 1.0 (table 10.2)
Therfore,( 𝑀𝑢𝑥/𝑚𝑢𝑥1) ∝𝑛+ (𝑀𝑢𝑦/𝑀𝑢𝑦1) ∝𝑛= 0.55 < 1

(35.75/129.6)1+ (35.75/129.6)1=0.55<1

Therefore, the design is safe.

Lateral Ties :

Tie dia ≮ 1/4 x bar diametre ≮1/4 x 20 = 5 and≯ 16 mm

Provide lateral ties of 8 mm dia ties

At spacing ≯16 𝑥 20=320 mm
Therefore provide spacing 320 mm c/c.

90
FOR 1ST FLOOR:

Design Axial force, 𝑃𝑢 = 57.52+67.51

= 125.03 KN
Design moments:

M u= 35.40 KNm

Therefore, 𝑃𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝐷= 125.03x1000/(20x300x300)=0.069

𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝐷2 = 35.40x106/20x300x3002=0.065
Therefore, 𝑃/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.12
ð P =0 .12 x 20 = 1.44

Check : By Cl- 39.of IS- 456:2000

From chart 45 of SP 16 for 𝑃𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.12 and 𝑑′𝐷 = .167
𝑀𝑢𝑥1𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 ≈ 0.16
Mux1 = 0.16 X 20 X 300 X 3002 = 86.4KNm
Muy1 = 86.4 KNm
Asc = 𝑝 𝑏𝐷/100 = (1.44 ×300 ×300)/100=1296mm2

Puz =[0.45 x 20 x (3002- 1296 ) + 0.75 x 415 x1296] x 10-3

=1201.7KN
𝑃𝑢/𝑃𝑢𝑧 =125.03/1201.7=0.10
Therefore, αn =1.0
Therefore, (35.40/86.4)1+(35.40/86.4)1=0.81 < 1.0

Therefore, the design is safe.

Lateral Ties :

Tie dia ≮ 1/4 x bar diametre ≮1/4 x 20 = 5 and≯ 16 mm

Provide lateral ties of 8 mm dia ties

At spacing ≯16 𝑥 20=320 mm
Therefore provide spacing 320 mm c/c.

91
FOR 2ND FLOOR:

Design Axial force, 𝑃𝑢 = 92.43 KN

Design moments:

Mu= 29.46KNm

Therefore, 𝑃𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝐷= 92.46 x1000/ (20x300x300)=0.05

𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝐷2 = 92.46x106/20x300x3002=0.17
Therefore, 𝑃/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.12
ð P =0 .12 x 20 = 1.44

Check : By Cl- 39.of IS- 456:2000

From chart 45 of SP 16 for 𝑃/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.12 and 𝑑′/𝐷 = 0.16
𝑀𝑢𝑥1𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 ≈ 0.16
Mux1 = 0.16 X 20 X 300 X 3002 = 86.4 KNm
Muy1 = 86.4 KNm
Asc = 𝑝 𝑏𝐷/100 = (1.44 ×300 ×300)/100= 1296mm2
Puz =[0.45 x 20 x (3002- 1296 ) + 0.75 x 415 x1296] x 10-3
=1201.72KN
𝑃𝑢/𝑃𝑢𝑧 =92.46/1201.72=0.07
Therefore, αn =1.0
Therefore, (92.46/86.4)1+(92.46/86.4)1=2.4 ≯ 1.0
Therefore, not safe.
Hence Bresher’s equation is not satisfied if we provide less reinforcement than ground
floor.
Provide same reinforcement as Ground floor column.
Provide same lateral ties as Ground floor column.

92
93
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION CHAPTER 10

Foundations are the lowest part of structures. These are provided below the
ground level to increase the stability of a structure. It also provided the uniform plain
surface for super structure.

The thickness at the edge shall not be less than 150mm for footing on soils, nor
less than 300mm at the face of column. Minimum reinforcement and their spacing
shall be provided according to the slab. Minimum cover of footing shall be 50mm.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION:-

1. Shallow foundation:
The depth of footing is lesser or equal to width of the footing is known as
shallow foundation. The vertical distance between the base of the footing and
the ground level is called depth of footing.
2. Deep foundation:
If depth of foundation is greater than 1.5 times width of the footing than it is
called deep of foundation
3. Spread foundation:
In spread foundation the superstructure load at the base of the footing is spread
over a large area. In this foundation sufficient width is covered under the walls
by providing steps in masonry and concrete layer.
4. Isolated foundation:
If a footing supports a single column, it is a called an isolated footing. It is
provided under a column to transfer the load safety to the soil. The column
footing may have a slab, stepped, or sloppy one.

94
DESIGN OF FOOTING

DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING:

DATA:-
Column Size: 300x300
fck : 20 N/mm2
fy: 415 N/mm2
Factored Weight from slab= 1.5(36.03+37.275+37.275)KN
= 165.87 KN
Factored Self Weight of column= 1.5x (7.425+7.425+11.925) x2
=80.32 KN
Total Factored Load = (165.87+80.32)
=246.19KN
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil=200 KN/mm2

SIZE OF FOOTING:
Load on Footing=246.19KN
Self Weight of Footing (10%) =24.619KN
Total Factored Load=270.809 KN
Moment=35.75 KN m
Footing Area = (270.809 /200)
=1.4m2
Adopt Square Footing of Size 1.2x1.2 m
Eccentricity of Loading at Footing Base (e)=35.75/270.809
= 0.13m
Check for maximum pressure intensity at the base of footing
Qmax= ((P+ ΔP)/L B) X (1+6e/L)
= (270.809/1.44) x (1+6x0.13/1.2 )
=278.95 KN/m2 < (1.5x200) = 300KN/m2
Hence, safe.

Provide Square Footing of size 1.2 mx1.2 m= 1.44 m2

Qmin = (270.809/1.44)x (1-6x0.13/1.2)

=-34.41

95
ONE- WAY SHEAR :-

Net soil pressure with axial load qu =270.809/1.44

=188.06KN/m2
= 0.188 N/mm2

Factored Shear Force at critical section=Vu1= 0.18x 1200(450-d)

=216(450-d)
Assuming pt=0.25%, τc=0.36N/mm2

One way Shear resistance Vc1= τc b d

=0.36x1200xd
=432 d
216(450-d) ≤ 432d
=>97200-216d=432d
=>648d=97200

TWO WAY SHEAR

Assuming effective depth of slab=d=150mm and computing two way shear
resistance at a section d/2 from the face of the column.

Vu2 = 0.11{12002- (225+d)2}

=0.11{12002-(400+150)2}
=125125 N
Two way shear resistance Vc2 is computed as,
Vc2=Ks τc {4(225+d)d}
Here Ks =0 .5+(300/300)=1.5≤1.0
Ks = 1
Ks τc =Ksx0.25xfck1/2
=1x 0.25 x(20)1/2
=1.118 N/mm2

Vc2= 1.118 {4(225+d)d}

= 1.118(900d+4d2)
=1006.2d+4.472d2
Vu2≤Vc2
=> 125125 ≤ 1788.8d+4.472d 2
=> d ≥ 60.7mm
Adopt effective depth d= 100mm and clear cover 50mm over all depth D= 150mm.
Check for Depth:-
Considering, uniformly distributed average pressure intensity at base qu= 110.06
KN/m2
Mu=qmaxl2 /2
= (278.95x0.452)/ 2
=28.24 KNm
Mulim =0 .138fckbd2

96
 =0.138138x20x1000x1502

=62.1 KNm>Mu
Hence, safe.
Design of Flexural Reinforcement
Mu=28.24KNm
Mu/bd2= (28.24 x106)/1000x1502=1.255

From Table-2 of SP: 16

Pt=0.392 which is >0 .25% as assumed.
As = (0.392x1000x150)/100
=588mm2
Provide 16 Ø bar at spacing
S= (1000x201)/588
=340mm
Provide 300 mm c/c.
The footing is square; hence provide same reinforcement in transverse direction.

Transfer of load at column base:-

Ultimate compressive stress at column base=246.19KN
Clause 34.4 – limiting bearing stress at column is expressed as
fbr max= 0.45fck√(A1/A2)
(1) At column base A1=A2=300x300

fbr(column)=0.45x20x√(300x300)/(300x300)
= 9N/mm2
(2) For footing face A1= 12002 mm2
A2= 3002 mm2
√(12002/3002) =4 but it cannot greater than 2
fbr(footing)=0.45 x 20 x 2
=18 N/ mm2
Column governs the design and fbr max = 9 N/ mm2
Limiting bearing resistance
fbr= 9 x 3002 /1000= 810 > 246.19 KN
Provide nominal development length.
120

190

16 ɸ bars @ 270c/c

97
FIG : REINFORCEMENT DIAGRAM OF ISOLATED FOOTING

98
CONCLUSION CHAPTER 11
As it can be seen,the project report is completed in itself.It has been attented to
take care of every minute details regarding in view of economical because respective
analysis has been performed . The drawing of the project report is carried out by using
Softwares like AUTOCAD which contributed in the speedy completion of the project.

Atotal concept of building design is obtained by using calculator and SP:16.We

hope that the project report will be helpful for problems for practicing engineers and
people engaged in construction engineering.

99
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. Agrawal,Shrikhande Mansih, earth quake resistance design of structures.
2. IS:456:2000,Plain and Reinforced code of practice.
3. IS:1893(part-1):2002,criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure.
4. IS:13920:1993, Ductile detailing of RCC structure subjected to earthquake
force.
5. SP:16, Design Aid for Reinforced concrete to IS:456:2000.
6. Murthy C.V.R, learning earthquake design
7. Ramamurtham, Theory of structures.
8. Jain Ashok Kumar.”Reinforced concrete”.
9. Reddy C.S.”Basic structural analysis”.
10. Raju N.krishna and Prasnesh R.N.”Reinforced concrete Design”.
11. Raju N.krishna.”Reinforced concrete Design”

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