Understanding Statistics
Statistics – science that studies data to be able to
make decision.
Statistical Process- questions that can be answered
using numerous data
Note: there are two types of questions. And the
question that needs statistical process are the
“uncertain” questions.
Example: What is the typical ide of the
Filipino family?
By the gathering or collecting data is a step by step
proves
Statistical Process in Solving a Problem
- to ensure the quality of the data/ unbiased
collection of data
1. PLANNING or DESIGNING the collection of
data in a way that maximize information
and minimize the bias
2. COLLECTION DATA as required in the plan
3. VERIFY the quality of data after they were
collected
4. SUMMARIING the INFORMATION extracted
from the data
5. EXAMINING the summary statistics so that
insights and meaningful information can be
produced to support decision-making
problem at hand.
Though the statistics in embodied with
characteristics namely:
 Situational/ situation
 Person
 Phenomenon
In conducting the survey, in order to use the
information that were given. We need to answer
(follow the 6W)
 WHO provided the data
 WHAT are the information from the
respondents?
 WHERE was the data collected?
 WHEN was the data collected?
 WHY was the data collected?
 HOW was the data collected?
BASIC TERMS IN STATICSTICS
UNIVERSE- pertains the WHO
- a set of entities from whom you got
the data
VARIABLES – a characteristic that is
observable or measureable of any unit of the
universe
EXAMPLE: GPA of STEM students
POPULATION- a set or collection of values
of a variable
EXAMPLE: (90, 59,85, 90)
SAMPLE- subgroup of population/
miniature
EXAMPLE: GPA of all STEM students who are male
The subset: (89,79,88)
UNDER VARIABLES
CLASSIFIACTION OF VARIABLES:
QUANTITATIVE – the “NUMERICAL DATA” whose
size are meaningful, answer questions as “how
much” or “how many”
QUALITATIVE – variables express a CATEGORICAL
attribute such as SEX, RELIGION, MATERIAL
STATUS, REGION OF RESIDENCE, HIGHEST
EDUCCATION ATTAINMENT
UNDER QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
DISCRETE - a variable whose value is obtained by
counting; possible outcome is countable; assumes
a certain number
Example: NUMBER of STUDENTS, NUMBER of red
MARBLES in a JAR
CONTINUOUS – variables whose value is obtained
by measuring; possible outcome is uncountable;
assumes number interval
Example: HEGIHT and WEIGHT of students in class,
TIME it takes to get to school, DISTANCE traveled
between classes
UNDER QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
NOMINAL - measurement arises when we have
variable that are categorical and non-numeric or
where the numbers have no sense of ordering
EXAMPLE: NATIONALITY, CIVIL STATUS, RELIGION
and SEX
ORDINAL- deaks with caterigrical variables like the
nominal level, but in this level orderning is
important that is the values of the variables would
be ranked
EXAMPLE: GRADE LEVEL, RANKED AND OFFICERS
INTERVAL – tells us that one unit differs by a
certain amount of degree from another unit.
Knowing how much one unit differ from another is
an additional properly of interval level on top of
having the properties poses by the ordinal level.
EXAMPLE: IQ, TEMPERATURE, SIE OF SHOES,
SCORES
RATIO- tells us that one unit has so many times as
much of the properly as does another unit. The
ratio level possesses a meaningful absolute zero.
EXAMPLE: TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN, AMOUNT OF
MONEY, HEIGHT, WEIGHT,
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
CRITERIA IN PRESENTING A DATA
FROM THE VARIABLES -> QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITAIVE -> PIE CHART, BAR CHART AND FDT
QUANTITATYIVE, HISTOGRAM, FDT, SCATTER PLOT
QUIZ: MAKE A PIE CHART UG FDT (PM RA NAKO)
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEAN- sum of all observation, divided by the
number of observant
MEDIAN- the center or middle value of an array of
observations
MODE – the value that has the highest frequency
number.
 quantitative variables? Of the quantitative variables,
which variables are discrete?
a. quantitative b. qualitative
A local greenhouse is creating an inventory of all of their
1. Fast Food chains in Butuan City
flowers and plants. The list includes: type of flower,
2. Computer Brands colour, greenhouse location, and number in stock. Of
3. Map coordinates these variables, which variable is a discrete quantitative
4. Jamie has a set of odd numbers variable?
5. John loves pop music genre
Fill in each blank with a word that will make the
For each of the following, state if the variable is statement true.
qualitative or quantitative.
a) A ______variable is a variable whose values do not
a) country’s population
have numerical meaning.
b) salary
b) variables are variables measured in terms of
c) temperature
numbers.
d) gender
c) A variable is a variable with possible values of only
e) name
specific points on a scale.
f) air pollution index
Answer each question true or false.
g) hair colour
a) Shoe size is a discrete variable.
h) science test score
b) Time to run a marathon is a qualitative variable.
i) amount of time it takes to run a 400 m sprint
c) Goals scored per game is a quantitative variable.
Determine if each of the following quantitative d) The amount of flour used in a cookie recipe is a
variables average is discrete or continuous. qualitative variable.
a) height e) Temperature is a discrete variable.
b) number of students in a class f) A quantitative variable always involves numbers.
c) time it takes to answer a question in a trivia game g) A continuous variable is a variable where the scale is
d) class made up of discrete steps.
e) number of flowers in a vase h) A discrete variable is a variable with possible values
f) ranking of 8 runners in a 100 m race of only

Answer the word problem DETERMINE WHICH ARE THE CATEGORICAL OR

NUMERICAL DATA
Tom gathered the following information about the
sprinters in a recent school track meet: name, age, Amount of money Language mostly
earned last week spoken at home
grade, height, number of events, time in the 100 m Arm span Foot length
race, and time in the 200 m race. Which variables are Birthdate Opinions on
Concentration environmental
exercise (seconds) conservation
School post code
 Dominant hand State/Territory live in
reaction time Travel method to
Favourite sport school
Height Travel time to school
Hours slept per night Year level

Find the meaning of the following:

- absolute zero
-attributes can be In order
-attributes can only be named
-distance is meaningful

MAKE A FDT with HISTOGRAM

MAKE A PIE GRAPH