STUDY PACKAGE FOUNDATION CLASS X CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CHAPTER - 8 231-256 CHAPTER - 9 — GOC (NOMENCLATURE AND ISOMERISM) 257-296 CHAPTER - 10 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 297-334 CHAPTER - 11 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS 345-376 NAME OF THE STUDENT: ADDRESS: PHONENO.: EXAM PREPARING FOR :‘Carbon has unique place in ourlives Each ving cel food, wood, paper, petrochemicals, cooking gas, perfumes, fe. are all made up of eatbon, This abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life. In fact more than 90% of all known compounds contain carbon, Carbon is the 15th most Abundant elementin the earth's crust andl the fourth most abundant element in the universe by massafter hydrogen, ‘lium, and oxygen. Chemistry of carbon compounds is known a organic chemistry. Organic chemistry encompasses study ofall carbon-hydrogen compounds. These arealso called hydrecarbons, Inorganic carbon chemistry is thestudy ‘of oxides, nitrides and allotropes of carbon. Because of the unique bonding properties of carbon, there are millions of lifferont organic chemicals, Each one has unique properties. These are organic chemicals that makeup your, your skin, even your fingernails (Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons, Is chemical symbol is 2G, Its electronic configuration is 2electrons in theK-shell, and 4 electrons in the L-shell. In prnciplet shoul either give up o# borrow electrons while forming compounds. Butit doesnt form ionic bonds allt likes to shareits four electrons with other atoms form, ‘covalent bonds instead. Carbon covalent bonds re the strongest in nature ——————————eeEEHee Ac aRIO corns ying at el, eth Kal bo leo a ie ei or ates nia tortures sl he econ He i ad ald ASSASSIN on su Ba fay son dys ety fhe online se, Theresie 2 ‘carbo atom fas four valence elecinans, It could gain fourelectrons to form Canton ar lose four electrans to forin C™ cation. Both these conditions require large amoant oF energy. Thusit hase very Hite teadency ip Form nie compouns, To overcome thi problem ‘avenger ong ny ten ecto verso wih sono ther eet, Tallow ito ‘Cesvakty ued ne tetera sons rs ar SHS oF eS Fs oe) ee ta as tracooalony of canbe ‘ast carbon, but many eter elements forms mateutes by sharlag ealence clacwons. The shared lactams ‘Belong ta the eter sll of 6th the ates ad lead le Bth atoms aaining the noble gas canfipation. ‘Let us sce how carbon for the single, double and tripe bonds inthe following examples. Methane Molecule : Carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shel. Thus, it requires our more electron to acquire a stale noble gas ‘configuration. Esch ofthe hydrogen atoms has only ene cectron i its outermost shell and requires one more electon to complete its ‘outermost shel (to acqui He configuration). Thisis done as follows. ' ‘ lemon gs ea wo 4 H 8 Methane isthe simplest hydecarban and is foun as massh gas Carbon Dioxide Molecule : ‘The elecuonic configurations of carbon and oxygen ae: © 24 0 26 ‘Thus, cach carbon atom requires four, and each oxygen atom requires two more clectons to acquire noble gas configurations, ‘Tochieve this, two oxygen atoms forma double covalent bond with carbon a follows, 2 + er + Gs G: C3: er O=C+0 29 BH 26 28) 2828) Acetylene Molecule : ‘Carbon stom has four electrons i its outermost shell and hydrogen atoms have only one electron init outermost shel, Ca share one ofits electrons with hydrogen to formasngle bord each, Each earbonthen requires tee more electons to acquires sayy