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Directivity Analysis of Angle Probes and Surface Defects by Ultra
Directivity Analysis of Angle Probes and Surface Defects by Ultra
VISUALIZATION METHOD
INTRODUCTION
This paper studied the directivity of the elastic wave pulse from
the direct observation of visualized wave. We examined the directivity
of shear waves emitted from angle probes and scattered from artificial
defects by applying ultrasonic visualization method. These experimental
results were compared with the theory which was based on the continuous
wave. The applicability of continuous wave theory was discussed in terms
of the parameter d/l; where d is transducer or defect size and 1 is the
wavelength.
VISUALIZATION SYSTEM
Glass
Model
Fig.! Diagram of sound pressure visualization system.
DIRECTIVITY ANALYSIS
Visualized Reflected
shear wave shear wave
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EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Four types of angle probes were examined. Transducer SIze was all
same; 8X9mm and the frequency were 2 and 4KHz, having nominal refraction
angle of 45 and 60 degrees for steel.
Two types of rectangular specimen made of Pyrex glass were used for
ultrasonic visualization experiments. The thickness of the specimens were
20mm. One has 300X50mm dimension for angle probe directivity examination.
The other type is 145X15mm with artificial slit, whose width is 0.3mm,
for defect directivity analysis. This type of specimens had various slit
depth from 0.25 to 4mm.
The propagation distance of the emitted shear wave from the probe
was fixed to 90mm in probe directivity measurement. In the case of defect
directivity examination, we set the reflected shear wave after 10mm
propagation from the slit root. The probe was put to the maximum echo
height position from the slit.
COMPARED THEORY
Dp(6)=sinE/E·cosp·cos6/cos«-t(6) (1)
Oscillator
Wedge
A thin liquid layer
Pyrex Glass
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e
~lllE----'r--
sound pressure from Acrylic wedge to Pyrex glass. llL is the wavelength
of longitudinal wave in wedge material.
(2)
Figures 6 shows the change of directivity with the slit depth and
compared with the theoretical one. Note that there is sharp directivity
in the case of small slit depth; d=0.25mm and 0.5mm, whereas weak
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o Experiment o Experiment
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
o o
o 20 40 60 80 o 20 40 60 80
Refraction angle Refraction angle
(a) 2Z8X9A45( 2MHz, 45· ) (b) 4Z8X9A60( 4MHz, 60· )
Fig. 5 Comparison of experimental directivity with theory in angle probes.
_ 90°
(a) d=O.25mm, d/ A =0.29 (b) d=O.5mm, d/ A =0.59
_ 90 0 _ 90 0
(c) d=1.5mm, d / A =1.75 (d) d=2mm, d/ A =2.34
Figs.6 Comparison of experimental directivity with theory for defects.
Test frequency:4MHz
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(a) d=O.5mm, d/ A =0.29 (b) d=4mm, d/ A =2.34
Figs.7 Comparison of directivity with parameter d/l.
Test frequency:2MHz
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Z 1\ f'\ ,....,
I fJ j'-/
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V IV
A
V
-2
o o 5
Time<micro sec)
POSITION (mm)
of absolute sound pressure waveform measured from the shear wave, which
is emitted from the angle probe of 2MHz,45°. That is, the sound pressure
distribution from rz to rl in Fig.2(a). The clear side lobes were not
observed due to this waveform of emitted wave in this experiments.
Figure IO(b) shows the waveform measured from echo signal from
curvature surface of Standard Test Block STB-AI ( ISO 2400 ). The
reflection surface has IOOR curvature. The waveform from echo signal is
quiet different with the waveform measured by visualization as shown in
Fig. IO(a). This difference illustrates the importance of visualization
analysis for better understanding the sound pressure field made by the
ultrasonic wave pulses.
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From the comparison of defect directivity analysis, theoretical
directivity agreed well with the experimental results in the range of
d/l>I.5. In the case of angle probe analysis, the range of d/l was
from 2.92 to 5.88 and then, theoretical directivity prediction is
expected to agree with the experiments. Theses results suggest that the
continuous wave theory can be applied to the range of d/l>I.5 •
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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