First Periodic Test

 Systematized body of knowledge

 Process of acquiring knowledge through observations and experimentations

BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

 Observing
 Inferring
 Measuring
 Communicating
 Classifying
 Predicting

INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

 Formulating Hypothesis
 HYPOTHESIS – “an educated guess”, possible answer to a problem.
 Identifying variables
 Defining variables operationally
 Describing relationships of variables
 Designing investigation – planning for experimentation
 EXPERIMENTATION – process of testing a hypothesis

BASE QUANTITES & THEIR UNIT

 Temperature (kelvin-k)
 Length (meter-m)
 Mass (kilogram-k)
 Time (seconds-s)
 Electric Current (ampere-a)
 Amount of Substance (mole-mol)
 Luminous Intensity (candela-cd)

FORCE – push or pull exerted by one body to another body.

 Force is a VECTOR QUANTITY (has magnitude and directions)
 The unit of FORCE is NEWTON. The smaller unit of force is called DYNE.

FORMULA IN GETTING FORCE

m a

FORCE = mass x acceleration

MASS = force ÷ acceleration
ACCELERATION = force ÷ mass
TYPES OF FORCES
Contact Forces – interactions between objects that touch. (examples; applied force, spring force, drag force,
frictional force, normal force)
Non-Contact Forces – attract or repel even from a distance. (examples; magnetic force, electric force,
gravitational force)

MASS – quantity of a matter that body contains.

 The unit of MASS is KILOGRAM (kg).
 Constant and fixed
 Mass is a SCALAR QUANTITY (with magnitude only)

WEIGHT – force on a body due to gravity

 The unit of Weight is NEWTON N.
 It can change based on location
 Weight is a VECTOR QUANTITY. (with magnitude and directions)
 It is a GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.

FORMULA IN GETTING WEIGHT

m g

WEIGHT = mass x acceleration due to gravity

MASS = weight ÷ acceleration due to gravity
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY = weight ÷ mass

*The acceleration due to gravity of the Earth is 9.8 m/s2.

Discovery of Laws of Motion:

 GALILEO – Principles of KINEMATICS
 ARISTOTLE – Principles of body at rest.
 NEWTON – Principles of Dynamics (combination of ideas of Galileo and Aristotle.

NEWTON’s 3 LAWS OF MOTION

1. LAW OF INERTIA
- body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
- body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Application of Law of Inertia:

- Use of seatbelt
- Passengers being thrown toward after a sudden stop of a speeding bus
- Kicking a soft ball
 2. LAW OF ACCELERATION
- Acceleration is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the FORCE. Meaning, when the force is doubled, the
acceleration will be doubled also.
- Acceleration is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the MASS. Meaning, when the mass is doubled, the
acceleration will be halved.

FORMULA IN GETTING ACCELERATION

 If the given is an initial force or initial acceleration.
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝑎1 𝑎2

 If the given is mass and acceleration.

𝑚1 𝑎1 = 𝑚2 𝑎2

APPLICATIONS OF LAW OF ACCELERATION

 accelerating a car
 pushing a chair
 running, walking
 pulling a very heavy bag

3. LAW OF INTERACTION (Action and Reaction)

- To every ACTION, there is an EQUAL but OPPOSITE REACTION.
- Acts on TWO DIFFERENT BODIES and will never cancel out.

APPLICATIONS OF LAW OF INTERACTION

 propulsion of rockets
 pushing a wall
 pushing the ground

WORK – total force over a distance.

 There is a changes in direction for every forces acted upon.
- 1 newton x meter (n.m) = 1 JOULE
- The unit of WORK is JOULES (J).

f d

WORK = force x distance

FORCE = work ÷ distance
DISTANCE = work ÷ force

*SPECIAL CASES (If there is a respective angle given)

WORK = fd cos(angle)
POWER – the rate of doing work

P t

POWER = work ÷ time

WORK = power x time
TIME = work ÷ power

ENERGY – the ability to do work

- The unit of ENERGY is JOULES.

KINETIC ENERGY – energy in motion

FORMULA IN GETTING KINETIC ENERGY
1
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2

Where;
m = mass
v = velocity

POTENTIAL ENERGY – energy at rest

- work done in lifting an object.

FORMULA IN GETTING POTENTIAL ENERGY

PE = mgh

Where;
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height

NOTE:
Familiarize yourselves with the different simple machines such as axe, seesaw, etc. and what is a car
jack as a SIMPLE MACHINE.
You are allowed to use a SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR and a FORMULA CARD.

May the force be with you all! Pray before the examination starts! God bless!  - Ms. Kath