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Q.1-The p H of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following buffers is the most effective buffer system at physiological
pH?
a) Bicarbonate buffer
b) Phosphate buffer
c) Protein buffer
d) Deoxy hemoglobin
Q.2-Which of the following laboratory results below indicates compensated metabolic alkalosis?
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a) Ice cream
b) Cucumber
c) Bread
d) Dextrose
Q.4-In diabetes mellitus there is reduced oxidation of carbohydrates; what will the effect of insulin administration on
RQ?
a) It will increase
b) It will decrease
c) No effect
Q.5-Which of the following nutrients is rich in short and medium chain fatty acids
a) Milk
b) Peanut oil
c) Sunflower oil
d) Almond oil
a) Family history of breast cancer and a history of taking hormone replacement therapy
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a) Thioredoxinreductase
b) Ribonucleotide reductase
d) Oxidoreductase.
a) PRPP synthetase
b) Amidotransferase
c) HGPRT
d) Adenosine deaminase
Q.9- The fragments of newly synthesized DNA are sealed by enzymes referred to as –
a) Restriction endonucleases
b) Topo isomerases
c) Telomerases
d) DNA ligases.
Q.10- In animal cells, including human cells, the replication of the DNA genome occurs only at a specified time during the life span of the cell. This
period is referred to as the
a) gap 1(G1)
b) gap 2(G2)
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c) M phase
d) S phase.
Q.11- The derepression of lac operon in the presence of lactose is an example of-
a) Positive regulation
b) Negative regulation
a) UAA
b) UAG
c) UGG
d) UGA
Q.14- The ideal support medium for separation of nucleic acids is-
a) Starch gel
b) Cellulose acetate
c) Agarose gel
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d) Filter paper
a) Methylation
b) Acetylation
c) Hydrolysis
d) Glucuronidation
a) Alkaline phosphatase
b) Acid phosphatase
c) Lactate dehydrogenase
d) Acid maltase
Q.17- DNA is assembled into nucleosomes with the help of special proteins called-
a) Prolamines
b) Histones
c) Chaperones
d) Protamines
a) Adeno virus
c) Hepatitis B virus
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a) Azaserine
b) Allopurinol
c) Cytosine arabinoside
d) Mercaptopurine.
Q.20- Which out of the followings is not a true mechanism for conversion of proto oncogenes to
oncogenes?
a) Point mutation
b) Chromosomal translocation
c) Insertional mutagenesis
d) Histone acetylation
Key to answers-
1)-a,2)-d,3)-d,4)-a,5)-a,6)-d,7)-b,8)-b,9)-d,10)-d,11)-c,12)-b,13)-c,14)-c,15)-c,16)-d,17)-b,18)-d,19)-b,20)-d
Q.1- S- Adenosyl Methionine (Active Methionine )is required for the synthesis of all of the following compounds except-
a) Thymine
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b) Nor epinephrine
c) Epinephrine
d) Melatonin
Q.2-Which out of the following compounds is not an inhibitor of complex IV of electron transport chain?
a) CO
b) H2S
c) BAL
d) CN.
a) Cardiolipin
b) Lecithin
c) Cephalin
d) Plasmalogen
Q.4– The conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl co A involves the participation of all except –
a) Niacin
b) Riboflavin
c) Biotin
d) Pantothenic acid.
Q.5– Which out of the followings is a fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond in the trans configuration?
a) Palmitoleic acid
b) Oleic acid
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c) Erucic acid
d) Elaidic acid.
a) Linolenic acid
b) Linoleic acid
c) Palmitic acid
d) Arachidic acid.
Q.7-“Phospho enol pyruvate carboxy kinase”is an enzyme of which of the following pathway?
a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
d) Glycogenolysis.
a) Tryptophan pyrrolase
b) Tyrosinase
c) Myoglobin
d) Cytochrome P450.
a) Glucuronate
b) Gluconate
c) Glucose
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d) Muramic acid.
a) Apo A
b) Apo B
c) Apo C II
d) Apo D.
a) Thiamine
b) Niacin
c) Folic acid
d) Pantothenic acid
Q.12-Malonyl co A is a direct inhibitor of which of the following enzymes of fatty acid oxidation?
c) Thiokinase
d) Thiolase
Q.13-Which of the following enzymes requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for its action?
c) Arginase
d) Glutaminase.
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a) Carbonic anhydrase
b) Collagen
c) Fibrinogen
d) Keratin.
a) Phosphorylase b
b) Hexokinase
c) Glucose-6-phosphatase
d) Glycogen synthase
Q.16-A 78-year-old male is brought to emergency with acute myocardial infarction. Blood biochemistry reveals lactic acidosis. How much energy yield
(ATP) per mol of glucose is expected in such a condition?
a) 32
b) 2
c) 34
d) 36
a) Creatine phosphate
b) ATP
c) ADP
d) AMP
a) Fluoroacetate
b) Fluoride
c) Malonyl co A
d) Fluorouracil.
a) Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase
b) Transaldolase
c) Transketolase
d) 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase.
Q.20-A mutation has changed an Isoleucine residue of a protein to Glutamic acid, which statement best describes its location in a hydrophilic exterior-
d) Inside the core of protein since it has a polar but uncharged side chain.
Key to answers- 1)-b, 2- c, 3)-a, 4)-c, 5)-d, 6)-b, 7)-b, 8)-b, 9)-c, 10)-c, 11)-b, 12)-a, 13)-b,14)-a, 15)-c,16)-b,17)-b,18)-a,19)-a,20)-a
Paper II
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a) Wobble hypothesis
b) Chemical carcinogenesis
Q.4. -a) Discuss in brief the causes, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of AIDS.
b) What is the cause of Orotic aciduria? Which pathway is most affected? Outline the steps of that pathway and explain the basis of treatment of this disorder.
b) ELISA
b) Describe the process of excessive uric acid production by abnormal activities of various enzymes. Explain the basis of using Allopurinol as a part of
treatment of hyperuricemia.
c) Describe in brief the mechanism of chromosomal translocation in the causation of various cancers. Give suitable examples in support of your answer.
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a) Benzyl amines
b) p- Bromo Benzene
c) Acetanilide
d) p- nitro benzaldehyde
a) Natriuresis
b) Hypervolemia
d) Increased GFR.
Q.3- All of the following are associated with metabolic acidosis except-
a) Lactic acidosis
b) Starvation
c) Methanol poisoning
a) Biotin
b) Thiamine
c) Choline
d) Riboflavin
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Q.5- The ideal tumor marker for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is-
a) Serotonin
b) Catecholamines
c) Calcitonin
d) Insulin
Q.6- If the p H of the blood is 7.4 then the ratio of [NaHCO3] to [H2CO3] will be-
a) 4:1
b) 10:1
c) 20:1
Q.7- Prolonged administration of Acetazolamide (Diamox) as a diuretic in a patient of congestive heart failure will produce-
a) Acidic urine
c) Alkaline urine
a) Renal failure
c) Deficiency of Aldosterone
d) Hypersecretion of Aldosterone
Q.9- The binding of the prokaryotic DNA dependent RNA polymerase to promoter site is inhibited by-
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a) Streptomycin
b) Puromycin
c) Rifampicin
d) Tetracycline
a) ELISA
b) Ame’s test
c) Western blotting
Q.11- A 20 year old man was diagnosed with abnormal form of β – globin (Hemoglobin Constant Spring) which is longer than the normal protein,
which of the following point mutation is consistent with the abnormality?
a) UAA——>CAA
b) CGA—–>UGA
c) UAA—->UAG
d) GAC—> UAC
a) Hepatitis
b) Cancer
c) Tuberculosis
d) Renal failure.
a) Hepatitis
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b) Intrahepatic cholestasis
a) Addison’s disease
b) Erythrocytes
c) Plasma
Q.17- If urine of specific gravity 1.020 or more contains 3.0gms NaCl/liter, salt depletion is present.
Model Answers
Q.1- b, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a, 5-b, 6-c, 7-c, 8-c, 9-c, 10-b, 11-a,
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20-false.
a) Wobble hypothesis- The mechanism by which the t RNAs can recognize more than one codon for a specific amino acid is described by the wobble
hypothesis, in which the base at the 5’end of the anticodon (the first base of the anticodon) is not as spatially defined as the other two bases. Movement of that
first base allows nontraditional base pairing with the 3’ base of the codon(the last base of the codon). This movement is called wobble and allows a single tRNA
to recognize more than one codon. The result of the wobbling is that there need to be 61 codons coding for amino acids. (The examples of traditional and
nontraditional base pairing are required to be given between the codon and the anticodon).
b) Chemical Carcinogenesis- A large number of chemicals have been incriminated as carcinogenic. Some of them are direct reacting and some are
procarcinogens and are converted to ultimate carcinogens in the body. The examples of chemical carcinogens are as follows-
2) Azo- dyes(Aromatic amines)- β nephthyl amines, N- methyl -4- amino azo benzene, 2-acetyl amino fluorine.
6) Miscellaneous agents- Beryllium, Cadmium, Nickel, chromium, Arsenic, Asbestos, vinyl chloride, saccharine and cyclamates.
Procarcinogens- are not chemically reactive. In the body after metabolism they are converted to ultimate carcinogens which are highly reactive. This process of
conversion is called metabolic activation. The enzyme systems involved in metabolic activation are cytochrome P450 species present in the endoplasmic
reticulum of cells.
DNA is the primary and the most important target of chemical carcinogens. Hence chemical carcinogens are mutagens. The damage to DNA occurs can
be-
The exposure of a cell to ultraviolet light can result in the covalent joining of two adjacent pyrimidines(Usually Thymines) producing a dimer. These thymine
dimers prevent the DNA polymerase to further replicate the DNA strand beyond the site of dimer formation. The dimers are excised in prokaryotes by
Nucleotide excision repair. The similar mechanisms operate in human beings.
1. Recognition of dimer by UV specific endonuclease- First a UV specific endonuclease recognizes the dimer and cleaves the damaged strand at the 5’side
of the dimer.
2. Excision of damaged DNA-Next an excision endonuclease recognizes the incision made by the endonuclease. The stretch of the DNA containing the
dimer is removed and the gap is filled by using the sister strand as a template by DNA polymerase. The nick is sealed by DNA ligase.
3. Xeroderma pigmentosum-The pyrimidine dimers can be formed in the skin cells of humans exposed to UV light. In the rare genetic disease Xeroderma
pigmentosum, the cells can not repair the damaged DNA strand, resulting in extensive accumulation of the mutations and consequently skin cancers. The
most common form of the disease is caused by the absence of the UV specific endonuclease.
Adequate amount of carbohydrates and fats in the diet may reduce the protein requirement. This may be due to metabolic products of carbohydrates such as
oxaloacetate, pyruvate and alpha keto glutarate which provide the carbon skeleton for the formation of non essential amino acids through transamination.
Carbohydrates reduce the requirement of the amino acids for gluconeogenesis. Both carbohydrates and fats are oxidized to produce energy and thus spare the
proteins to be used for this purpose.
This consists of a weak acid “Carbonic acid and its corresponding salt with a strong base (Sodium bicarbonate).
They are the chief buffers of blood and constitute the Alkali reserve of the body. Neutralization of the strong acids and non volatile acids entering the ECF is
achieved by the bicarbonate buffers. Such acids, e.g.- HCl. H2SO4, Lactic acid, etc which are strong and volatile react with NaHCO3 component forming
H2CO3. Thus a strong and non volatile acid is converted to a volatile and weak acid, which is eliminated through alveoli of lungs. Hence bicarbonate buffer
system is linked directly with respiration.
Similarly when alkaline substance enters e.g. NaOH enters the ECF, it reacts with the acid component of the buffer system, and forming H2O.Thus the p H is
maintained.
– Produces H2CO3 which is weak and volatile and CO2 ie exhaled out.
Thus it is a very good physiological buffer and acts as a front line defence.
As a chemical buffer it’s a weak buffer as pKa is further away from the physiological pH
This test is based on the fact that in the first 15 minutes 30 -50 % of the injected dye is excreted in urine which is an index of the adequate renal functions.
When 1 ml of PSP(6mg) is injected IV, normal kidney will excrete 30-50% of the dye in first 15 minutes.
Excretion of less than 23% of the injected dye during this period regardless of the amount excreted in 2 hours indicates impaired renal functions.
It is also used to determine the function of each kidney separately. Here the appearance time and the rate of excretion of the dye are important. Increase in
appearance time and the decrease in excretion rate indicate impaired renal functions.
Ammonia mechanism operates in the distal tubular cells, for the elimination of H+ ions and the conservation of Na+.
Sources of Ammonia-
1) Ammonia is produced by the hydrolysis of Glutamine by the enzyme Glutaminase which is present in these cells.
2) In addition NH3 is also produced from other amino acids by the oxidative Deamination by L- amino acid oxidase.
3) It can also be formed from the glycine by the Glycine oxidase enzyme.
The NH3 thus formed forms Ammonium ion by combining with H+ ions and ammonium ion can exchange Na+ from NaCl.
The ammonia production is greatly increased in metabolic acidosis and is reduced in alkalosis. The activity of the Glutaminase enzyme is also enhanced in
acidosis.. This mechanism is important for the conservation of the fixed bases.
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Q4- a) AIDS is caused by a virus called Human Immuno deficiency virus. HIV belongs to the retrovirus group. They are RNA containing viruses that replicate
with the help of the reverse transcriptase enzyme.75% of the total patients get this infection through sex. In about 15% of the patients the disease is transmitted
through blood. Virus may be transmitted from mother to fetus through placenta. About 30% of the infants born of HIV positive mothers may get the infection.
Clinical presentations–
Lymphadenopathy and fever may be seen at the end of the second stage. As the name indicates the basic defect lies in the immunodeficiency. This is mainly
because the T helper cells are decreased in number. Since the immunity id deficient, non pathogenic micro organism enter the body and produce lesions in the
skin, gastro intestinal tract, lungs, urinary tract and brain. Gastroenteritis and tuberculosis are the predominant pattern inIndia. In all the cases there is weight
reduction and Kaposi’s sarcoma is also commonly associated with AIDS.
Laboratory Analysis
1) The antibodies in the blood are detected by ELISA test, but there is a chance of false positive test, so all the positive cases are confirmed by Western Blot
analysis. In ELISA the antibody against only one antigen (gp120) is tested, so there is probability of false result.
2) In Western Blot analysis, antibodies against 6 different components of the virus are analyzed, so its confirmatory.
3) T helper count is lowered. The normal level is more than 400/cmm. In AIDS patients the level is always is below 300/cmm. As the disease progresses the,
the T helper count is correspondingly is lowered.
5) By Reveres transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or by real time PCR, the number of HIV particles in blood can be estimated, value of less than 5000
copies per ml of blood has good prognosis, while a count more than 100, 000 per ml means a very bad prognosis.
c) Orotic aciduria
This condition results from absence of either or both of the enzymes, OPRTase and OMP decarboxylase. It is an autosomal recessive disease, characterised by
retarded growth and megaloblastic anemia. The rapidly growing cells are most affected, hence there is anemiaCrystalsare excreted in urine, which may cause
urinary tract obstruction. Due to the lack of feed back inhibition orotic acid production is excessive. The condition can be treated by feeding cytidine or Uridine.
The may be converted to UTP which can act as feed back inhibitor.
There are tandem repeats (VNTR) in chromosomes. The number of such repeats sites varies from person to person, but the number is unique for a given person.
Therefore it serves as a molecular finger print. It is also known as a DNA profile. Probability of similarity between two persons is only 1 in 3×1010persons.
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DNA probes have been developed, so that at low stringency, they hybridize to a number of loci to produce individual specific finger prints. The technique is
used identify the criminals and also used in disputes of parenthood. DNA can be isolated from the stains on clothing made by blood or semen stained even
several years ago.
b) ELISA
This Technique is widely used for detecting antigens, antibodies, estimating hormones, growth factors and tumor markers etc. This test is commonly employed
to detect antigens or antibodies present in very small concentration in tissues or blood.
The specific antibody is fixed to the well of the micro titer plate. The patient’s serum is added to the well and incubated for 30 minutes at 37 degree centigrade.
By this time if the serum contains antibodies it would have fixed to the well. Excess antigen and unwanted proteins are washed out and the antibody tagged with
hose radish peroxidase is added. If the antigen is already fixed, the Ab-HRP conjugate will be fixed to the well. Then a color reagent containing hydrogen
peroxide is added to the well. Color is developed. The development of the color indicates that the Ag is originally present in the patient’s serum. The intensity of
the color formed is proportional to the amount og the antigen present in the given sample.
Based on the specific affinity the antibodies can also be detected by this method.
c) Cloning of chimeric DNA- cloning allows the production of a large number of identical molecules. The steps involved are-
All steps are to be elaborated with diagrams. The applications of this technology in the field of medicine, agriculture and industrial fields are to be discussed in
brief.
These reactions are for the detoxification of toxic substances. UDP Glucuronic acid is formed in the uronic pathway. Glucuronyl transferase is the enzyme
responsible for the detoxification reactions. Various substances that are conjugated with Glucuronic acid are as follows-
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The activities of PRPP synthetase, amido transferase, HGPRTase, Glucose-6 phosphatase and Glutathione reductase are to be mentioned.
d) Chromosomal Translocation- Most of the tumor cells show chromosomal abnormality, in which a piece of one chromosome is split off and joined to
another chromosome. If the second chromosome also donates the piece to the first then is is called reciprocal translocation.
The examples of Burkitt’s lymphoma, chronic granulocytic leukemia are to be mentioned with diagrams.
Q-2- a) Describe the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructo kinase-1 enzyme and explain how is it regulated?
b) Give a diagrammatic representation of sites of ATP formation and inhibitors of the mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain.
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Q.3- a) Describe various mechanisms of enzyme inhibition. Mention the clinical uses of enzyme inhibitors.
b) Describe the steps of urea formation and discuss the mechanism of ammonia intoxication of brain.
Q.4- a) Explain the causes, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of-
i) Albinism
b) Calculate the energy yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose under aerobic conditions.
Q.5- a) Describe the steps of beta oxidation of fatty acids. What is the clinical significance of this pathway?
a) Vitamin C deficiency
b) Rancidity
c) Lipotropic agents
d) Cori’s cycle
a) FMN
b) Biotin
c) NAD+
d) TPP
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a) Glucose-6 phosphate
b) Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
c) Fructose-6- phosphate
d) Glycerol – 3- phosphate
Q.3- In the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, Acetyl co A first gets converted to –
a) Mevalonate
b) Malonyl co A
c) Malonate
d) D-Methyl malonyl co A
Q.4- All of the following compounds are synthesized from Tyrosine except-
a) Melanin
b) Catecholamines
c) Thyronine
d) Creatinine
a) Sodium
b) Calcium
c) Potassium
d) Magnesium
Q.6- Hemoglobin is a
a) Nucleoprotein
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b) Glycoprotein
c) Phosphoprotein
d) Chromo protein
a) Bile pigment
b) Sex hormones
c) Vitamin D
d) Corticosteroids
a) Pancreatic juice
b) Gastric juice
c) CSF
d) Amniotic fluid
a) Pernicious anemia
b) Night blindness
c) Beri-Beri
d) Scurvy
a) Phenylalanine
b) Glycine
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c) Tryptophan
d) Methionine
a) Arachidonic acid
b) Stearic acid
c) Palmitic acid
d) Oleic acid
b) Hexosaminidase –A
c) Glucose-6-phosphatse
d) Sphingomyelinase
Q.13- In an enzyme assay, in which the substrate concentration is much higher than Km, the rate
a) Hexokinase
b) Aldolase
c) Galactokinase
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a) Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
b) Bilirubinuria
Q.16- The excretion of which of the following compound is greatly increased in urine in Carcinoid syndrome-
b) 5- hydroxy Tryptamine
c) 5- hydroxy tryptophan
a) Zein
b) Casein
c) Keratin
d) Myosin
b) Pyruvate—————————–>Oxaloacetate
c) Pyruvate—————————-> Acetyl Co A
d) Pyruvate—————————->Acetaldehyde
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a) G- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) Transaldolase
c) Transketolase
d) G-6-phophatase
a) Vitamin B12
b) B6
c) Niacin
d) Folic acid
1-b
2-d
3-b
4-d
5-b
6-d
7-a
8-a
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9-a
10-c
11-a
12-d
13-d
14-d
15-d
16-d
17-b
18-a
19-a
20-c
Q2- a) Reaction catalyzed by phosphofructo kinase-1 enzyme – This is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis. It catalyzes the formation of Fr 1,6
bisphosphate from Fr-6-p.It is regulated by substrate concentration, product inhibition, allosteric modification and by induction or repression. Insulin favours
while glucagon and catecholamines inhibit glycolysis. Hypoxia also stimulates glycolysis. Allosterically fr-2,6 bisphosphate acts as a positive modifier while
ATP acts as negative modifier.
b) A diagrammatic representation of sites of ATP formation and inhibitors of the mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain- The four complexes of ETC
are to be represented showing the entry of reduced coenzymes, and the sites of ATP formation . The sites of site specific inhibitors are to be shown.
a) Competitive inhibition
c) Un Competitive inhibition
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d) Allosteric inhibition
Clinically enzyme inhibitors are used as drugs for the treatment of various diseases. The role of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension, Methotrexate
and various other for cancers, Statins for hypercholesterolemia, Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim and Penicillin as antibacterial agents etc are to be referred
mentioning the inhibition of the specific enzymes.
3-b) Steps of Urea formation- Urea is formed in liver from Ammonia and CO2, which condense together to form Carbamoyl- phosphate in the presence of
CPS-I enzyme. Carbamoyl- phosphate further condenses with ornithine to form Citrulline. Citrulline condenses with aspartic acid to form Argino succinic acid
which is subsequently cleaved to form Arginine and fumarate. Fumarate is converted to malate, then to Oxaloacetate, which is transaminated to form Aspartate.
Aspartate can re enter the cyclic pathway. On the other hand Arginine is cleaved to form Ornithine and urea. Ornithine can be reutilized for the continuation of
the cycle.
Ammonia is toxic to brain, as it depletes Alpha keto glutarate, and glutamate resulting in depression of TCA cycle and reduced formation of GABA the
inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamine level is increased which is transported out in return for Tryptophan. Tryptophan is a precursor for serotonin, an excitatory
neurotransmitter. All these result in energy depletion due to depression of TCA cycle and hyperexcitaion due to excessive Serotonin production. Convulsions
and coma are the signs on ammonia intoxication. Death occurs in untreated cases.
Q.4- a) i) Albinism- is a disorder of Tyrosine metabolism. There is deficiency of Tyrosinase enzyme; as a result there is impaired formation of Melanin. The
affected patients show depigmentation of iris, skin and hair. Based on the type of defect, Albinism can be ocular, occulocutaneous or partial. Diagnosis is made
by clinical manifestations and by estimation of Tyrosinase enzyme in cultured cells. No permanent cure only symptomatic treatment can be imparted.
ii) Von-Gierke’s disease- It is a type 1 glycogen storage disease. The defect lies in the deficiency of Glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme. There is impaired
glycogen degradation and hence normal glycogen gets abnormally accumulated in liver, intestine and kidney. Hypoglycemia is a characteristic finding. Short
stature, protuberant abdomen, pallor, bleeding tendencies and impairment of liver and kidney functions are typical of this disease. Hyperuricemia, hypoglycemia
and lactic acidosis are diagnostic. No permanent cure, only symptomatic treatment is given.
b) Energy yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose under aerobic conditions-38 ATPs are produced from the complete oxidation of
one molecule of Glucose. The details of energetic of Glycolysis, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the oxidation of Acetyl co A in TCA cycle are to be
mentioned.8 ATPs in glycolysis, 6 in PDH complex and 24 ATPs in TCA cycle are produced making a total of 38 ATPs.
Activation to form Acyl co A, internalization to mitochondrial matrix through carnitine shuttle and the subsequent steps of beta oxidation in the form of
dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation and thiolytic cleavage are to be mentioned. The total energy yield is to be explained. The clinical significance lies
in medium chain acyl co A dehydrogenase deficiency and carnitine deficiency producing hypoglycemia due to imbalance between demand and supply of
energy.
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b) Structure of lipoprotein molecule- Lipoproteins are conjugated proteins for the transportation of lipids. The hydrophilic exterior of lipoprotein is made by
apoproteins, free cholesterol and by phospholipids while the hydrophobic core is constituted by triglycerides, cholesteryl ester etc. All have to be represented by
a clean diagram.
c) Denaturation- The process of disruption of the secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure if present of proteins is called Denaturation. The primary structure
remains intact. Application of heat, strong acids, strong alkalies, heavy metal salts and physical factors like vigorous shaking and freezing can bring about
Denaturation. The Denaturation in most cases is irreversible but it can be reversible also as in iso electric p H pecipitation or denaturation of Ribonuclease in the
presence of urea.
Protein loses its biological property on Denaturation. There is total functional loss on Denaturation. Details are to be provided for the types and effects of
Denaturation.
Q.6- a) Vitamin C deficiency is manifested in the form of scurvy, which is characterized by bleeding tendencies, bony changes and microcytic hypochromic
anemia. Causes, detection of deficiency and treatment are to be mentioned
b) Rancidity- It is the unpleasant smell and taste given by fats when kept for a long time or exposed to air. It is due to partial hydrolysis or oxidation of fats
producing fatty aldehydes. Anti oxidants can be added to prevent rancidity. Brief reference of lipid peroxidation is also required to be mentioned.
c) Lipotropic agents- Essential fatty acids, choline. Betaine, methionine, vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid are called as lipotropic agents. They are so called
lipotropic agents as they prevent the deposition of fats in liver cells and promote fat mobilization from liver to peripheral tissues. Deficiency of these factors
produces fatty liver.
d) Cori’s cycle- Transportation of lactate from muscles through blood to liver for conversion to glucose and transportation of glucose from liver back to
muscles for utilization in the glycolytic pathway for energy production and production of lactate which is transported to liver again and again in the same way,
this constitutes cori’s cycle. It is meant for disposal of waste product of muscle i.e. lactate for glucose production. Accumulation of lactate in muscles produces
fatigue,
Paper II
Q.1- 20 multiple choice questions ,
Q.2- a) What is the significance of maintenance of p H in body? Give a brief account of role of kidneys in the regulation of acid and base balance of the body.
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c) What are the possible causes of DNA damage? How is this damage repaired?
Q.4- a) Give a detailed account of Respiratory acidosis, mentioning the possible causes, alterations in laboratory profile, compensation by the regulatory
mechanisms and the consequences in untreated cases.
b) Describe the role of Renin -Angiotensin system in the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance of the body;
Q.5- a) Discuss the causes of Protein energy malnutrition. What are the possible risk factors associated with it and how can this be treated?
b) A 20 year-old drug addict has reported to emergency complaining of fever, cough, diarrhea and weight loss from the last few months. He is too weak to
walk. There is a suspicion of HIV infection. How will you proceed for the diagnosis? What seems to be the possible cause for HIV infection in this patient?
What are the various modes of transmission of HIV infection?
a) UAU
b) UAC
c) UGA
d) UGG
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c) Initiates transcription
c) Edits as it synthesizes
a) 5- methyl thymidine
b) Ribose phosphate
c) Ara C
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a) Hypoglycemia
b) Proteinuria
c) Edema
d) Hypoproteinemia
a) Glycosuria
b) Ketonuria
c) Proteinuria
d) oliguria
b) Oliguria
d) Glycosuria
a)Acute MI
b) Hemolytic anemia
c) Liver diseases
Q.10- Approximately ———– of bile acids are excreted in feces per day
a) 2 00 G
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b) 200 mg
c) 400 G
d) 400 mg
a) Human beings
b) Animals
c) plants
Q.12- A condition where the amount of nitrogen lost from the body exceeds the dietary intake is called as:
b) Nitrogen equilibrium
d) Uremia.
a) 2- deoxy Ribose
b) 3-deoxy Ribose
c) D- Ribose
d) D- Xylulose
a) Immunodeficiency
b) Hyperglycemia
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c) Hyperuricemia
d) Hyperoxaluria
a) Cytosine
b) Guanosine
c) Inosine
d) Adenosine
Q.16- An anxious, nervous female was breathing rapidly. What do you expect the acid base status of the body?
a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory Alkalosis
Q.17- Periods of prolonged starvation will produce what type of acid base alteration in the body?
a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory Alkalosis
a) Streptomycin
b)Erythromycin
c) Oligomycin
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d) Tetracycline
Q.19- All of the following are observed in high fibre diet except-
Q.20-If there is an increased concentration of glucose in urine, the most likely cause could be–
a) Starvation
b) Alcoholism
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Hepatitis
1-c
2-d
3-d
4-b
5-c
6-a
7-b
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8-c
9-d
10-d
11-c
12-a
13-c
14-a
15-a
16-d
17-a
18-c
19-c
20-c
Q.2-a) Significance of maintenance of p H in the body- p H maintainenance is required for the proper functioning of proteins, enzymes, DNA, nerve
conduction ,muscle contraction, as well as for the flow of substances across the membranes. Blood buffers, lungs and kidney play a significant role in the
maintenance of body p H. Kidneys promote excretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions depending on acid base status of the body. The bicarbonate,
phosphate and ammonia mechanisms are required to be explained giving diagrammatic representations.
b) Role of ATP in the biological system- ATP is considered the energy currency of cell. Various examples of exergonic reactions are to be mentioned. Sources
of ATP i.e. from oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation are to be mentioned.
c) Biochemical basis of hyperuricemia in HGPRTase deficiency- HGPRTase deficiency is manifested as Lesch Nyhan syndrome. Hyperuricemia is due to
non utilization of PRPP which in turn is used for Denovo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Purines can not be utilized by Salvaged pathway; hence they are
catabolized to form uric acid. Excess synthesis and catabolism of purines is the cause of hyperuricemia in this defect.
2) There are specific sites on DNA that act as start signals for initiation process. The RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter site on the template strand.
3)The region between promoter and terminator sites on DNA site is called as Transcription unit, which is transcribed in to mRNA.
5) One of the strand acts as a template and the base pairing rule is followed.
7) Specific signals are recognized for termination by termination protein, the Rho factor. The termination can also be Rho independent.
b) Post translational modifications- The mature functional protein is formed by the post translational processes, which include the following processes-
1) Proteolytic cleavage
1) Excision repair
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2) Photo reactivation
3) Recombinational repair
4) Mismatch repair
Primary excess of carbonic acid produces respiratory acidosis. Respiratory acidosis may result from bronchopneumonia or status asthmaticus. Depression of
respiratory centre by sedatives or narcotics; chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases etc cause difficulty in breathing resulting in retention of carbonic acid.
Renal compensation occurs by excretion of more H+ and retention of bicarbonates.
b) Role of Renin -Angiotensin system in the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance of the body- Renin is a proteoltic enzyme released from the
kidney. It is released in response to the fall in sodium ion concentration, Hypovolemia, hypotension and a fall in intra cellular calcium ion conc., All these
factors stimulate the release of Renin from J.G. cells to blood. The action of Renin is mediated through the release of Angiotensin I from Angiotensinogen.
Angiotensin I is then converted to Angiotensin II and then to Angiotensin III. Both the later Angiotensins cause the release of Aldosteron from the Adrenal
cortex, which causes the absorption of Sodium ions to restore the blood pressure and the fluid volume. The interdependence of Renin- Angiotensin system and
the Aldosteron is to be discussed. The clinical significance and the use of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of Hypertension are to be discussed.
At one end of the spectrum is Marasmus which results from a continued and the severe deficiency of both dietary energy and proteins (primary calorie in
adequacy and Secondary protein deficiency). At the other end of the spectrum is Kwashiorkor, where isolated deficiency of proteins along with adequate calorie
intake is seen.
A brief description of the causes, clinically symptoms and laboratory findings is to be given. The possible treatment is also required to be mentioned.
b) Transmission of HIV- The various routs like the blood, placenta, sex etc are to me mentioned. The cause of HIV infection in this patient seems to be drug
abuse.
Q.6-a) Biochemistry of cancer cells- cancer cells are characterized by three important properties-Diminished or unrestricted growth, Capability of invasion of
local tissues and capability of spread to distant places by metastasis . The characteristics of cancer cells – the morphological and biochemical changes are to be
discussed.
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b) Galactose tolerance test- It is an index of impaired liver functions. When galactose load is given , it is exclusively metabolized in liver and is converted to
glucose The rate of utilization is proportional to functional liver cell mass. Details of procedure and observations in cirrhosis of liver and infective hepatitis are
to be mentioned.
This is another version of the liquid- liquid chromatography. A thin layer of the silica gel is spread on a glass plate, biological sample is applied as a small spot
.T he plate is placed in a trough containing the solvent.. The stationary water phase is held on the silica gel and the mobile phase of non polar solvent moves up.
In the case of TLC it takes only 3-4 hours for the separation of the substances in comparison to Paper chromatography which takes 14-16 hours, that is a distinct
advantage for TLC.
Q.N.2- a) What are the salient features of an a-helix? Name two amino acids that destabilize this structure.
b) Give an account of the biochemical changes in the blood of a phenylketonuric subject. How will you proceeds for the diagnosis and treatment of this
disease?
Q.N.3– a) Describe the steps of de novo synthesis of fatty acids? How is this process regulated?
Q.N.4- a) Explain why are the following compounds toxic: (i) Rotenone (ii) 2, 4-dinitrophenol (iii) Atractyloside.
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d) Explain how the monitoring of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIc) levels is useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
a) Visual cycle
c) Enzyme Inhibition
Q.N.6- a) Briefly discuss the mechanism of iron absorption from the intestinal lumen. What is its biological and clinical significance?
(iii) Glycolipids.
c) Give the biochemical explanation for the presence of high levels of (i) Ketone and (ii) Methylmalonic acid in the urine.
a) Ribose
b) Glucose
c) Fructose
d) Glyceraldehyde.
Q.N.2- Which of the following enzymes catalyzes a reaction that involves a decarboxylation reaction?
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a).Pyruvate dehydrogenase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Q.N.3- In the enzyme catalyzed reactions when the conc. of the substrate is too high the reaction order is-
a) Zero order
b) First order
c) Second order
d) Third order.
Q.N.4-. The primary defect which leads to sickle cell anemia is:
a) Gluconic acid
b) Mannitol
c) Maltose
d) Xylulose
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a) Catecholamines
b) Thyroid hormones
c) Creatine
d) Fructose-6-phosphate.
a) A
b) D
c) K
d) B1
a) Catalase
b) Myoglobin
c) Fibrinogen
d) Cytochrome
a) Cytoplasm
b) Mitochondria
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c) Lysosomes
b) Ornithine
a) Magnesium
b) Cobalt
c) Chromium
d) Zinc
a) Pepsin
b) Carbonic Anhydrase
c) Trypsin
d) Cytochrome Oxidase.
a) Gastroenteritis
b) Osteomalacia
c) Aplastic anemia
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d) Exfoliative dermatitis.
a) Thyrotoxicosis
b) Starvation
c) Myasthenia Gravis
Q.N.20- 131ATP molecules are produced by the complete oxidation of one molecule of Palmitic acid.
Model Answers
1- c,
2-d,
3-a,
4-b,
5-b,
6-b,
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7-d,
8-b,
9-c,
10-b,
11-a,
12-b
13-b,
14-d,
15-d,
16-False,
17-True,
18-True,
19-False,
20-False.
2) The structure is stabilized by Hydrogen bonds between NH and C=O groups of the main chain.
5) It is generally right-handed.
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7) Two amino acids that disrupt the helix are proline and hydroxy proline.
Diagram and the list of participating amino acids / amino acids causing disruption of helix are to be given
b) Biochemical changes in the blood of a phenylketonuric subject- Phenyl Alanine can’t be converted to Tyrosine , it accumulates and alternate minor
pathways are opened. Phenyl pyruvate, phenyl lactate and phenyl acetate accumulate in blood and are excreted in urine.
Diagnosis is made by blood phenyl Alanine levels, Guthrie test and urine ferric chloride test.
Treatment is based on early detection. The principle of treatment is to provide a diet containing low phenyl Alanine. Gene therapy is the permanent cure.
1) Formation of Haem
Q.N.3-a) steps of de novo synthesis of fatty acids- all the steps of incorporation of acetyl co A and Malony co A to the enzyme. The steps of reduction,
dehydration and reduction are to be explained. The repetition of cycles and the energy yield etc is to be explained.
b)- significance of enzyme b-hydroxy-b-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) Reductase- it is a key regulatory enzyme of cholesterol synthesis. It is regulated
by feed back inhibition, covalent modification, allosteric modification and by diet induced induction or repression. It is competitively inhibited by statins which
are used for lowering plasma cholesterol levels.
(i) Rotenone – It inhibits the first complex of ETC, thus there is no ATP formation and death occurs due to metabolic derangements.
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b) Alcohol consumption by an undernourished person can cause hypoglycemia- Alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde
dehydrogenase, which utilize NAD+, as a result NADH accumulates and all the reactions where NAD+ is utilized are inhibited and the reactions where NADH
is utilized are promoted. Hence oxaloacetate and pyruvate are converted to malate and lactate respectively limiting the substrates for Gluconeogenesis resulting
in to hypoglycemia.
c) why the breath of an untreated diabetic smells of acetone- untreated diabetes mellitus leads to hyperglycemia. Non utilization of glucose leads to lipolysis.
The excess acetyl co A is utilized for ketogenesis. Acetone, the Ketone body is excreted through lungs, that’s why the breath of the untreated diabetics smells of
acetone.
d) How the monitoring of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIc) levels is useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus– The degree of hyperglycemia can be
depicted by the conc. of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIc). The target of therapy is based on lowering the levels of glycosylated HbA1c . It is a better
parameter than estimating blood sugar levels.
a) visual cycle – The steps of disintegration of Rhodopsin and reformation are to be explained.
b) One carbon metabolism- Sources and various acceptors of one carbon are to be explained. Various forms of folic acid acting as carriers of one carbon group
are to be discussed.
c) Enzyme Inhibition– various types of inhibitions like competitive, non competitive, feed back, allosteric inhibition etc are to be discussed.
Q.N.6- a) Mechanism of iron absorption from the intestinal lumen- Mucosal block theory is to be explained.
b) Give an example of: (i) cyclic fatty acid – Chaulmoogric acid and hydnocarpic acid
c)The biochemical explanation for the presence of high levels of (i) Ketone bodies
The possible causes are starvation, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, high fat feeding etc.
(ii) Methylmalonic acid in the urine- It is excreted in the deficiency of vitamin B12. L-methyl malonyl co A is not converted to suucinyl co A, it accumulates
and is thus excreted excessively in urine.
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Biochemistry- Paper-2
Date-04-11-08
Q.N.1. –a) Describe the essential differences between Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Acidosis.
b) Discuss the role of Renin -Angiotensin system in the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance of the body.
Q.N. 2. – a) What is PCR? Describe in detail the steps and applications of PCR.
Q.N.3. – a) Describe the various tests which are based on excretory functions of liver.
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b) Define Detoxification, Why is it required? Describe the various types of detoxification reactions occurring in the body giving one suitable example of each
reaction.
b) Balanced diet
Q.N.5 – a) What is BMR? Discuss the role of various factors that affect the BMR.
b) Etiology of cancers
c) Orotic aciduria
d) Sparing action
BIOCHEMISTRY-PAPER
Date- 04-11-08-08
a) Replication b) Transcription
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a) Glycine b) Acetylation
c) Glutamine d) Methylation
Q.N.5- On the third day, following the onset of Acute Myocardial infarction which enzyme estimation will have the best predictive value?
a) 60 b) 65
c) 70 d) 75
a) Normal b) Low
Q.N.8- In which of the following enzymes, zinc constitutes an integral part of the enzyme-
a) Pepsin b) Trypsin
Q.N. 9- Which of the following essential dietary factors is a precursor for a compound that acts as a “one carbon carrier”-
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c) Biotin d) Thiamine
Q.N.10- The intake of which food stuff results in the greatest SDA-
a) Carbohydrates b) Fats
c) Proteins d) Calcium
Q.N.11- AFP is the most specific tumor marker for the primary carcinoma of the-
a) Bone b) Liver
Q.N.12- Oxidation of which substance in the body yields the most calories per gram-
a) Glucose b) Lipids
a) Calcitonin b) Insulin
c) Parathormone d) Glucagon
a) Uracil b) Adenine
c) Thymine d) Ribose.
c) Puromycin d) Streptoglidigin
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Q.N.16- A given codon designates only one single specific amino acid.
Q.N.18- The renal plasma flow is measured by the Hippuric acid test.
Q.N.19- Sudden increase in Gamma Glutamyl Transferase enzyme in Chronic Alcoholics signifies recent bout of drinking of Alcohol.
Q.N.20- The Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Hormone is synthesized in the adrenal cortex.
Model Answers
1)-b
2) b
3) d
4) c
5) d
6) d
7) c
8) c
9) b
10) c
11) b
12) b
13) d
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14) c
15) d
16) True
17) False
18) False
19) True
20) False
Q.N.2-a) The differences between Metabolic acidosis and Respiratory Acidosis- Metabolic acidosis is primary alkali deficit due to the deficiency of
bicarbonate ions, While Respiratory Acidosis is due to primary carbonic acid excess. The p H and the ratio is altered in both the cases but the causes and the
compensatory mechanisms and the treatment are different in both the cases. All the causes, compensatory mechanisms and the treatment are to be discussed in
the tabular manner.
b) Renin – Angiotensin system- Renin is a proteoltic enzyme released from the kidney. It is released in response to the fall in sodium ion concentration,
Hypovolemia, hypotension and a fall in intra cellular calcium ion conc., All these factors stimulate the release of Renin from J.G. cells to blood. The action of
Renin is mediated through the release of Angiotensin I from Angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I is then converted to Angiotensin II and then to Angiotensin III.
Both the later Angiotensins cause the release of Aldosteron from the Adrenal cortex, which causes the absorption of Sodium ions to restore the blood pressure
and the fluid volume. The interdependence of Renin- Angiotensin system and the Aldosterone are to be discussed. The clinical significance and the use of ACE
inhibitors for the treatment of Hypertension are to be discussed.
Q.N.2-a) PCR- Polymerase chain reaction is a method of amplifying a target sequence of DNA. The flanking sequences of the target DNA are required to be
known. Two primers of about 20-30 nucleotides with complementary sequence of the flanking region can be synthesized. DNA strands are separated by heating
at 95 degree centigrade for 15 seconds to 2 minutes. The primers are annealed by cooling to 50 degree centigrade. The primers hybridize with their
complementary single stranded DNA produced in the first step. New strands are synthesized by Taq. Polymerase. The enzyme is heat resistant , hence it is not
denatured at that high temperature. The polymerase reaction is allowed to take place for 30 seconds in the presence dNTPs. Both strands of DNA are thus
duplicated. The steps are repeated, in each cycle the DNA strands are duplicated. Thus in a short span of time by simple technique the DNA is amplified many
times. In reverse PCR m RNA is detected , this allows c DNA synthesis from m RNA, followed by PCR amplification. The PCR technique is used for the
diagnosis of various diseases, for medico legal cases, for the diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer detection and also for the Paleontological studies to study
the evolution of life. The diagram showing the steps is needed.
b) Lac operon model- The synthesis of proteins under the influence of genes is called gene expression. All the genes of the cell are not expressed at all the
time. The Lac operon is an inducible catabolic operon of E.Coli. It consists of structural genes and the regulatory genes. The structural genes Z,Y and A
transcribe to form a single large m-RNA with three independent translational units for the synthesis of three distinct enzymes. The regulatory genes produce the
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Repressor molecule , the expression of which is constitutive. The repressor has a strong affinity for the operator which is the site between the promoter and the
structural genes. When the repressor is attached to the operator the RNAP can not move further and thus the transcription of the structural genes is inhibited. So
the structural genes are not transcribed. Thus when the lactose is not available, the lactose utilizing enzymes are not synthesized. When lactose is there in the
medium the it binds to the repressor molecule and this complex becomes inactive and can no longer bind to the DNA. Thus the structural genes are transcribed
and the lactose is thereby utilized.
The Repression, De-repression of the lac operon are to be discussed. The role of cAMP is also to be discussed.
Q.N.3- a) Tests based on the excretory functions of the liver- Bilirubin is formed by the catabolism of heme .It is the excretory product formed in the liver. It
is conjugated in the liver to form the Bilirubin diglucuronide and excreted through bile. Measurement of Serum Biliribin, urobilinogen and stercobilinogen in
blood and urine are important tests of liver functions. Besides that the BSP retention test and Indocyanin Green tests are to be discussed.
b) Detoxification- The biochemical processes whereby the toxic substances are rendered nontoxic and more water soluble are termed as detoxification. The
toxicants that are lipophilic, non-polar and are of low molecular weight are readily absorbed through the cell membranes of the skin, GI Tract and lungs and
accumulate in the lipid rich areas to produce the toxic effects. By Detoxication the substances are processed through two phases Phase I reactions are
hydroxylation reactions , while phase II reactions are conjugation reactions.
Details with one example each are to be given for both the phases, concluding with the harmful effects of xenobiotics if they are not rendered non toxic.
Q.N.4- a)Thin Layer Chromatography- This is another version of the liquid- liquid chromatography. A thin layer of the silica gel is spread on a glass plate,
biological sample is applied as a small spot .The plate is placed in a trough containing the solvent. The stationary water phase is held on the silica gel and the
mobile phase of non polar solvent moves up. In the case of TLC it takes only 3-4 hours for the separation of the substances in comparison to Paper
chromatography which takes 14-16 hours, that is a distinct advantage for TLC.
b) Balanced Diet- A diet is said to be a balanced one when it includes proportionate quantities of food items selected from the different basic food groups so as
to supply the essential nutrients in the complete fulfillment of the requirement of the body. The basic food groups and the criteria for the planning of a balanced
diet are to be discussed.
c) Post Translational Modifications- The mature functional protein is formed by the post translational processes, which include the following processes-
1) Proteolytic cleavage
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4/13/2019 University papers with model answers | Biochemistry for Medics – Lecture Notes
Q.N.5-a) BMR- The basal metabolic rate may be defined as the energy required by an awake individual during physical, emotional and digestive rest. It is the
minimum amount of energy required to maintain life or sustain vital functions like the working of the heart, circulation, brain functions, respiration etc. The
measurement of BMR in brief is to be discussed along with the elaboration of various factors that produce variations in BMR
b) Transmission of HIV- The various routs like the blood, placenta ,sex etc are to me mentioned.
Natural course of the disease- Window period, seropositiveness stage and the phase of full blown AIDS are to be discussed.
Triplet codon, non overlapping, non punctuated, degenerate, unambiguous and universal characteristics etc are to be discussed.
b) Etiology of Cancers- All cancers are multifactorial in origin. They include genetic, hormonal, metabolic, physical, chemical and environmental factors. The
effect of mutations and chemical carcinogens is also to be discussed.
c) Orotic aciduria- This condition results from the absence of either or both of the enzymes-OPRTase or OMPdecarboxylase. S/s, the lab.diagnosis and the
treatment are to be discussed.
d) Sparing action- The examples of formation of Tyrosine from phenyl Alanine and the formation of carbohydrates from the c- skeleton of amino acids is to be
discussed. The relative decrease in the requirement of the phenyl Alanine and proteins is to be discussed in brief.
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