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Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures
Introduction to Shells
Ludovic Noels
– Hooke’s law , or
with
with
– Curvature E2
• A
E1
– Out-of-plane sliding
Dt
• Dt
E3 t
z qy = Dt1
t
x
-uz,1 E2
g1 A 1/k11
qy = Dt1
1/Dt,1
E1
q3 ~
x m22
-uz,1 E2
g1 q3
qy = Dt1 A
~
m12
~ E1 ~ 1/k11
m11 m21
– Bending mode
•
– Shear mode
•
– with
– with
• Clearly, the solution can be directly computed in plane Oxy (constant Hn)
– E3
∂NA
– Boundary conditions A
∂DA n
» Neumann E2
» Dirichlet E1
n0 = na Ea
• &
– with
– with
• Solution is obtained by projecting into the plane Oxy (constant Hq, Hm)
–
z qy
– With Timoshenko beam equations
qy x
g
– No initial curvature
E1
n0 = na Ea
E1
– On ∂DA: n0 = na Ea
• High order E3
p
∂MA
– On ∂TA: A
∂TA M
with E2
E1
– On ∂MA: n0 = na Ea
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 12
Kirchhoff plate summary
• Membrane-bending coupling
E3
– The first order theory is uncoupled
– For second order theory
• On A: ñ22
E2
• Tension increases the bending
A ñ12
stiffness of the plate
E1 ñ21
– In case of small initial curvature (k >>) ñ11
E3
• On A:
u3
• Tension induces bending effect ñ22
j03 E2
• General theories
A ñ12
– For not small initial curvature:
E1 ñ21
• Linear shells ñ11
t0
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
– The picture shows the basis for x3 = 0
» g0a (x3=0) = j0,a
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 15
Introduction to shells
• Shell kinematics (3) t0 t0,1
– Convected basis g0I to S0 S0
g01(x1, x2,x3)
j0,1(x1, x2)
– For x3 = 0
• g0a are tangent to the mid-surface x1=cst
x2=cst
• g0a (x3=0) = j0,a
t0
c = F o F0-1
– For x3 ≠0 x1=cst x2=cst
S0
S
• If there is an initial curvature t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 16
Introduction to shells
x2=cst
• Shell kinematics (4) j0,1(x1, x2)
– Convected basis g0I to S0 (2)
t0
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
– So can be written?
≠dIJ
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
as
E1
g0 1
– For plates
A
x2
– Kirchhoff-Love assumption (no shearing) x1 E2
• Normal is assumed to remain E1
– Planar
– Perpendicular to
the neutral plane
– Reissner-Mindlin (shearing is allowed)
• Normal is assumed to remain planar
• But not perpendicular to neutral plane
E1
– Small transformations assumptions ( , , )
• Using
With &
Laplace formula
– Stress term
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
Divergence in the frame t
linked to S0 (not in EI)
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
Normal to S0
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 24
Resultant equilibrium equations
• Linear momentum equation (5)
– Stress term (2)
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 25
Resultant equilibrium equations
• Linear momentum equation (6)
– Stress term (3)
• As &
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 26
Resultant equilibrium equations
• Linear momentum equation (7) E3
x2=cst
– Stress term (4) t0
A
• x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1
• Compared to plates
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates)
– Cauchy stresses have to be projected in the body basis
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in x2=cst
the mid-surface basis
–
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
n1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 28
Resultant equilibrium equations
• Linear momentum equation (9) x2=cst E3
t0
– From A
x1=cst S0 x2
• x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
E1
•
– Defining t0
A
• Surface density x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
• Surface loading E1
• Resultant loading
A
x2
x1 E2
– Small transformations assumptions
E1
• Using
• With
• Compared to plates
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates) x2=cst
– Cauchy stresses have to be projected in the body basis
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
the mid-surface basis
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
–
~1
m
• Resultant stresses
– Angular momentum
•
– Interpretation
• Everything is projected on the convected basis t0 t0,1
• We have the ncoupling S0
traction/bending as for plate g01(x1, x2,x3)
only if no curvature (t0,a=0)
j0,1(x1, x2)
• What happens if initial
curvature?
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
• With , &
• As EI . EJ = dIJ
– Remarks:
» As the basis is not orthonormal g3 ≠ g3 = t
» Identity matrix should also be defined in the convected basis
» When g = g0, there is no deformation F=I
• Small deformations
• With t0
x1=cst x2=cst
S0 u S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
• Defining
• Term in
u,1
S t0
S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
u
j0,1(x1, x2) Elongation of
mid-surface
• Term in
j,01(x1, x2)
S t0
S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
u
j0,1(x1, x2) Increase of
curvature radius
(negative strain)
x
-uz,x
g1 Change of the neutral plane
qy = Dtx direction resulting from
1) Bending
2) Out-of-plane shearing
• Term in
– Thickness dependence of the out-of-plane shearing
– For thin structure we consider the average one
neglected
Dt
z qy = Dtx t t,1
t0
j,01(x1, x2)
u,1
S t0
x S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
-uz,x
g1 u
qy = Dtx j0,1(x1, x2)
with
• But here deformations are relative because in the metric of the convected basis
stress components should also be in this metric
– Let us consider a basis aI ,with e components known in this basis
• Eventually with
– With
– With
– With
dx
– With
• Contributions
z z
• Elongation depends on x3
L x
– Part is stretched and h y
part is compressed
– For pure bending the change
of sign is on the neutral axis
• Average trough the thickness elongation
with
– With
With &
• As
With &
New term
compared to
plates
• Similarly
• With
– Doing the same developments for the bending mode leads to (see annex 2)
• New term
compared to
• With
plates
– Resultant stresses
• ,
– Coupling
Initial curvature
• of the shell
– Hookes’law
• with
k FL/A
F/A F/A
FLk/A
– In general L ~ 1/k for shells (for plates L << 1/k)
k F/A
FL/A FL/A
Fh02k/A
– If h02 << L/k ~1/k2, which was already assumed, this term can be neclected
– Resultant stresses
• , ,
– Hookes’law
with
A
x2
x1 E2
– Small transformations assumptions
E1
• Using
• As
– Main idea in plates is to consider u and t constant on the thickness
–
– With
x2=cst E3
t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1
• Integration by parts
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 72
Annex 1: Resultant equilibrium equations
• Angular momentum equation (6)
– Stress term (2)
• djl as here grad is in S0 frame
as s symmetric
x2=cst x1=cst
• Where n is the normal to the
t0
shell S0 c = F o F0-1
x1=cst x2=cst
S0
S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 73
Annex 1: Resultant equilibrium equations
• Angular momentum equation (7)
– Stress term (2)
•
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
• As S
t
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 74
Annex 1: Resultant equilibrium equations
• Angular momentum equation (8)
– Stress term (3)
•
• Compared to plates
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates) x2=cst
– Cauchy stresses have to be projected in the body basis
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
the mid-surface basis
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
–
~1
m
It comes
x2=cst E3
• As Cauchy stress tensor is symmetrical
t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
• As E1
– As
– Equation
• With
• As ,
With
with
• As &
with
with
with
• As
with
With &
• As
With &
New term
compared to
plates
t0
S0 t0,1
j0,1(x1, x2)
• As ,
& , and neglecting term in (x3)3 leads to, for constant density,
With