GOOGLE DRIVE CAR TECHNOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION

The Google Driverless Car is like any car, but:

 It can steer itself while looking out for obstacles.

 It can accelerate itself to the correct speed limit.

 It can stop and go itself based on any traffic condition.

 An Google car is also known as Driverless car , Self-Driving Car

 It is vehicle that can drive itself from one point to another without any assistance from
driver

 In other words it is operated by an autopilot system

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2. HISTORY

Self-driving cars will also save lives. Over 33,000 Americans are killed in car accidents
each year. Implementing autonomous vehicles will allow for accurate and safer transportation,
mitigating these needless deaths.

Google development of self-driving technology began in January 17,2009 at the

company’s secretive X lab run by co-founder Sergey Brin. The project was originally led by the
Sebastain Thrun, who is the former director of the Standford Artificial intelligence Laboratory
and co-inventor of Google Street view. Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed
concerns over how to regulate the emerging technology. Nevada passed a law in June 2011
concerning the operations of autonomous cars in Neveda, which went into effect on March 1,
2012.

A Toyota Prius modified with Google experimental driverless technology which is

licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012. This was the first
license issue in the United states for a self-driven car. In late May 2014, Google revealed a new
prototype of its driverless car which has no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal, being
100% autonomous, and unveiled a fully functioning ptototype in December of that year that they
planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.

In 2015, Google provided “the world’s first fully driverless ride on public roads “. The
ride was taken by Steve Mahan. In December 2016 the unit was renamed Waymo, and made a
separate division in alphabet. Waymo began testing autonomous minivans without safety driver
on public roads in Chandler, Arizona, in October 2017. The company announced in January 2018
that it would begin its ride-hailing services in the Phoenix, Arizona, area later in the year.

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3. HARDWARE SENSORS

In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture,
cameras that improve visibility, and wipers to clear the lidar system. Waymo manufactures a suite
of self-driving hardware developed in-house. These sensors and hardware enhanced vision
system, improved radar, and laser based lidar reduce dependence on suppliers. Waymo officials
said the cars the company uses are built for full autonomy with sensors that give 360 degree views
and lasers that detect objects up to 300 meters away. Short range lasers detect and focus on
objects near the vehicles and track objects in motion. The interior of the car include buttons for
riders to control certain functions such as “Help”, ”Lock”, ”Pull over”, “Start ride”.

Sensors attempt to create Fully observable environment

1. LIDAR

2. VIDEO CAMERA

3. POSITION ESTIMATOR

4. DISTANCE SENSOR

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4. ARCHITECTURE

Fig 1: Architecture of the Google car

The architecture of the Google car describes how it works under the bonnet. Along with
the sensors it will have the GPS, Ultrasonic sensors, RADAR sensors and a Central computer.

The GPS refers to global positioning system which is a satellite that are combined with
readings from tachometers, altimeters and gyroscopes to provide more accurate positioning than
is possible with GPS alone.

The two sensors which are ultrasonic and radar, the former one is used to measure the
position of objects very close to the vehicle, such as curbs and other vehicles when parking.
Another sensor which is RADAR used to monitor the position of other vehicles nearby. Such

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sensors are already used in adaptive cruise-control systems. The information from all of the
sensors is analyzed by a central computer that manipulates the steering accelerator and brakes. Its
software must understand the rules of the road, both formal and informal.

5. ABOUT SENSORS

LIDAR:

 The Light Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) which is the most important device in the
Autonomous vehicle.

 The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and receiver.

 The emitter sends out a LASER beam that bounces off a mirror that is rotating along with
the cylindrical housing at 10 revolution per minute.

 After bouncing off objects, the LASER beam returns to the mirror and is bounced back
towards the receiver where it can interpreted into data.

 The vehicle can then generate a 3-D map of its surroundings and use the map to avoid
objects.

It works in just about every lighting condition and delivers data in the computer’s native
tongue: numbers. Some systems can even detect the velocity of the things it sees, which makes
deciding what matters far easier. The main problems with lidar are that it’s expensive, its
reliability is unproven, and it’s unclear if anyone has found the right balance between range and
resolution.

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Fig 2: LIDAR

Fig 3: functioning of LIDAR

VIDEO CAMERAS:
• A camera mounted near the rear-view mirror It is also used to identify road markings and
traffic signals.

The cameras—sometimes a dozen to a car and often used in stereo setups—are what let
robocars see lane lines and road signs. They only see what the sun or your headlights illuminate,
though, and they have the same trouble in bad weather that you do. But they’ve got terrific
resolution, seeing in enough detail to recognize your arm sticking out to signal that left turn.

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Fig 4: Video camera of Google car

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DISTANCE SENSOR:

Allow the car to "see" far enough to detect nearby or upcoming cars or obstacles

Fig 5: Distance sensor

But what if there’s an object a lot larger or smaller than the window size, it wouldn’t be
detected! So, we’ll have to use multiple window sizes and slide them over the image.

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POSITION ESTIMATOR:

A rotation sensor mounted on the rear car wheel,

 Measures lateral movements and determines exact position of the wheel on the map.
 The location will be more accurate than the location obtained sing a GPS sensor.

Fig 6: Position estimator

6. AUTOMOTIVE NIGHT VISION

 Increases vehicle driver’s perception and seeing distance in darkness and poor weather
conditions
 Even those distances which are beyond the reach of vehicle’s headlight.

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Fig 7: Automotive night vision

7. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Anyone can buy a bunch of cameras and LIDAR sensors, slap them on a car, and call it
autonomous. But training a self-driving car to behave like a human driver better than a human is
on the bleeding edge of the artificial intelligence research. Waymo’s engineers are modeling not

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only how cars recognize objects in the road, for example, bit how human behavior affects how
cars should behave. And they’re using deep learning to interpret, predict and respond to data
accrued from its 6 million miles driven on public roads and 5 billion driven in simulation.

Fig 8: Artificial intelligence

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8. SEE IT IN ACTION

Look from inside:

The car’s interior looks functional rather than fashionable. The seats look plasticky, the
storage space at front of the car is basically a bucket, and the floor appears to be designed to be
wiped clean. But while it might not have leather trimmings and a stylish dashboard, we should
remember the cars are still early prototypes, and their interiors will undoubtedly go through
several revisions before the first becomes commercially available.

Fig 9: Inside look of Google car

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There’s not a traditional steering wheel and pedals, but there is a big red button. A small
TV monitor, top, displays what the side-view mirror is seeing.

Fig 10: Interior of Google car

Look from outside:

The outside look of Google’s latest self-driving car looks like rounded compact. Face was
created intentionally to be very Googley according to its designers, to put both other road users
and passengers at ease with the new technology. The shell is also designed to give the sensors the
best view of the surroundings.

Fig 11: Outside look Google car

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9. ADVANTAGES
 Without the need for a driver, cars could become mini-leisure rooms. There would be
more space and no need for everyone to face forwards. Entertainment technology, such as
video screens, could be used to lighten the long journeys without the concern of
distracting the driver.
 Over 80% of car crashes in the USA are caused by driver error, there would be no bad
drivers and less mistakes on roads, if all vehicles become driverless. Drunk and drugged
drivers would also be a thing of the past.
 Travelers will be able to journey overnight and sleep for the duration
 Traffic could be coordinated more easily in urban areas to prevent long tailbacks at busy
times.
 Reduce fatigue from the driving, plus argument over directions and navigation would be
a thing of past.
 Passengers should experience a smoother riding experience.
 They will lead to reduction of car theft.
 People who historically have difficulties with driving, such as disabled people and older
citizens as well as the very young, would be able to enjoy the freedom of car travel.
 Speed limits could be increased to reflect the safer driving, shortening the journey times.
 Efficient travel also means fuel savings, cutting costs.

 Current location can be easily identified by GPS.

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10. DISADVANTAGES

 Jobless drivers– Many trucks, as well as taxi drivers, will become jobless, as
autonomous vehicles take over.
 The price of the self-driving cars- Self-driving cars would probably cost more
than $100,000. Many ordinary people cannot offer them to buy such kind of cars.
 The threat of terrorists.
 Hackers getting into vehicles software and controlling or affecting its operation would be

a major privacy concerns.

 Reading human road signs is challenging for a robot.

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11. CONCLUSION

 The driverless car’s technology improves vehicle’s stability helps to minimize loss of
control.
 Driverless cars are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of
collision such as driver error, distractions and drowsiness.
 Minimize the air pollution.

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12. REFERENCES

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.seminarsonly.com

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