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THRUST FAULT KINEMATIC AND IMPLICATION FOR TECTONIC EVOLUTION IN
KENDENG ZONE NGRANCANG AREA, EAST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Ida Bagus Oka Agastya1,2
Slamet Sugiarto2,3
1
Indogeo SE
2
GAIA Research Indonesia
3
Geological Engineering, Intsitute of Science & Technology AKPRIND Yogyakarta
(iokaagastya@gmail.com)
Abstract
The research area is located in kendeng
fold-thrust belt in the estimated form at Plio-
Pleistocene deformation in Java. Wherein
Kendeng Zone it self is the foreland basin which
deposited of deepwater sediment. The provenance
of Kendeng Zone came from Southern Mountain
(Genevraye and Samuel, 1972). The purpose of
the study thrust fault kinematic and implication for
tectonic evolutionin Kendeng Zone is to
determining factor of influence and cause how
thrust fault can form from 2 kinematic factor that
is translation and rotation on rigid deformation, so
that can form the tectonic framework of Kendeng
Zone in research area.
The methods used in kinematic analysis in
research area comprehend : compression analysis
happens to each thrust fault, examaining each
movement of fault from compression analysis or
translation analysis and rotational of fault.
Observed the thrust fault geometry and relation
regionally through satellite imagery and
morphology.From compression analysis in 3 faults
with 4 stress data founded relative compression
north-south to northeast-southwest trending.
Movement vector from thrust fault be affected
from change of compression that relative rotation
to pattern of pacul strike slip fault and be affected
from the pattern of sysnthetic fault from pacul
pandan mountain strike slip fault. The distributing
compression so have relative rotation clockwise
trending and have 19,5o movement of rotation
axis. The Geometry from thrust fault in Kendeng
Zone showed imbrication trailing type system.
Moreover tectonic of kendeng zone the main in
Central Kendengcan not be separated from the
influence of pacul strike slip fault that similar
formed to starts of Kendeng fold and thrust fault
form, with the compression trend north-south that
begin in Plio-Pleistocene.
Key Words: Kendeng Zone, Thrust fault,
Kinematic Analysis, Indonesia
Introduction
The study area is located at Kendeng fold-
thrust beld which is estimated to form on Plio-
Pleistocene deformation. Where the Kendeng
Zone itself is a basin of foreland basin that
deposited deep water sediments proven from the
Southern Mountains (Genevraye and Samuel,
1972).
In addition, the geological structure that
develops in the Kendeng hills is dominated by a
series of asymmetrical east-west axis rhythms that
form anticlinorium, and various faults. The
intensity of folds and faults decreases to the east.
The north wing is often a large angle to the upside
which is cut by a thrust fault that moves
northward.The thrust faults are usually not too
deep (thin-skinned). However, some thrust fault in
a large angle with significant shifts also occurring,
which, according to gravity data, may come from
basement(thick-skinned) (Genevraye& Samuel,
1972). The folds are also often small angle and
disharmonic, indicating the influence of marine
sedimentary character of fine-grained sediment
Mio-Pliocene age that is plastic and incompetent.
The purpose of the study of kinematic analysis of
thrust fault and its implications on tectonic
evolution of Kendeng area of Ngrancang and
surrounding areas, Tambakrejo Subdistrict,
Bojonegoro Regency, East Java Province, to
determines the influence factor and cause of how
the thrust faults are formed based on 2 kinematic
factors that is translation and rotation on the
deformation of a rigid object, so as to build a
tectonic framework.
Data and Method
The research methods used to solve the
problem of kinematic analysis in the research area
include:
1. Analyze the stress that occur on each thrust
faults.
2. Observe the movement of each faults based on
stress analysis or translation analysis and faults
rotation.
3. Observe the geometry of thrust fault and its
relation regionally through the observation of
image and morphology.
4. Resume the kinematic relationship of thrust
faultsand tectonic occurring in the research area.
So in determining kinematic a fault can be done
based on several parameters, among others,
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displacement vector, faults position to orientation (Fig. 3). Based on the results of field data
of rotation axis, faults geometry and regional processing and kinematics analysis, the second
geological influence.The method for determining type is either left reverse slip fault (Rickard, 1972)
all these parameters, is by conducting stress
with maximum horizontal stress (Shmax): N 246o
analysis and faults observation on a thrust fault
phenomenon that represents the geological state of E and minimum horizontal stress (Shmin): N 154o
the research area, the compiler uses references E at fault First and maximum horizontal stress
from Davis and Reynolds, 1996 in kinematic (Shmax): N 191o E and minimum horizontal stress
analysis.Referring to Davis and Reynolds, on (Shmin): N 100o E at second fault.
kinematic analysis, the authors constructed 3
kinematic analyzes of the 4thrust faults in the
study area to determine the overall kinematics of
the thrust fault and tectonically linked regionally
in the research area.

Result and Discussion

Stress Analysis
Based on stress analysis on 3 model thrust
fault at the location of the study, it can be found in
the north-south relative stress, which is divided Figure 2.Resut of stress analaysis of fault 2westside.
into 4 stress analysis data, namely:

Fault 1
This fault is located in the southern part of
the research area, with a relatively northwest-
southeast oriented direction, encountered in the
vicinity of Napis area. Indications of a fault are:
The direction of the fault section (from the
topographic maps and satellite imagery), the
presence of strike/ dip changes, the presence of the
fault plane, the alignment of the river, the incision
of the fault line in fault plane.The measured
structural elements are the alignment N 280° E
and the fault plane data N 132o / 61o with a rake of
80o (Fig. 1). Based on the result of field data
processing and kinematic analysis, we get the type
of Left reverse slip fault (Rickard, 1972) with
maximum horizontal stress (Shmax): N 230o E and
minimum horizontal stress (Shmin): N 137o E.
Figure1.Result of stress analysis in fault 1.
Figure 3. Result of stress analysis in fault 2 eastside.
Fault 3
This fault is located in the northern part
of the study area, with a relatively long northwest-
southeast direction, encountered around the
Ngrauarea. Indications of the presence of fault are:
The alignment of the fault direction (from the
topographic maps and satellite imagery), the
presence of strike/ dip changes, the presence of the
fault plane, the alignment of the river, the incision
of the slickenline. The measured structural
elements are the N 310° E alignment and the N
164o/ 50oof fault plane data with the rake 78o (Fig.
4). Based on the result of field data processing and
kinematics analysis, we get the type left reverse
slip fault (Rickard, 1972) with maximum
horizontal stress (Shmax): N 263o E and minimum
horizontal stress (Shmin): N 172o E.

Fault 2
This fault is located in the middle of the
research area, with a relatively long northwest-
southeast direction, encountered around the
Ngrancang area. Indications of the existence of a
fault encountered are: The existence ofbrecciation,
the change strike/ dip, the fault plane, and the
slickenline.The measured structural elements are Figure 4. Result of stress analysis in fault 3.
the N 315° E of alignment. The first fault plane N
138o E / 53o with rake 65o (Fig. 2) and the second Fault Movement Vector andThrust Fault
fault with fault plane N 95oE / 57o with rake 81o Rotation
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From the stress analysis and observation of
factoring faults data in the field, it is found some
interesting things related to kinematic analysis that
describes the vector of faults movement
(translation) and rotation of faults factoring in the
research area. Where the two are interrelated, so
the results obtained as follow.
Fault Movement Factor
Based on the analysis of stress and
observation of faults data in field, where the fault
data consists of 4 slip data (fault movement) is
divided into 3 pieces of faults, where each fault
data is in the analysis of vector movement, the
compiler using the observation on the slickenside
and stepping in the fault plane to observed the
relative motion of slip and laterthe faults data is
matched and associated with the general stress on
field.Where from the observation of 4 stress data
from 3 thrust faults in the field it was found that
the caunted thrust faults had a relatively rising slip
with the left movement (Figure 6).If it is
associated with its stresses, the spread of the thust
fault indicates the stress change from north-south
to northeast-southwest that is affected by the
horizontal fault of the pacul fault on the pandan
mountain located outside the study area causing
stress in the area of the study to change and cause
the thrust fault that has a left slip or movement.In
addition, the rising slip in the thrust faults is the
result of the synthetic pattern of the horizontal
fault of pacul, which undergoes a change
(inversion) into a thrust fault (Figure 5).
Figure 5.Synthetic pattern of Pacul left slip fault.
Figure 6.Views of slip on fault plane that showed by
slickenline.
Thrust Fault Rotation
Based on stress analysis and availability of
Pacul left slip fault in Central Kendeng area, it
affects stress rotation, rotation from thrust fault
and folds at research area.Where this rotation is
known from plotting the maximum horizontal
stress (Shmax) data which undergoes change to
clockwise rotation (Figure 7), other than that the
thrust faults are rotated as a result of force
isostation in regions with ductile rock and from
Pacul horizontal fault on Pandan Mountain which
has a left movement.Based on the axis
measurements in morphologys in Central Kendeng
Zone is generally obtained rotation from the thrust
faults and folds of 19.5o clockwise (Figure 8).
Figure 7. Stress distribution in research area.
Figure 8. Linear fault rotation and folds in research area.
Thrust Fault Geometry and Linking to
Regionaly
Based on Boyer and Elliott (1982) divides
the thrust fault system into 2 types of imbrication
and duplex (Figure 9). The basic difference
between the two is on the imbrication system, it
only has floor thrust components, while the duplex
system has floor thrust and roof thrust
components.Imbrication system can be divided
into 2, namely the leading type and trailing type.
Leading type imaging is characterized by
maximum fault movement at the forefront or
lowest of the existing fault sequence, whereas
trailing type imbrication are characterized by
maximum thrust fault movements in the backward
or highest sections of the fault sequence.The thrust
fault system in the research area is included in the
trailing imbrication system indicated by the
appearance of the geological cross section and the
general seismic cross section of the Kendeng Zone
(Figure 10).From the cross-sectional view of the
thrustfault system to the research area entering the
trailing imbrication type where the main fault
displacement accomodation is distributed to
smaller faults on the front footwall so that the big
magnitude and direction of sense the shift
becomes consistent (Dahlstrom, 1969), so it is
known that the first thrust faults formed in the
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study area, are present in the south according to
the model of the trailing imbrication system.
Figure 9. Thrust fault systems (modified Boyer and
Elliott, 1982).
Figure 10.Geological cross section in research area and
seismic cross section (Ditjen MIGAS, 2004 in Prasetyadi
(2007).
The Kinematic of thrust fault in the study
area is not far apart from the regional state of the
Kendeng Zone, especially the Central Kendeng
Zone where in addition to thethrust fault
andanticlinoriumwith same lines, the Kendeng
hills are also cut by various horizontal faults which
intersect the anticlinorium axis of length up to tens
of kilometers in a complex fault zone, is suspected
to be a deep-seated fault originating from
bedrock.De Genevraye& Samuel (1972) suspect
that the Serang River Basin and Bengawan Solo
Valley are formed by these inner shear faults,
including those traversed by volcanoes of Pandan
Mountain (Hussein, 2016).
On June 25, 2015 there was an earthquake in the
southwest of Mount Pandan, indicating that the
tectonic Zone of Kendeng is still active.The
earthquake is derived from a fault that passes
Mount Pandan, which is a horizontal slip fault
with sinistral movement. The Kendeng folding
pattern around Pandan Mountain is typical, where
there is a deflection on the eastern and western
sides of the volcano (Fig. 11).This is probably due
to the deviation of compression stress coming
from the south locally due to the presence of the
Pandan Mountain magma kitchen.So it can be
expected if the process of folding and uplift of
Kendeng occurs relatively at the same time with
volcanoes of Mount Pandan. The Kendeng basin is
expected to begin uplift at the beginning of the
Klitik limestone deposition, in early Pliocene
(Hussein, 2016).
Figure 11.Pacul fault and seismic
pattern(Hussein,2016).
Conclusions
From the kinematic analysis of the thrust
fault in the Ngrancang area can be concluded as
follows:
1. From the stress analysis at 3 faults with 4
stress data obtained relative stress north-
south to northeast-southwest.
2. Vector movement of the thrust faults is
influenced by change of stress that relative
rotation to the pattern of Paculleft slip fault
and is influenced by the synthetic pattern of
the Pandan Mountain, Pacul left slip fault.
3. The rotation of the thrust faults occurring in
the research area is influenced by the
kinemtaic of Pacul left slip fault that
distributes the stress so that it undergoes
clockwise rotation relative and takes about
19.5o of the rotation axis.
The geometry of the thrust fault in the Kendeng
area can not be separated from its regional
condition, which is showed by the geological cross
section of AB and CD and seismic showing the
type of trailing imbrication system according to
Boyer and Elliott (1982) In addition, tectonic of
Central Kendeng Zone is not spared from Pacul
left slip fault,they are formed along at the same
time of folding and thrust faulting on the Kendeng
Zone, with the main north-south style starting at
Kala Plio-Pleistocene.
Refrences
Boyer, S,E.,& Elliott, D., 1982, Thrust System,
The American Association of
PetroleumGeologist Bulletin v.66 no.9
p.1196-1230.
Davis, G. H. and Reynolds, S. J., 1996, Structural
Geology of Rock and Regions: 2nd
edition,John and Wiley and Sons, Inc., 776
p.
Genevraye, P., Samuel, L, 1972,Geology of the
Kendeng Zone (Central and East
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Java),Proceeding Indonesia Petroleum

Association. Annual Convertion &
Exibition, Jakarta.
Hussein, S., 2016, Buku Panduan Ekskursi
Geologi Regional Jawa Timur Bagian Barat,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi,Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Gultaf, H. 2014, Tesis :Analisa Kinematik Sesar
Grindulu di Daerah Pacitan dan Sekitarnya,
Program Studi Magister Teknik Geologi,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 171p,
Unpublished.
Prasetyadi, C., 2013. Manual Course & Field
Trip,Geologi Jawa Suatu Model Pendekatan
Jurusan Teknik Geologi, IST AKPRIND,
Yogyakarta.
Rickard, M.J. ,1972, Fault Classification-
Discussion: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v.83.
Dahlstrom, C. D. A., 1969, Balanced cross
sections: Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences, vol. 6, p. 743–757

Acknowledgements
Acknowledgments are conveyed to the JCM
2017 committee for the opportunity to present our
research results. In addition we would like to
thank GAIA Research Indonesia, Indogeo SE,
HMTG GAIA and AKPRIND Institute of Science &
Technology for their input and support in making
this paper.