INTRODUCTION Wall openings in primitive structures served principally as the means of entering and leaving a building. They also provided light, air, and protection for early dwellers as they watched out for enemies. Holes in roofs were primarily intended for ventilation of open fires, which ‘were used for heating and cooking, but they provided some light as well. No consideration ‘was given to weather resistance, temperature control, or privacy. Thus, these crude openings fulfilled only the basic functional necessit In later times, solid doors were developed to provide privacy, weather protection, and defense against intruders, while openings in walls and roofs continued to furnish light and ventilation. In time, window openings were overlaid with frames, which could be opened and closed, and these frames were covered at first with an oiled paper and later with glass. Roof openings continued to be used, but only in ‘warm and arid climates. Today, doors, windows, and skylights serve a myriad of physical, visual, and psychological functions. Primarily, they allow free access of people, merchandise, light, and air; but in addi- tion, they provide security, privacy, protection from the weather, and access to desirable views. Furthermore, building openings are an impor- tant part of the exterior composition; they confirm and often determine a building's scale, and they define the quality and mood of interior spaces. ‘There exists today a great variety of materials, systems, and products for building openings. Additionally, building codes specify standards for light and air, energy conservation, life safety, and security, to which building openings must conform. Therefore, what was once a relatively simple matter of design is now a complex and unique subject that requires careful study. 1090 Bu ling Design/Mlesiols & Methods DOORS Doors are the movable barriers that permit or prohibit access to a structure, as well as allow passage between interior spaces. They are held in position by door frames, composed of a head, or top piece, and two side pieces, or jambs. At the bottom of most exterior door openings are horizontal pieces called thresholds, sills, or saddles. Almost all doors are manufactured in a mill or factory and installed at the site, or sometimes preassembled, complete with frame and hardware, such as hinges, locksets, Weatherstripping, and so on, Doors are classified in a great variety of ways, such as by location (interior door, entrance doors) or by function (fire door, acoustical door). In addition, doors are classified by their method of operation (swinging door, revolving door); by physical type (paneled door, louvered door); by the material from which they are made (hollow metal door, screen door); and by door hand convention. Following is a deserip- tion of various door types classified by thei ‘method of operation. HEAD OR SILL, DOOR ELEMENTS Swinging doors are the most common type, and. the most effective for weather protection and thermal and acoustical control. They are gener- ally hung on butts or hinges that are attached to the jambs or bucks, but they may also be pivoted from the head and threshold. Swinging doors are most often used singly, but they may also be used in pairs to create a wider opening. When a door is permitted to swing to either side of a jamb, it is called double-acting, Sliding doors refer to doors that move horizon- tally. They may roll on a track on the floor or be hung from rollers at the head, In either case, the end of the door opposite the rollers is nor- mally held in place by guides. Sliding doors may operate along a wall surface or slide into a wall pocket. Folding ot accordion doors are composed of individual leaves that are hinged together in pairs. They slide along a single guide at the top and often the bottom, and in the closed position, they may form a wall. For soundproof walls, special seals are used at the top and bottom to prevent sound transmis- sion from one side to the other. By-passing or telescoping doors consist of two or more leaves, each of which travels along its own channel or track. For very large openings, both folding and by-passing doors may be motor-operated, Overhead doors operate in a variety of ways; they may slide vertically upward, roll up (much. like a window shade), fold up in panels, or ride up and pivot inward on special hardware, Generally, all overhead door types are counterweighted for ease of operation, They may be motor-operated, and in the case of res- ‘dential garages, they ate often radio controlled from an individual car or from inside the house.lesson Seven: Doors, Windows, ond Glass WIT Zz 4 FLUSH SHUTTER FRENCH SASH PANELED Y GLASS VALOUSIE Lt DUTCH SCREEN Louver SWINGING 000R TYPES Revolving doors usually consist of four leaves, at right angles to each other, that rotate about a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure. Their principal advantage is the ability to carry a continuous, two-way flow of pedestrian traf- fic, with a minimal interchange of air between inside and outside. For this reason, revolving doors are frequently used at entrances to large buildings. Where revolving doors are used for building entrances, swinging doors must also be provided nearby to permit the entrance of large objects, to allow for crowd control, and to pro- vide for handicapped and other legal egress. The classification of physical door types is based on the way in which door panels are made, such as paneled or louvered, and the material from which they are manufactured, Shown above are several door types frequently used in construction, Materials commonly used in the manufacture of doors include wood, steel, aluminum, and glass. A discussion of each of these follows. Wood doors are the most popular type used in construction. Frames are invariably made from. sofiwoods such as pine, spruce, or fir; cores are constructed from softwood lumber, particle board, corrugated treated paper, plastic foam, or fiberboard; and face veneers may include soft- ‘wood and hardwood plywoods, particleboard, and plastic laminates. Almost all wood doo are manufactured in mills under controlled con- ditions. Waterproof adhesives are used on exte- rior wood doors, while water-resistant adhesives are used for interior doors. Flush doors may have a core of solid softwood (solid-core door), or a core made up of small pieces of wood arranged in a grid (hollow-core door),