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Safe Use of Wastewater Excreta and Greywater: Who Guidelines For The
Safe Use of Wastewater Excreta and Greywater: Who Guidelines For The
WHO
VOLUME III
VOLUME III
The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE
and regulatory aspects; Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture; Volume 3:
Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture; and Volume 4: Excreta and
WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER , EXCRETA AND GREYWATER
greywater use in agriculture.
ISBN 92 4 154684 0
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Volume 3
Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Objectives and general considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Target audience, definitions and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.3 Organization of this Guidelines document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.4 Driving forces affecting wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture . . . . . .3
1.5 Historical overview of waste-fed aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.6 Current waste-fed aquacultural practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.6.1 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.6.2 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.6.3 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.6.4 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.6.5 Viet Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.6.6 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.6.7 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.6.8 The Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.6.9 Western Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
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PREFACE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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1
INTRODUCTION
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1. Introduction
Guidelines
4. Health-based
targets
2. Stockholm
Framework 5. Health protection 7. Sociocultural,
measures environmental and
3. Assessment of economic aspects
health risk 6. Monitoring
and system
assessment
Supporting Other
evidence information
8. Policy aspects
9. Planning and
implementation
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Wastewater/excreta
Fingerlings
Feed
Fish Livestock
Human consumption
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THE STOCKHOLM FRAMEWORK
Health-based
targets
Basic control
approaches
Tolerable
health risk
on objectives
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(continued)
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Cooking food
Barrier
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ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK
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4
HEALTH-BASED TARGETS
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HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES
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Barrier E
Vectors
D Workers,
local communities
G
Water body C
Wastewater,
excreta, plants, fish, F Infection/
animal wastes disease
A intermediate hosts
Consumers G
B
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Infected Human/animal
fingerlings excreta
9 1, 2, 3, 4
Contaminated
feed
Post-harvest risk reduction
10,11 12, 13, 14
5 15, 16, 17
Wastewater
7, 8
3, 4, 6
Animal Intermediate Health protection
reservoirs hosts (snails) measure
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MONITORING AND SYSTEM
ASSESSMENT
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SOCIOCULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
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POLICY ASPECTS
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PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
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Health
Technical Economic
feasibility feasibility
Market Financial
feasibility feasibility
Environmental
impact
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REFERENCES
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Annex 1
Wastewater-fed fish pond design
Light
New cells
Algae
O2 CO2
Bacteria
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Annex 2
FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries: aquaculture
and environmental impact
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Annex 3
Health impact assessment
Procedures Methods
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Annex 4
Glossary of terms used in
Guidelines 1
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Guidelines 18/04/06 16:37 Page 1
WHO
VOLUME III
VOLUME III
The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE
and regulatory aspects; Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture; Volume 3:
Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture; and Volume 4: Excreta and
WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER , EXCRETA AND GREYWATER
greywater use in agriculture.
ISBN 92 4 154684 0