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 ELECTROSTATICS

INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetism is, almost unarguably, the most important basic technology in the world today. Almost every
modern device, from cars to kitchen appliances to computers, is dependent upon it. Life, for msot of us, would be
almost unimaginable without electromagetism. In fact, electromagnetism cuts such a wide path through modern
life that the teaching of electromagnetism has developed into several different specialities. Initially electricity and
magnetism were classified as independent phenomena, but different specialities. Initially electricity and magnetism
were classified as independent phenomena, but after some experiments (we will discuss later) it was found they are
interrelated so we use the name Electromagnetism. In electromagnetism we have to study basic properties of
electromagnetic force and field (the term field will be introduced in later section). The electromagnetic force
between charged particles is one of the fundamental force of nature. WE being this chapter by describing some of
the basic properties of one manifestation of the electromagnetic force, the electrostatic force between charges
(the force between two charges when they are at rest) under the heading electrostatics.

Specific Properties of Charge

(i) Charge is a scalar quantity : It represents excess or deficiency of electrons.
(ii) Charge is transferable : If a charged body is put in contact with an another body, then charge can be transferred to
another body.
(iii) Charge is always associated with mass
Charge cannot exist without mass though mass can exist without charge.
(a) So the presence of charge itself is a convincing proof of existence of mass.
(b) In charging, the mass of a body changes.
(c) When body is given positive charge, its mass decreases.
(d) When body is given negative charge, its mass increases.
(iv) Charge is quantised
The quantization of electric charge is the property by virtue of which all free charges are integral multiple of a basic
unit of charge represented by e. Thus charge q of a body is always given by
q = ne n = positive integer or negative integer
The quantum of charge is the charge that an electron or proton carries.
Note : Charge on a proton = (–) charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C
(v) Charge is conserved
In an isolated system, total charge does not change with time, though individual charge may change i.e. charge can
neither be created nor destroyed. Conservation of charge is also found to hold good in all types of reactions either
chemical (atomic) or nuclear. No exceptions to the rule have ever been found.
(vi) Charge is invariant
Charge is independent of frame of reference. i.e. charge on a body does not change whatever be its speed.

1
PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

(vii) Accelerated charge radiates energy

(viii) Attraction – Repulsion

Similar charges repel each other while dissimilar attract
Methods of Charging
(i) Friction
If we rub one body with other body, electrons are transferred from one body to the other.
Transfer of electrons takes places from lower work function body to higher work function body.

Positive charge Negative charge

Glass rod Silk cloth
Woollen cloth Rubber shoes, Amber, Plastic objects
Dry hair Comb
Flannel or cat skin Ebonite rod

Note : Clouds become charged by friction

(ii) Electrostatic induction

If a charged body is brought near a metallic neutral body, the charged body will attract opposite charge and repel
similar charge present in the neutral body. As a result of this one side of the neutral body becomes negative while
the other positive, this process is called “Electrostatic Induction”.
Charging a body by induction (in four successive steps)

charging q'=0 charging q'=-ve charging q'=-ve q'=-ve

body body body

charged body is uncharged body is uncharged body is charging

brought near connected to disconnected body
uncharged body earth from the earth is removed
step-1 step-2 step-3 step-4

Some important facts associated with induction-

(i) Inducing body neither gains nor loses charge
(ii) The nature of induced charge is always opposite to that of inducing charge
(iii) Induction takes place only in bodies (either conducting or non conducting) and not in particles.
(iii) Conduction
The process of transfer of charge by contact of two bodies is known as conduction. If a charged body is put in
contact with uncharged body, the uncharged body becomes charged due to transfer of electrons from one body to
the other.
(a) The charged body loses some of its charge (which is equal to the charge gained by the uncharged body)
(b) The charge gained by the uncharged body is always lesser than initial charge present on the charged body.
(c) Flow of charge depends upon the potential difference of both bodies. [No potential difference No conduction].
Positive charge flows from higher potential to lower potential, while negative charge flows from lower to
higher potential.

2
 ELECTROSTATICS

List of formula for Electric Field Intensity due to various types of charge distribution :

Name / Type Formula Note Graph

Point charge * q is source charge.


Kq * r is vector drawn from source
E=  2  r̂
|r| charge to the test point.

outwards due to +charges

& inwards due to –charges.

Infinitely long line charge * q is linear charge density

 2Kr̂ (assumed uniform)
r̂ = * r is perpendicular distance
2 0r r of point from line charge.
* r is radial unit vector drawn
from the charge to test point.

Infinite non-conducting thin sheet * is surface charge density.

 (assumed uniform)
n̂
2 0 * n is unit normal vector.
* x = distance of point on the
axis from centre of the ring.
* electric field is always
along the axis.

Uniformly charged ring * Q is total charge of the ring

KQx
E * x = distance of point on the
R 2
 x2 
3/2 axis from centre of the ring.
* electric field is always
along the axis.
Ecentre = 0

Infinitely large charged

conducting sheet  * is the surface charge .
n̂ density (assumed uniform)
0 * is the unit vector perpendicular
to the surface.

Uniformly charged hollow *R is radius of the sphere.

conducting/ nonconducting /solid (i) for r R * r is vector drawn from centre
conducting sphere
 kQ of sphere to the point.
E   2 r̂ * Sphere acts like a point charge.
|r | placed at centre for points outside
(ii) for r < R the
 sphere.
* E is always along radial direction.
2
E=0 * Q is total charge ( = 4 R ).
( = surface charge density)


Uniformly charged solid *r is vector drawn from centre
(i) for r R of sphere to the point
nonconducting
sphere (insulating material)  kQ * Sphere acts like a point charge
E   2 r̂ placed at the centre for points
|r |
outside
 the sphere
n
(ii) for r
R *E is always along radial dir
 kQ * Q is total charge ( 43  R3 ) .
E 3 r ( = volume charge density)
R
* Inside the sphere E r.
2
* Outside the sphere E 1/r .

9
 ELECTROSTATICS

1. Electric Charge
Charge of a material body is that property due to which it interacts with other charges. There are two kinds of
charges-positive and negative. S.I. unit is coulomb. Charge is quantized, conserved, and additive.

2. Coulomb`s law
 1 q1q 2
Force between two charges F  rˆ r = dielectric constant
4 0 r r 2

q1 q2

r
Note : The Law is applicable only for static and point charges. Moving charges may result in magnetic
interaction. And if charges are extended, induction may change the charge distribution.

3. Principle Of Superposition
Force on a point charge due to many charges is given by
   
F  F1  F2  F3  .....
Note : The force due to one charge is not affected by the presence of other charges.

4. Electric Field or Electric Intensity or Electric Field Strength

(Vector Quantity)
In the surrounding region of a charge there exist a physical property due to which other charge experiences a
force. The direction of electric field is direction of force experienced by a positively charged particle and the
magnitude of the field (electric field intensity) is the force experienced by a unit charge.

 F
E  unit is N/C or V/m.
q

5. Electric field intensity due to charge Q


 F 1 Q
E  Lim  rˆ
q 0 0 q
0 4 0 r 2

6. Null point for two charges

r
Q1 If |Q1| > |Q2|
Q2
 Null point near Q2

Q1 r
x
Q1  Q2

(+) for like charges

(–) for unlike charges

69
 ELECTROSTATICS

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 Two positrons (e+) and two protons (p) are kept on four corners of a square of side a as shown in figure. The
mass of proton is much larger than the mass of positron. Let q denotes the charge on the proton as well as the
positron then the kinetic energies of one of the positrons and one of the protons respectively after a very long
time will be–

q2  1  q2  1  q2 q2
(A) 4   a  1   , 4   a  1   (B) 2   a ,
0 2 2 0 2 2 0 4 2  0 a

q2 q2 q2  1  q2
(C) 4   a , 4   a (D) 2   a  1   ,
0 0 0 4 2  8 2  0 a
Sol. As mass of proton >>> mass of positron so initial acceleration of positron is much larger than proton. Therefore
positron reach far away in very short time as compare to proton.

2 2 2 2
 4 kq4kq  kq 2kq 2
2kq2kq q 2 q2  1 1  kq22
kq qq22
2K2K           K

 K   1 
 1    and 2K
2K p p  
 00 
 K
K pp 

e e
 a a a a2 2  a a2 2 e e 2 2  a0 a  4 42 2  aa 22 88 22  0 aa

Ex. 2 For a spherically symmetrical charge distribution, electric field at a distance r from the centre of sphere is E  kr 7 ˆr ,
where k is a constant. What will be the volume charge density at a distance r from the centre of sphere ?
(A)  = 9k0r6 (B)  = 5k0r3 (C)  = 3k0r4 (D) =9k0r0

  q
2
   4 r dr 
Sol. By using Gauss law  E  EdS dS E  E4 4r r  
  

 
2
0 0 us
S
sian urfa
ce
Ga

0 0

(Note : Check dimensionally that  r6) O

dr

  4 r42 drr dr

  74 r42 r2 
 kr 7kr  k kr9 0 r9 r2drr 2 dr

0
+q
12
Ex. 3 Four charges are placed at the circumference of a dial clock as shown in figure.
If the clock has only hour hand, then the resultant force on a charge q0 placed q 9
3
+q
q0
at the centre, points in the direction which shows the time as :–
(A) 1:30 (B) 7:30 6
q
(C) 4:30 (D) 10:30
Sol. (B)

75
 ELECTROSTATICS

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. Two point charges + 9e and +e are kept 16 cm. apart from each other. Where should a third charge q be placed
between them so that the system is in equilibrium state :
(A) 24 cm from + 9e (B) 12 cm from +9e (C) 24 cm from + e (D) 12 cm from + e

2. Using mass (M), length (L), time (T) and current (A) as fundamental quantities, the dimension of permittivity is :
(A) ML–2T2A (B) M–1 L–3 T4 A2 (C) MLT–2A (D) ML2T–1A2

3. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD as shown in the figure. The force on the charge kept at
the centre O will be :

+q +2q
A B

D C
–2q +q

(A) perpendicular to side AB (B) along the diagonal BD

(C) along the diagonal AC (D) zero

4. Two equal negative charges –q are fixed at point (0, –a) and (0, a) on y–axis. A positive charge Q is released
from rest at the point (2a, 0) on the x–axis. The charge Q will :
(A) execute simple harmonic motion about the origin
(B) move to the origin and remain at rest
(C) move to infinity
(D) execute oscillatory but not simple harmonic motion

5. When charge is given to a soap bubble, it shows :

(A) an increase in size (B) sometimes an increase and sometimes a decrease in size
(C) no change in size (D) none of these

6. An electron of mass me, initially at rest, moves through a certain distance in a uniform electric field in time t1.
A proton of mass mp, also, initially at rest, takes time t2 to move through an equal distance in this uniform
electric field. Neglecting the effect of gravity, the ratio t2/t1 is nearly equal to :
(A) 1 (B) (mp/me)1/2 (C) (me/mp)1/2 (D) 1836

7. Two infinite linear charges are placed parallel to each other at a distance 0.1 m from each other. If the linear charge
density on each is 5 µC/m, then the force acting on a unit length of each linear charge will be :
(A) 2.5 N/m (B) 3.25 N/m (C) 4.5 N/m (D) 7.5 N/m
8. Figures below show regular hexagon, the charges are placed at the vertices. In which of the following cases the
electric field at the centre is zero.

5q 4q q –q 2q 2q 2q 2q

6q 3q –q q q q q q

q 2q q q 2q 2q 2q q
I II III IV

(A) IV (B) III (C) I (D) II

81
PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. A charged particle having some mass is resting in equilibrium at a height H above the centre of a uniformly charged
non–conducting horizontal ring of radius R. The force of gravity acts downwards.; The equilibrium of the particle
will be stable :
R R R
(A) for all values of H (B) only if H > (C) only if H < (D) only if H =
2 2 2
2. A charged cork of mass m suspended by a light string is placed in uniform electric

field of strength E = ˆi  ˆj  1 0 NC–1 as shown in the figure. If in equilibrium

  5

2mg
position tension in the string is then angle ‘’with the vertical is
1  3 
(A) 600 (B) 300 (C) 450 (D) 180

3. The charge per unit length of the four quadrant of the ring is 2 – ,  and– respectively. The electric field at the
centre is :

  ˆ 2
(A) î (B) j (C) î (D) None
2 0 R 2 0 R 4 0 R
4. A circular ring carries a uniformly distributed positive charge. The electric field (E) and potential (V) varies with
distance (R) from the centre of the ring along its axis as :
E E

(A) (B)
r r

V V

(C) (D)

r r

86
 ELECTROSTATICS

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]

1. Column–I shows graphs of electric potential V versus x and y in a certain region for four situations. Column–II
shows the range of angle which the electric field vector makes with poisitive x–direction
Column–I : V versus x, V versus y Column–II : Range of angle

0
45 300
(A) (P) 0 0    45 0

1350
(B) (Q) 45 0    90 0

0
45
(C)
600
(R) 90 0    135 0

0
30
600
(D) (S) 135 0    180 0

2. Two parallel metallic plates have surface charge densities 1 and 2 as shown in figure.

Column–I Column–II
(A) If 1 + 2=0 (P) Electric field in region III is towards right
(B) If 1 + 2 > 0 (Q) Electric field in region I is zero
(C) If 1 + 2 < 0 (R) Electric field in region I is towards right
(S) Nothing can be said

95
 ELECTROSTATICS

Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]

1. Two equal point charges Q = + 2 µC are placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square and equal
point charges q at each of the other two corners. What must be the value of q so that the resultant force on
Q is zero ?
2. Three particles, each of mass 1 g and carrying a charge q, are suspended from a common point by insulated
massless strings, each 100 cm long. If the particles are in equilibrium and are located at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of side length 3 cm, calculate the charge q on each particle. (Take g = 10 m/s2).
3. A point charge q is situated at a distance d from one end of a thin non–conducting rod of length L having
a charge Q (uniformly distributed along its length) as shown in figure. Find the magnitude of electric force between
the two.

4. An infinite number of charges, each equal to Q=10 C are placed along the x–axis at x = 1, 3, 9 .......m. Calculate
the magnitude of electric field at x = 0 if the consecutive charges have opposite signs.
5. A thin circular wire of radius r has a charge Q. If a point charge q is placed at the centre of the ring, then
find the increase in tension in the wire.
6. A clock face has negative charges –q, –2q, –3q, ...., –12q fixed at the position of the corresponding numerals
on the dial. The clock hands do not disturb the net field due to point charges. At what time does the hour
hand, point in the same direction of electric field at the centre of the dial.
7. Find the electric field at centre of semicircular ring shown in figure.
Y

q -- +++
-- +q
-

++
---

X
R
8. The figure shows three infinite non–conducting plates of charge perpendicular to the plane of the paper with charge
per unit area +  , + 2  and –  . Find the ratio of the net electric field at that point A to that at point B.

A B

2.5m 2.5m
+ +2  
5m 5m

9. Two concentric rings, one of radius 'a' and the other of radius 'b' have the charges +q and –(2/5)–3/2 q respectively
as shown in the figure. Find the ratio b/a if a charge particle placed on the axis at z=a is in equilibrium.

qA=+q

105
 ELECTROSTATICS

Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]

1. A thin spherical conducting shell of radius R has a charge q. Another charge Q is placed at the centre of the shell.
The electrostatic potential at a point P at a distance R/2 from the centre of the shell is :
[ AIEEE-2003]
2Q 2Q 2q 2Q q (q  Q) 2
(1) (2)  (3)  (4)
40 R 40 R 4 0 R 40 R 4 0 R 4 0 R R

2. Three charges –q1, + q2 and –q3 are placed as shown in the figure. The
x-component of the force on –q1 is proportional to : [ AIEEE-2003]

q 2 q3 q 2 q3
(1)  cos  (2)  sin 
b2 a 2 b2 a 2

q 2 q3 q2 q3
(3)  cos  (4)  sin 
b2 a 2 b2 a 2

3. If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface respectively is 1 and 2, the electric charge inside the
surface will be : [AIEEE-2003]
(1) (2 – 1)0 (2) (1 + 2)/0 (3) (2 – 1)/0 (4) (1 + 2) 0

4. Two spherical conductors B and C having equal radii and carrying equal charges repel each other with a force F
when kept apart at some distance. A third spherical conductor having same radius as that of B but uncharged is
brought in contact with B, then brought in contact with C and finally removed away from both. The new force of
repulsion between B and C is : [AIEEE-2004]
F 3F F 3F
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 8 8

5. A charged particle 'q' is shot towards another charged particle 'Q', which is fixed, with a speed 'v'. It
approaches 'Q' upto a closest distance r and then returns. If q were given a speed of '2v', the closest distance of
approach would be : [AIEEE-2004]
q• • • • • • • • • • r •Q
v

r r
(1) r (2) 2r (3) (4)
2 4

6. Four charges equal to –Q each are placed at the four corners of a square and a charge q is at its centre. If the system
is in equilibrium, the value of q is: [AIEEE-2004]
Q Q Q Q
(1)  (1  2 2) (2) (1  2 2) (3)  (1  2 2) (4) (1  2 2)
4 4 2 2

7. A charged oil drop is suspended in uniform field of 3 × 104 V/m so that it neither falls nor rises. The charge on the
drop will be : (take the mass of the charge = 9.9 × 10–15 kg, g = 10m/s2) [AIEEE-2004]
(1) 3.3 × 10 C
–18
(2) 3.2 × 10–18 C (3) 1.6 × 10–18 C (4) 4.8 × 10–18 C

111
 ELECTROSTATICS

MOCK TEST
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1. A point charge + Q is placed at the centroid of an equilateral triangle. When a second charge + Q is placed at
a vertex of the triangle, the magnitude of the electrostatic force on the central charge is 8 N. The magnitude
of the net force on the central charge when a third charge + Q is placed at another vertex of the triangle is:

(A) zero (B) 4 N (C) 4 2 N (D) 8 N

2. The electric field inside a sphere which carries a volume charge density proportional to the distance from the
origin  =  r ( is a constant) is :

 r3  r2  r2
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
4 0 4 0 3 0
3. A particle of charge - q & mass m moves in a circle of radius r around an infinitely long line charge of linear
charge density + . Then time period of revolution of charge will be :

m 4 2 m 3
(A) T = 2  r (B) T 2 = r
2kq 2kq

1 2kq 1 m
(C) T = (D) T =
2r m 2r 2kq

1
where k=
4  0

4. An infinitely long plate has surface charge density . As shown in the fig, a point charge q is moved from A
to B. Net work done by electric field is:

 q (x  x ) q
(A) (B) (x  x )
2 0 1 2 2 0 2 1

q q
(C)
0 (x2  x1) (D)
0 (2  r + r)

5. Figure shows two large cylindrical shells having uniform linear charge densities + and – . Radius of inner
cylinder is ‘a’ and that of outer cylinder is ‘b’. A charged particle of mass m, charge q revolves in a circle of
radius r (where a < r < b). Then it's speed ‘v’ is : (Neglect gravity and assume the radii of both the cylinders
to be very small in comparison to their length.)

q 2 q
(A) (B)
2 0 m  0 m

q q
(C) (D)
 0 m 4 0m

125
 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World and Units 1. Mole Concept 1. Basic Maths and Logarithm
& Dimensions 2. Atomic Structure 2. Quadratic Equation
2. Basic Maths & Vector 3. Chemical Bonding 3. Sequence and Series
3. Kinematics 4. Gaseous State
Module-2
Module-2 Module-2(PC) 1. Trigonometric Ratio and
1. Thermodynamics Identities
1. Newton’s Law of Motion 2. Trigonometric Equation
& Friction 2. Thermochemistry
3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Properties & Solution
2. Work, Energy & Power of Triangle
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-3 Module-3
Module-3(IC)
1. Centre of Mass & Collisions 1. Periodic Table & Its Properties 1. Permutation & Combination
2. Rotational Motion 2. Redox Reaction & Equivalent 2. Binomial Theorum
3. Gravitation Concepts 3. Complex Number
3. Hydrogen & Its Components
Module-4 4. S-Block Module-4
1. Straight Line
1. Mechanical Properties 2. Circle
of Matter Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 3. Conic Section
2. Thermal Properties of Matter (Parabola,Ellipse & Hyperbola)
Organic Compounds
Module-5 2. Isomerism
3. General Organic Chemistry Module-5
1. Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Mathematical Induction
2. Wave Motion Module-5(OC) 2. Mathematical Reasoning
3. Measurement Error 1. Reaction Mechanism 3. Statistics
& Experiment 2. Hydrocarbon
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
4. Environmental Chemistry

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 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Solid State 1. Sets & Relation
1. Electrostatics
2. Solutions and 2. Function
2. Capacitance
Colligative Properties 3. Inverse Trigonometric Function
3. Electro Chemistry 4. Probability
Module-2
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC) Module-2
2. Magnetic Effect of Current 1. Chemical Kinetics and
and Magnetism Nuclear Chemistry 1. Limit
2. Surface Chemistry 2. Continuity
Module-3 3. Differentiability
Module-3(IC) 4. Method of Differentiation
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Alternating Current 1. Metallurgy
2. P- Block Module-3
Module-4 3. Transition Elements 1. Indefinite Integration
(d & f block) 2. Definite Integration
1. Geometrical Optics 4. Co-ordination Compound 3. Area Under the Curve
2. Wave Optics 5. Salt Analysis & Qualitative
Analysis Module-4
Module-5
Module-4(OC) 1. Application of Derivative
1. Modern Physics
1. Alkyl Halides & Aryl Halides 2. Matrix
2. Nuclear Physics
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether 3. Determinant
3. Solids & Semiconductor
Devices 3. Carbonyl Compound
Module-5
4. Electromagnetic Waves
5. Principle of Communication Module-5(OC) 1. Differential Equation
1. Carboxylic Acid & Their 2. Vector & 3-Dimensional
Derivatives
2. Biomolecules & Polymers
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life

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