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Rijeseni Zadaci Otpornost Materijala PDF
Rijeseni Zadaci Otpornost Materijala PDF
Rijeseni Zadaci Otpornost Materijala PDF
Pripremili:
Škec Leo
Literatura:
• .: Otpornost materijala I, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2002.
• .: Otpornost materijala II, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2002.
• ,
2004.
• ,
•
• Bazjanac D.: .
• Timošenko S.: .
• Timošenko S.: .
• Benham P.P., Crawford R.J.: Mechanics of Engineering Materials, Longman
Scientific and Technical, Harlow, 1988.
• Beer F.P., Johnston E.R.: Mechanics of Materials, McGraw-Hill, London, 1992.
• Stanek M., Turk G.: Osnove mehanike trdnih teles, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in
geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 1996.
• : .
• : .
1. Zadatak
N
1Pa = 1
m2
N
1MPa = 1
mm 2
N III = − F1 = −2 ⋅ 10 4 N
N II = − F1 + F2 = 0
N I = F3 + F2 − F1 = 4 ⋅ 10 4 N
N III
σ III = = −20 ⋅ 10 6 Pa = −20 MPa
A
N
σ I = II = 0
A
N
σ I = I = 40 ⋅ 10 6 Pa = 40MPa
A
2
2. Zadatak
, 40 i 80 cm od
slobodnog kraja aksijalnim silama F1= 15 kN, F2= 10 kN i F3= 5 kN.
unati naprezanja u pojedinim dijelovima stupa i pomak slobodnog kraja.
E = 2 ⋅ 10 5 MPa
d = 4cm F1 x
L (1) l1
L = 120cm; l1 = l 2 = l3 = l = = 40cm
3
d π 4 ⋅ 10 π
2 2 −4
A= = = 12,56 ⋅ 10 − 4 m 2
4 4 F2
(2) l2 120 cm
Naprezanja po dijelovima:
(1)K 0 ≤ x < 40cm
N (1) = − F1 = −15kN F3
N (1) − 15 ⋅ 10 N
3
(3) l3
σ (1) = = −4
= −12 ⋅ 10 6 Pa = −12 MPa
A 12,56 ⋅ 10 m 2
(N (1) + N (2 ) + N (3) ) = ∑ k ⋅ N (i )
3
l
∆l = ∆l1 + ∆l2 + ∆l3 =
AE i =1
l 0,4 m
k= = −4
= 0,159 ⋅10 −8
AE 12,56 ⋅10 ⋅ 2 ⋅1011
N
∆l1 = k ⋅ N (1) = 0,159 ⋅10 −8 ⋅ (− 15 ⋅103 ) = −2,415 ⋅10 −5 m = −0,024mm
∆l2 = k ⋅ N ( 2 ) = 0,159 ⋅10 −8 ⋅ (− 25 ⋅103 ) = −4,00 ⋅10 −5 m = −0,04mm
∆l3 = k ⋅ N (3 ) = 0,159 ⋅10 −8 ⋅ (− 30 ⋅103 ) = −4,80 ⋅10 −5 m = −0,048mm
∆l = ∆l1 + ∆l2 + ∆l3 = −0,112mm
3
3. Zadatak
δ
odrediti naprezanja u štapu pri promjeni temperature za + T .
FA
A
l1 l1
1 E 1 A1 1 E 1 A1
1 1
l2 2 E 2 A2 l2 2 E 2 A2
2 2
B B lt
T lB
FB
Ukoliko nema vanjskog otpora izduženju štapa, nema niti naprezanja u štapu.
– realno izduženje
∆lt = α1l1∆T + α 2l2 ∆T (2 ); (3) → (1) ⇒ FB = [(α 1l1 + α 2l2 )∆T − δ ]E1 A1
l EA
∆lt ≤ δ → ε > 0, σ = 0 l1 1 + 2 1 1
l1 E 2 A2
∆lt > δ → ε > 0, σ ≠ 0
σ x1 = −
FB [(α l + α 2l2 ) ∆T − δ ]E1
=− 11
δ = ∆lt − ∆l B K (1) A1 l EA
l1 1 + 2 1 1
∆lt = (α 1l1 + α 2 l2 ) ∆T K (2 ) l1 E 2 A2
∆l B = B 1 + B 2 K (3)
Fl Fl
E1 A1 E 2 A2
σ x2 = −
FB [(α l + α 2l2 )∆T − δ ]E1 A1
=− 11
A2 l EA
A2 l1 1 + 2 1 1
l1 E 2 A2
4
4. Zadatak
njihova produljenja.
c = 1m E oo D
S2
b E 2 A2 2
S2 G E oo
H
l1 = 2 + 2 = 2 2m
2 2
F
l 2 = 2m
a b c a
3 3
∑ M H = 0 ⇒ S2 ⋅ 4 − F ⋅ 3 = 0 → S2 = F = 100 = 75kN
4 4
5 5
∑ M C = 0 ⇒ S 2 ⋅ 5 − S1 ⋅ sin 45° ⋅ 3 = 0 → S1 = S 2 = 75 = 176,8kN
3 ⋅ sin 45° 3 ⋅ sin 45°
Dimenzioniranje:
S S
σ x = ≤ σ dop ⇒ Apot ≥
A σ dop
S1 176,8 ⋅103
A1 pot ≥ = = 1,26 ⋅10 −3 m 2 = 12,6cm 2
σ dop 140 ⋅10 6
d1 π
2
4 A1
A1 = ⇒ d1 = = 4,01cm → usvojeno → d1 = 42mm → ( A1 = 13,85cm 2 )
4 π
S2 75 ⋅103
A2 pot ≥ = = 0,536 ⋅10 −3 m 2 = 5,36cm 2
σ dop 140 ⋅10 6
d2 π
2
4 A2
A2 = ⇒ d2 = = 2,61cm → usvojeno → d1 = 28mm → ( A2 = 6,15cm 2 )
4 π
5
Kontrola
S1 176,8 ⋅ 103
σ x1 = = = 127,6 MPa < σ dop = 140MPa
A1 13,85 ⋅ 10 −4
S2 75 ⋅ 10 3
σ x2 = = = 121,9 MPa < σ dop = 140 MPa
A2 6,15 ⋅ 10 −4
Produljenja štapova
S1l1 176,8 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 2 2
∆l1 = = −4
= 18,056 ⋅ 10 −4 m = 0,18cm
E1 A1 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 13,85 ⋅ 10
11
S 2l2 75 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 2
∆l2 = = −4
= 12,195 ⋅ 10 −4 m = 0,12cm
E2 A2 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 6,15 ⋅ 10
11
6
5. Zadatak
F
S1 S2
AH A B C
D
B
C
D
AV
AH , AV , S1 , S2 ).
Uz tri uvjeta ravnoteže postavljamo dodatnu jednadžbu na deformiranom sustavu na principu
ΣX = 0 → AH − S1 cos α = 0 → AH = S1 cos α K (2 )
ΣY = 0 → S 2 − F + S1 sin α + RV = 0 K (3)
Iz plana pomaka :
∆l1
δ C ≡ ∆l2 ; δB = ... (4 )
sin α
δC δ B
= K (5)
a2 a1
Iz Hookovog zakona :
∆l1 = 1 1 ; ∆l 2 = 2 2 ... (6 )
Sl S l
E1 A1 E 2 A2
∆l2 ∆l1
(4) → (5) = ... (7 )
a2 a1 sin α
7
(6) → (7)
S 2l2 S1l1
=
E2 A2 a2 E1 A1a1 sin α
E1 A1 l2 a1
S1 = S 2 sin α
E2 A2 l1 a2
S1 → (1) ⇒ S 2 =
Fl
E1 A1 l2 a1
2
a2 1 + 2
sin 2 α
E2 A2 l1 a2
Naprezanja u štapovima:
S1
σ1 =
A1
S2
σ2 =
A2
δC δ D l Sll
= ⇒ δ D = ∆l2 = 22
a2 l a2 E2 A2 a2
8
6. Zadatak
E
E = 2,0 ⋅ 105 N/mm2
A1 = 4,0 cm2
A2 = 1,5 A1= 6,0 cm2
300 cm
1 2
A1,E A2 ,E
3 α α
tgα = = 2 ,0 → α = 63,43° A B C D
1,5
E=∞
l1 = l2 = 32 + 1,52 = 3,354 m F
A S1 S2 F
α
∑M
α
A =0
S1 sin α ⋅ 2 + S 2 sin α ⋅ 5 − F ⋅ 6 = 0 K (1)
200 cm 150 cm 150 cm 100 cm
1 2
A B α E=∞ α C D
1
δB
∆l
∆l 2
δC
B' δD
α
C'
D'
Iz plana pomaka
δ B δC 2 ∆l1 ∆l
= → δ B = δC K(2) sinα = → δ B = 1 K(3)
2 5 5 δB sinα
∆l ∆l
sinα = 2 → δ C = 2 K(4)
δC sinα
9
S1l1 Sl S 2l2 2 S 2l2
Uvrštavanjem jednadžbi (3) i (4) → (2) uz ∆l1 = i ∆l2 = 2 2 = = slijedi:
EA1 EA2 E ⋅ 3 ⋅ A 3 EA1
1
2
∆l1 2 ∆l2
= / ⋅ sin α
sin α 5 sin α
2
∆l1 = ∆l2
5
S1l1 2 2 S 2l2
= ⋅ / ⋅ EA1
EA1 5 3 EA1
4 4
S1l1 = S 2l2 (l1 = l2 ) → S1 = S 2 K( 5 )
15 15
(5) → (1)
4
⋅ 2 sin α ⋅ S 2 + 5 sin α ⋅ S 2 = 6 F
15
8 6F 90
S 2 ( sin α + 5 sin α ) = 6 F → S 2 = = F = 1,2124 F
15 83
sin α 83 sin α
15
4 90
S1 = F = 0 ,3233F .
15 83 sin α
vrijednosti naprezanja:
S1
σ1 = ≤ σ dop
A1
N
σ dop ⋅ A1 140 mm 2 ⋅ 400mm
2
0,3233F
≤ σ dop → Fdop ≤ =
A1 0,3233 0,3233
Fdop ≤ 173214 N = 173,214 kN
S2
σ2 = ≤ σ dop
A2
N
σ dop ⋅ A2 140 mm 2 ⋅ 600mm
2
1,2124 F
≤ σ dop → Fdop ≤ =
A2 1,2124 1,2124
Fdop ≤ 69284 N = 69,284 kN
10
7. Zadatak
N
σ 1dop = 12 ⋅10 7
m2
N
σ 2 dop = 6 ⋅10 6 2
m
N
E1 = 2 ⋅1011 2
m
N
E 2 = 1 ⋅1010 2
m
E1 = 20 E 2
A2 = 10 A1
h = 2b
l 2l
3 4
sin α = 2 = cos α = 3 =
2 2
l 2l l 2 4l 2 25l 2 5
l1 = + = + = = l 5l 5 5l 5
2 3 4 9 36 6
6 6
2
l 2
l2 = 2 ⋅ = l
3 3 2
sin β = cos β =
2
Plan pomaka :
F
S1 l1
A C D
oL B
C
S2 l2
D
B
C'
D'
B'
11
Sile u štapovima :
E1 A1l 2 sin α
(2) ⇒ S1l1
=2
S 2l2
→ S1 = 2 S2
E1 A1 sin α E 2 A2 sin β E 2 A2 l1 sin β
20 E 2 ⋅ A1 ⋅ 5l ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2
S1 = 2 S 2 ⇒ S1 = 6 S 2 → (1) ⇒
E 2 ⋅10 A1 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 2l ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2
F F
⇒ S2 = = = 0,38F → S 2 = 58,9kN ; S1 = 353,4kN
1
sin β + 4 sin α 12 1
+ 2
3 5 6
Dimenzioniranje :
S1 d 2π S 4 S1 4 ⋅ 353,4 ⋅ 10 3
σ1 = ≤ σ 1dop → A1 = ≥ 1 →d ≥ =
A1 4 σ 1dop πσ 1dop π ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 7
d ≥ 0,06m = 6cm → d = 7cm
A2 = 10 A1 = 10 ⋅ 38,48 = 384,8cm 2
A2 384,8
A2 = b ⋅ h = 2b 2 = 384,8cm 2 ⇒ b = = = 13,87cm
2 2
b = 13,87cm
h = 27,74cm
Kontrola naprezanja :
S1 353,4 ⋅ 10 3
σ1 = = = 91,84 MPa ≤ σ 1dop = 120 MPa
A1 7 2 ⋅ 10 − 4 π
4
S 58,9 ⋅ 10 3
σ2 = 2 = = 1,53MPa ≤ σ 2 dop = 6 MPa
A2 2 ⋅ 13,87 2 ⋅ 10 − 4
12
8. Zadatak
F2
E 1 A1
E 1 A1 E 2 A2
T F1 F1
1 2 1
l2
l1 D
l1
l2 lt 1. T
D'' lF2 2. F2
D'
izdužiti,
Štap 2 se izduži za t
2
B
štapovi s brojem 1. 1 uje
Iz plana pomaka :
l ∆l
cosα = 2 = 1 → ∆l1 = ∆l2 cosα K(2)
l1 ∆l2
Iz Hookovog zakona :
K (3) K (4 )
F1l1 F2l2
∆l1 = ∆l2 = ∆lt − ∆l F 2 = α 2 ⋅ ∆T ⋅ l2 −
E1 A1 E2 A2
Ukupno izduženje ∆l2 = utjecaj temp. + utjecaj ne sile : predznak –)
(3 ), ( 4 ) → ( 2 ) F1l1 Fl
= (α 2 ⋅ ∆ T ⋅ l 2 − 2 2 ) cos α ...( 5 )
E1 A1 E 2 A2
F1l1 2 F l cos α
(1) → (5 ) = α 2 ⋅ ∆T ⋅ l2 − 1 2
E1 A1 cos α E 2 A2
13
α 2 ∆TE1 A1 cos 2 α
l2 = l1 cos α → F1 =
EA
1 + 2 1 1 cos 3 α
E2 A2
2α 2 ∆TE1 A1 cos 3 α
(1) → F2 = 2 F1 cos α ⇒ F2 =
EA
1 + 2 1 1 cos 3 α
E 2 A2
F1 F
Naprezanja u štapovima: σ 1 = ; σ2 = − 2
A1 A2
pretposta
produžiti).
F2
Iz uvjeta ravnoteže sila :
ΣY = 0 → 2 F1 cos α + F2 = 0 − 2 F1 cos α = F2 K (1)
F1 F1
Iz plana pomaka :
l ∆l
cosα = 2 = 1 → ∆l1 = ∆l2 cosα K(2) l1 D
l1 ∆l2
Iz Hookovog zakona : l2
K (3) + α 2 ⋅ ∆T ⋅ l2 K (4 )
F1l1 F2l2
∆l1 = ∆l2 = D'
E1 A1 E2 A2
Ukupno izduženje ∆l2
(3 ), ( 4 ) → ( 2 ) F1l1 Fl
= ( 2 2 + α 2 ⋅ ∆ T ⋅ l 2 ) cos α ...( 5 )
E1 A1 E 2 A2
F1l1 2 F l cos α
(1) → (5 ) =− 12 + α 2 ⋅ ∆T ⋅ l2
E1 A1 cos α E 2 A2
α 2 ∆TE1 A1 cos 2 α
l2 = l1 cos α → F1 =
EA
1 + 2 1 1 cos 3 α
E2 A2
2α 2 ∆TE1 A1 cos 3 α
(1) → F2 = −2 F1 cos α → F2 = −
EA
1 + 2 1 1 cos 3 α
E 2 A2
F1 F
Naprezanja u štapovima: σ 1 = ; σ2 = 2
A1 A2
14
9. Zadatak
1 2 E 2 A2 1
E 1 A1 E 1 A1
D l2
l1 l2 F2
D''
F1 F1
l1 D''
D' strelice - smjer deformiranja
F1 (l 2 − δ ) l −δ 1
(1) → (2) ⇒ δ =2
Fl
cos α + 1 1
1
= F1 2 2
l
cos α + 1
E 2 A2 E1 A1 cos α E 2 A2 E1 A1 cos α
E1 A1 E 2 A2 cos α E1 A1 E 2 A2 cos 2 α
F1 = δ = δ
2 E1 A1 (l 2 − δ ) cos 2 α + E 2 A2 l1 2 E1 A1 (l 2 − δ ) cos 3 α + E 2 A2 l 2
2 E1 A1 E 2 A2 cos 2 α 2 E1 A1 E 2 A2 cos 3 α
(1) ⇒ F2 = δ = δ
2 E1 A1 (l 2 − δ ) cos 2 α + E 2 A2 l1 2 E1 A1 (l 2 − δ ) cos 3 α + E 2 A2 l 2
F1 F2
Naprezamja u štapovima σ1 = − σ2 =
A1 A2
15
10. Zadatak
2
. Dužina
mm. Odrediti sile u štapovima i izduženje srednjeg štapa ako je izvršena prinudna montaža sustava.
E1 A1 = E2 A2 = E3 A3 = EA
l1 = l2 = l3 = h
1 2 3 h S3
S2
S1
- l3
A l2
AH A l1
B B
E oo
a a a
AV
S1 h S (h − ∆) S h
∆l1 = ; ∆l 2 = 2 ; ∆l3 = 3
EA EA EA
∆l3 ∆l1
⇒ ∆l3 = 3∆l1 ⇒ 3 = 3 1 ⇒ S 3 = 3S1 K (1)
Sh Sh
=
3a a EA EA
∆l1 ∆ − ∆l2 S (h − ∆)
S1 K (2 )
Sh EA h
= ⇒ 2∆l1 = ∆ − ∆l2 ⇒ 2 = ∆ − 2 1 ⇒ S2 = ∆−2
a 2a EA EA h−∆ h−∆
ΣM A = 0 → S1a − S 2 2a + S 3 3a = 0 ⇒ S1 = 2 S 2 − 3S 3 K (3)
S1 → (2 ) ⇒ S 2 =
EA 2h
∆− S1 = 90,05kN
h−∆ h−∆
S1 = 18kN
S 2 = 90,05kN
S 3 = 54kN
S 2 (h − ∆) 90 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ (1 − 0,6 ⋅ 10 −3 )
∆l2 = = −3
= 4,29 ⋅ 10 −4 m = 0,429 mm
EA 2,1 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 10
11
16
11. Zadatak
Greda ABC,
promjera d ∆ od potrebne duljine, te se pri
njegovoj montaži morala upotrijebiti sila.
Potrebno je odrediti:
a) naprezanja u štapovima AE i CD ako se temperatura š ∆T = 25 K,
b)
E D
∆ = 1mm A,E A,E
E = 2,1 ⋅ 105 MPa
α T = 1,0 ⋅10 −5 K-1
100 cm
1 2
d = 2 cm
+∆T
∆ A B C
l1 = 1000mm − 1mm = 999 mm
l2 = 1,0 m E=∞
d 2π 22 π
A= = = 3,14 cm 2 50 cm 100 cm
4 4
1 2
∑M =0
S1 S2
B
S1 ⋅ 0,5 − S 2 ⋅ 1,0 = 0
A B C S1 = 2 S 2 K (1)
1 2
∆l 1
∆ A'
∆l2 ∆ − ∆l1
A ∆-∆l1 B C =
1,0 0 ,5
∆l2 = 2(∆ − ∆l1 ) ...(2 )
∆l 2
C'
S1l1 S 2l2
∆l1 = i ∆l2 = + α T ∆T l2
EA EA
17
Uvrštavanjem produljenja ∆l1 i ∆l2 u (2) dobivamo:
Sl
+ α T ∆T l2 = 2 ∆ − 1 1 K(3)
S 2 l2
EA EA
S 2 l2 2S l
+ α T ∆T l2 = 2∆ − 2 2 1
EA EA
l l
S 2 2 + 4 1 = 2∆ − α T ∆T l2
EA EA
N
2,1 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 314mm 2
EA
(2∆ − αT ∆T l2 ) = (2 ⋅ 1mm − 1 ⋅ 10− 5 K −1 ⋅ 25 K ⋅ 1000mm )
2
S2 = mm
l2 + 4l1 1000mm + 4 ⋅ 999mm
S 2 = 23097,5 N = 23,098 kN
S1 = 2S 2 = 46195 N = 46,196 kN
S1 46196 N
σ1 = = = 147,12 MPa
A1 314mm 2
S 2 23098 N
σ2 = = = 73,56 MPa
A2 314mm 2
18
12. Zadatak
Za zadani pop
a) Odrediti momente površine drugog reda (momente tromosti) I z , I y i I zy s obzirom na težište
y1
8
8
8
8 8 8
z1
A = 24 ⋅ 16 − 8 ⋅ 8 − 4 2 π = 269,73 cm 2 .
(24 ⋅ 16) ⋅ 12 − (8 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 20 − 4 2 π ⋅ 8
zT = = 10,85 cm
269,73
(24 ⋅ 16) ⋅ 8 − (8 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 4 − 4 2 π ⋅ 8
yT = = 8,95 cm
269,73
y1 y
7,05
8
T
0,95
8
z
8,95
8
2,85 5,15
10,85 13,15 z1
8 8 8
19
Momenti površine drugog reda I z , I y i I zy
24 ⋅ 16 3 8 ⋅ 83 π ⋅ 84
Iz = + (24 ⋅ 16) ⋅ 0,95 2 − + (8 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 4,95 2 + + (4 2 π ) ⋅ 0,95 2 = 6382,6 cm 4
12 12 64
16 ⋅ 24 3
8 ⋅ 8 3
π ⋅8 4
Iy = + (24 ⋅ 16) ⋅ 1,15 2 − + (8 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 9,15 2 + + (4 2 π ) ⋅ 2,85 2 = 12630,9 cm 4
12 12 64
[
I zy = 0 + (24 ⋅ 16) ⋅ 1,15 ⋅ (−0,95) − 0 + (8 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 9,15 ⋅ (−4,95) + 0 + (4 2 π ) ⋅ (−2,85) ⋅ (−0,95) ]
I zy = 2343,1 cm 4
I zy ≠ 0
Glavni mo
I z+ I y1
I1, 2 = ±
( I z − I y ) 2 + 4 I zy
2
2 2
6382,6 + 12630,9 1
I1, 2 = ± (6382,6 − 12630,9) 2 + 4 ⋅ 2343,12
2 2
I1, 2 = 9506,75 ± 3905,18
I1 = 13411,93 cm 4 I 2 = 5601,57 cm 4
I z < I y vrijedi:
I v = I max = I1 = 13411,93 cm 4
I u = I min = I 2 = 5601,57 cm 4
g presjeka:
I zy 2 ⋅ 2343,1
tg 2ϕ = − =− = 0,75
Iz − Iy 6382,6 − 12630,9
2ϕ = 36,87o → ϕ = 18,43o y1 v y
u
18,43°
z1
20