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Complete Chpter 4 The Periodic Table
Complete Chpter 4 The Periodic Table
Complete Chpter 4 The Periodic Table
4.1. INTRODUCTION
The classification of elements enabled the chemist to understand and interpret the properties of elements have so for been
discovered and they have been classified in the form of periodic table.
4.3. AL-RAZI
Al-Razi was the scientist who divided the elements into metals and non-metals based upon the difference in their physical
and chemical properties.
2. Lithium 7
Sodium 23 7 + 39 = 23
4.5. Potassium 39 2 NEWLANDS LAW OF
OCTAVES
INTRODUCTION
In 1864, an English scientist reported his law octaves. He arranged the element in increasing order of atomic masses. He
found that:
STATEMENT
“If the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, the properties are repeated after 8 th element”.
NEWLANDS ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
ADVANTAGE OF LAW
This law provided a basis for the classification of element.
This law provided a wider scope to arrange all known element into tabular form.
DEFECTS OF LAW
He did not include noble gasses because they were not discovered then.
This law was not valid on every octaves element.
There is no deep relationship between the elements in this arrangement.
Example.
Ti does not resemble C and Si.
Mn does not resemble O and S.
4.9. PERIODS
“The horizontal rows in periodic table are called Periods”.
There are seven periods in a periodic table. Period 1 is the only period which does not start with alkali metals and period 7 is
the only incomplete period.
4.10. GROUPS
“The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups.”
Elements having same outer configuration show similar properties and are placed in one group. There are eight groups in the
periodic table. Which are further divided into two sub-groups.
Sub-Group A (Normal elements)
Sub-Group B (Transition elements)
TREND IN A PERIOD
Ionization energy increases from left to right in a periodic table due to increases in nuclear charge and
decrease in atomic size.
Element Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar
Ionization energy (e.v) 5.14 7.65 8.15 10.49 10.36 12.97 15.76
TREND IN GROUP
Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size.
Element Li Na K Rb Cs
Ionization energy (e.v) 5.39 5.14 4.34 4.18 3.89
TREND IN PERIOD
E.N increases from left to right with a period due to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in size.
Element B C N O F
Electronegativity value (e.v) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5
TREND IN GROUP
E.N values decrease from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size.
Element F Cl Br I
Electronegativity value (e.v) 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5
4.17. FUNDRMENTAL PARTICALES OF ATOM
Atom is composed of numerous sub atomic particles but only fundamental particles take part in chemical reaction, these
fundamental particles are as under.
Electron
Proton
Neutron
PROPERTIES OF PARTICALES
The characteristics of these particles are described below.
ELECTRON
It is a negatively charged particle.
It has charge equal to 1.6022x10-19.
It has a mass equal to 9.11x10-31Kg.
It is present around the nucleus.
PROTON
It a positively charged particle.
It has charged equal to 1.6022x10-19.
They are present in the nucleus.
It has a mass equal to 1.67x10-27Kg.
It is 1837 times heavier than electron
NEUTRON
It has no charge.
It is 1842 times heavier than an electron.
It has a mass equal to 1.67x10-27Kg.
Neutron are present in a nucleus
UNIT
Atomic radii are generally expressed in Angstrom unit, (Ao or A.U)
1Ao = 10x10-8cm.
EXAMPLE
The distance between C C in diamond is 1.54 A. hence the radius is 1.54/2=0.77A
TREND IN PERIOD
The atomic radii are decrease from left to right in a period periodic table and this is because of increase in nuclear charge
Elements Na Mg Al P Cl Ar
Atomic radius 1.57 1.36 1.25 1.10 0.99 0.91
TREND IN GROUP
Atomic radius increase from top to bottom and this is because of increase in atomic size.
Elements Li Na K Rb Cs
Atomic radius 1.23 1.57 2.03 2.16 2.35